• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2002

The primary objective of these studies was to screen the materials showing inhibitions of HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. The secondary objective was to determine the effect of garlic, lovastatin and copper on cholesterol concentrations in plasma, liver and breast tissues in pullets. The degree of inhibition of the selective samples on HMG-CoA reductase activity was determined in vitro. The inhibition ratios of water soluble garlic extracts, lovastatin (methanol extracts) and copper to HMG-CoA reductase activity were 51.3%, 87.5%, and 82.0%, respectively. Control diet (basal diet) and experimental diets, garlic powder (3% in diet), lovastatin (300mg/Kg of diet) and copper (200mg/Kg of diet) were fed to pullets in order to investigate the changes of cholesterol concentration in plasma and tissues. Total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol in blood plasma were significantly reduced in pullets fed diet containing 3% garlic powder. However, copper significantly increased total cholesterol compared to control and lovastatin did not affect plasma cholesterol concentration. Total cholesterol and triglyceride of liver and breast tissues in pullets were not affected by adding the cholesterol-lowering materials to diets. The data suggests that it is not easy for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to reduce cholesterol levels in body due to complication of cholesterol metabolism. However, garlic administration can lower the levels of plasma cholesterol in pullets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 1983

The present studies were designed to compare the effects of both dietary fat levels and P / S ratio on lipid components in plasma and tissues. Changes in plasma HDL-cholesterol, cholesterol and TG, and also in tissue cholesterol and TG were determined in young rats fed diets providing total dietary fat as 10%, 25% or 45% of calories and P / S ratio as 0.2 or 4.0. Plasma cholesterol levels were getting higher as dietary fat levels increased at P / S 0.2. Plasma cholesterol was lower in rats fed dietary fat either 25% or 45 %, each with P / S 4.0. But at 10% no change in plasma cholesterol were observed by P / S 4.0 because of a possible insufficiency of the absolute amount of PUFA. HDL-cholesterol was rather less sensitive to the modification of dietary fat level, but was reduced in rats fed diets of P / S 4.0 at either 25% or 45% fat, even though HDL-cholesterol were increased in the group of 10% with P / S 0.2. Total cholesterol per g- liver were significantly increased as dietary fat levels increased. Liver cholesterol levels were higher in rats fed diets of P / S 4.0 at higher fat levels (25% or 45%) which possibly suggested that a reduction of plasma cholesterol by high PUFA diet was not at least from a decreased synthesis of cholesterol in liver. However, in muscle no significant differences were found by feeding high P / S ratio at each levels of fat. At 10% fat level, compared to 25% or 45%, cholesterol level was lower in g-liver but higher in g- muscle. Plasma TG was decreased as more dietary fat were supplied at P / S ratio, but no consistant response obtained at low P / S ratio. TG per g-liver were reduced by feeding P / S 4.0 diet at 10% or 45% fat level but no differences were found in muscle. P / S 4.0 diet was more efficient in lowering plasma cholesterol TG and HDL-cholesterolt levels only if fat level was more than 25% of the total calories And young rats were more resistant to dietary fat modification.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 1998

Lipid lowering properties from three plant water extracts, Rosa rugosa, Crataegus pinnatifida and Polygonum cuspidatum, were tested by supplementing a 1% high-cholesterol diet with them in rats. Plasma triglyceride levels in Rosa fugosa, Crataegus pinnatifida and Polygonum cuspidatum groups were significantly lower compared to that of the control. by 29% , 24% and 47% respectively. hepatic trigylceride levels in Rosa rugosa and Crataegus pinnatifida groups were significantly lower compared to the control by 11% and 15% respectively. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity in Rosa rugosa group was significantly greater compared to the control by 406%. Hepatic ACAT activity was significantly lower in Polygonum cuspidatum group compared to the control by 28%. by multiple regression results, only plasma cholesterol was associated significantly (p<0.05) with liver HMG-CoA reductase activity. Plasma cholesterol explained 12% of thevariance of the liver HMG-CoA redctase activity. In conclusion, we have showen that hot water extracts from Rosa rugosa, Crataegus pinnatifida and Polygonum cuspidatum lowered plasma triglycerides in rats fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Data suggests that these extracts could potentially prevent or treat hypertriglyceridemia induced by a high fat diet and fatty liver.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of yellow soybean powder on serum lipid level and enzyme activities, male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were given hyperlipidemic diets for 6 weeks. Rats(n=8) were divided into three groups consisting the normal group(N), hyperlipidemic diets group(C) and hyperlipidemic diets and yellow soybean powder group(YSP). YSP group lowered triglyceride, total lipid, phospholpid, ester-cholesterol and free-cholesterl than control group. YSP group lowered total-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol but increased HDL-cholesterol of the serum compared to the control group. Athergenic Index(AI) and LHR(LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio) of YSP group was decreased by control group (p<0.05). On the other hand, glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GTP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDHase) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) enzymes activities were decreased by hyperlipidemic diets group (C). These results suggest that yellow soybean powder fed a lipid lowering effect in serum of rats.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

