• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate dietary effects of extracts of Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) (SCE) grown in Korea on growth performance, immune and physiological responses in broiler chickens. Total of seven-hundred fifty 1-d-old Ross male broiler chicks were divided into five groups and fed control diets (antibiotics medicated or non-medicated commercial diets) or each experimental diet (non-medicated diets containing 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5% SCE) for 5 weeks. The body weight gain and feed conversion rate in the groups fed diets containing 0.1% or 0.3% SCE were significantly improved as compared with those of non-medicated control group (P<0.05). The levels of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of blood were not influenced by feeding the SCE. The average antibody titers against NDV and IBV in the groups fed diets containing SCE were significantly increased compare to those of the control groups (P<0.05). The number of coli form bacteria was significantly reduced by feeding 0.3% or 0.5% SCE as compared to that of non-medication control (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that the SCE used in this study modulated humoral immunity and the profiles of cecal microflora and thus can be used as a potential alternative substance to replace antibiotics for feeding broiler chicks.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources and meal frequency on growing performance and lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley strain male rats. The experiment was conducted in 4$\times$2 factorial arrangement with 4 sources of dietary lipid(palm oil, beef tallow, soybean oil and hydrogenated soyben oil) and 2 meal frequencies(ad-libitum or meal feeding). During the 4-week feeding period the rats were fed either ad-libitum (AL) or a single daily 3-hour meal (09 : 02-12 : 00) during the dark period. In vitro cultures were carried out to study the cholesterol synthetic activity in hte liver prepared from rats used in feeding trials. And in vitro cultures were also carried out to study the lipogenic and lipolytic activity in the liver and adipose tissues prepared from rats used in feeding trials. Present data indicated that body weight gain, feed intake and FER of AS(ad-libitum+soybean oil)and AHS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil) group were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of the other groups. It was found that the feed intake of MF group was much less than that of AL group. Total body weight gained by MF group was only 60% of AL group. Growing performance was not affected by dietary lipid sources. The cholesterol synthetic activity in liver tissues culture was markedly(p<0.05) increased in MF diets, especially in soybean oil group. The lipogenic activity in liver tissues culture of MP(meal feeding+palm oil) and MHS(meal feeding+hydrogenated soybean oil)group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of AP(ad-libitum+palm oil) group and AHS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil) group(p<0.05). Rats fed ad-libitum+beef tallow and fed meal feeding+beef tallow showed significantly(p<0.05) higher lipogenesis than the other groups. It was apparent that the lipogenic activity in liver tissues culture was not affected by dietary lipid sources and meal frequency. Lipolytic activity in liver tissue culture was significantly(p<0.001)different with meal frequency; MF group was higher than AL group, but was not greatly affected by dietary lipid sources. In the in vitro studies with adipose tissue, MF diets increased the lipogenic activity and inhibited the lipolytic activity in adipocytes. The lipogenic activity in adipocytes was significantly (p<0.001) different with dietary lipid sources and found to be beef tallow group was the higherst, but the sources of lipid in the diet did not exert any effect on the lipolytic acitivity.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.345-359
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• 1993

This study was conducted to identify the factors related to the blood pressure in school children. The study subjects were 144 boys and 140 girls aged 10 years old, 4th grade student of one elementary school in Taegu City. Blood pressure and 18 variables for 284 school children were measured in May 1992. A weight-for-height index, R$\ddot{o}$hrer index(weight/$height^3$) was calculated for each individual as a measure of obesity. Body fat percent, fat weight, and lean body mass were measured by impedance fat meter(Model SIF-891). Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, uric acid, total protein, and electrolyte were measured by automated clinical chemistry analyzer(Hitachi 4020). Low-density lipoprotein and atherogenic index were calculated by the equation. The variables assessed were sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure. R$\ddot{o}$hrer index, body fat percent, body fat weight, lean body mass, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, uric acid, total protein, serum electrolyte and blood glucose. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures for boys were 104.1mmHg and 66.6mmHg and those for girls were 102.9mmHg and 67.5mmHg. Systolic blood pressure of boys was positively correlated with height, weight, R$\ddot{o}$hrer index, fat weight, lean body mass, and triglyceride. Systolic blood pressure of girls was positively correlated with height, weight, lean body mass, and uric acid. Diastolic blood pressure of boys was positively correlated with weight. R$\ddot{o}$hrer index, and lean body mass. Diastolic blood pressure of girls was positively correlated with height, weight, fat weight, and lean body mass and negatively with total serum protein. In multiple regression analysis for the systolic blood pressure, the significant independent variables were R$\ddot{o}$hrer index and serum sodium in boys, and serum uric acid, fat percent, and R$\ddot{o}$hrer index in girls. In multiple regression analysis of the diastolic blood pressure, the significant independent variables were R$\ddot{o}$hrer index in boys and total serum protein in girls. This study indicated that important factors influencing blood pressure in school children were R$\ddot{o}$hrer index, fat percent, serum sodium, uric acid, and total protein. R$\ddot{o}$hrer index was most important among these. It is recommended to enforce the nutritional education for diet control of obesity to prevent hypertention in children and to adopt healthy life-styles that promote good health and prevent development of cardiovascular risk factors.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of stocking density on performance and blood characteristics of broiler chicken in summer. One day-old 648 male commercial broiler chicks(Ross strain) were divided into 3 groups with 4 replicates(12 pens), 41 to 69 birds per pen, to compare the stocking density difference on growth performance and blood characteristics. Birds in T1, T2 and T3 were reared in different size 0.050, 0.066, 0.083 $m^2$/bird floor, respectively. The birds were fed the same experimental diet ad libitum for 5 weeks. Chickens were weekly weighed and one bird was selected from each pen to measure blood characteristics at the end of experiment. Body weight and feed intake increased significantly in low density treatment(T3) compare to that of high density treatment(P<0.05). Feed conversion was significantly improved in customary treatment(T2) relative to that of other treatments(P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in moisture contents of bedding among treatments. In blood characteristics, low density treatment(T3) decreased the total protein, cholesterol and albumin, but were no significant difference. From the result of this study, it could be concluded that the higher stocking density might give more stress to the birds from physical stimuli and thus were harmful environment causing lower productions compared to the lower ones

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.466-470
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• 2000

The current study was undertaken to determine the prolinged effects of fasting-refecding on the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and lipogenesis of adipose tissus in male Sprague-Dawley rals and to investigate the effects of various degrecs of food restriction during refeeding on the LPL activity and lipogenesis. The control group (n=5) was fed ad libitum and killed in the fed state at the beginning of the experiment. All rats except conteol group