The influence of the ditary containing boiled eggs on the plasma cholesterol level and antithrombotic activity in rats was studied. Rats were fed basal diet(0% boiled eggs) as a control group or diets containing 25% and 50% boiled eggs or a mixed diet with 95% boiled eggs plus 5% $\alpha$-cellulose powder as a experimental groups for 30 days. The bleeding time and whole blood clotting time were significantly(P<0.05) increased by feeding diet containing 25% boiled eggs compared to groups of basal diet, 50% or 95% boiled eggs diets. The plasma clotting time was high in group of 25% boiled eggs diet. However, there were no difference in plasma clotting time among rats fed the dietary boiled eggs. The levels of plasma total cholesterol(TC) and low density plus very low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL, VLDL-C) were significantly(P<0.05) highest in group 95% boiled eggs diet compared to others. There were no differences in high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) among rats fed the dietary boiled eggs. The levels of plasma TC, HDL-C, LDL$.$VLDL-C and the ratios of HDL-C/TC were not significant among the basal diet, 25% and 50% boiled eggs diets. These results suggest that the intakes of the dietary boiled eggs have the antithrombotic activity and plasma cholesterol lowering effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.507-513
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• 1997

This study was carried out to examine whether kimchi has hypolipidemic effect and to know how it exert lipid-lowering effect in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with kimchi-fee diet, or 3%, or 5%, or 10% kimchi diets for 6 weeks. Plasma cholesterol level was lowered in rats fed all concentrations of kimchi diets, and plasma triglyceride(TG) level was lowered in 10% kimchi diet group compared with that of control significantly(p<0.05). Th intake of kimchi lowered VLDL-cholesterol and VLDL-TG levels, whereas increased HDL-cholesterol level significantly(p<0.05). LDL-cholesterol level was lowered only in 5% kimchi diet group and LDL-TG level was lowered in all kimchi diet groups compared with those of control significantly (p<0.05). the intake of 5% and 10% kimchi diets also lowered the levels of hepatic cholesterol, TG, total lipid, and apolipoprotein B, whereas increased the levels of fecal total fat, cholesterol, TG, and apolipoprotein A-1 significantly(p<0.05). Triiodothyronine(T$_3$) level was elevated in rats fed kimchi diet, whereas thyroxine(T$_4$) level was not affected by kimchi treatment. These observations support that the intake of kimchin in rats loweres plasma and hepatic lipid levels by increasing the excretion of TG and cholesterol through feces, by the elevation of T$_3$ level, and by the altered lipoprotein metabolism.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.181-186
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• 2022

Atractylodes macrocephala (AM) and Amomum villosum (AV) are the most common herbs in Korean Medicine to treat digestive diseases. In this study, we investigated the cholesterol lowering effects of mixtures of AM and AV extracts on high cholesterol diet (HCD) induced dyslipidemia mouse model. We classified animals into six different groups; Group 1: Normal diet, Group 2: HCD, Group 3: AV extracts : AM extracts (1:1) (200 mg/kg) + HCD, Group 4: AV extracts : AM extracts (1:2) (200 mg/kg) + HCD, Group 5: AV extracts : AM extracts (1:3) (200 mg/kg) + HCD, Group 6: Simvastatin 40 mg/kg + HCD. After 4 weeks of oral administration of respective drugs, we checked body, liver and epididymal fatweights along with liver and serum triacylglyceride (TG) concentration, total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in serum. Moreover, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR), LDL receptor (LDLR), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) were detected by RT PCR or western blot analysis. The overall results showed that mixtures of AM and AV extracts inhibited HCD-induced increases of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in serum. Those effects seem to be caused by AM and AV extracts through inhibition of HMGCR expression. And thus blood cholesterol is induced into the liver by increasing LDLR expression, which is regulated by SREBP2 transcrption factor. The cholesterol lowering effects and mechanism of mixtures of AM and AV extracts was similar to the statin. We have identified the potential mixtures of AM and AV extracts as a new treatment for dyslipidemia.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 1995

A human hepatoma cell line, hep G2, was used to investigate the mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by ginseng total saponin, ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, - $Rb_2$, and non-saponin fraction (ether extraction). Hep G2 cells were incubated in 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of cholesterol containing serum free-RPMl1640 medium with various concentration of ginseng components. The amounts of cholesterol in Hep G2 cells were decreased to maximum 51% in total saponin or two ginsenoside-treated groups while there was 137% increase in cholesterol level of control group as compared with that of normal group. Nonsaponin groups did not show the same effect. In order to elucidate the observed changes in the amount of cholesterol, the activity of amyl CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in groups showing remarkable reduction in cholesterol amount, i.e., total saponin 10-6%, ginsenoside-$Rb_1$ $10^{-4}$%, ginsenoside-$Rb_2$, $10^{-4}$%, and non-saponin fraction $10^{-4}$%, was assayed using [1-$^{-14}C$%]oleic acid as enzyme substrate. The activity of ACAT was increased in all groups tested as compared with that of control group except for non-saponin group cultured in water soluble cholesterol containing medium. The serum cholesterol lowering effects of ginseng components can partially be attributed to the increased hepatocellular ACAT activity.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Objectives : Sansachunghyul-tang (山楂淸血湯) is a new formula consist of some herbs to treatment of hyperlipidemia. The lipid-lowering effects of the water extract of Sansachunghyul-tang (SCT) were examined using Triton WR1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Methods : Hyperlipidemia was induced by intravenous injection of Triton WR1339 (tyloxapol) at 200 mg/kg body weight. Four groups of experimental animals were used: normal, control, and two sample groups. Sample groups were injected with SCT (100 and 1000 mg/kg) for 7 days. Results : SCT produced statistically significant lowering effects on levels of total cholesterol (81.8 and 83.1%, p < 0.01, respectively), triglyceride (88.9 and 93.4%, p < 0.01, respectively), and phospholipid (86.7 and 94.3%, p < 0.01, respectively) than the control group. Taken together, SCT improved parameters of the HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Conclusions : In conclusion, These results suggest that SCT could act as a potent antihyperlipidemic in therapeutics for hyperlipidemia.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.632-637
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of red pericarp glutinous rice rich in polyphenols (Jakwangchalbyeo, red rice) on serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and hepatic protein expression linked to synthesis and degradation of cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic mice diet as compared with brown rice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5 each), which were fed different diets for a period of 12 weeks: American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet, AIN-93G diet with 2% cholesterol, brown rice with 2% cholesterol, or red rice with 2% cholesterol. RESULT: Consumption of red rice resulted in a significant decrease in serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hepatic levels of triglyceride and total-cholesterol. Expression of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was decreased, while expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK ratio, cholesterol 7-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7a1), and sterol 12-${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP8b1) was increased in mice fed red rice. Brown rice had similar effects on cholesterol metabolism, but the effect of red rice was significantly greater than that of brown rice. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggested that red rice had a hypocholesterolemic effect by lowering hepatic cholesterol synthesis through ACAT-2, HMG-CoA reductase, and SREBP-2, and by enhancing hepatic cholesterol degradation through CYP7a1 and CYP8b1 in mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.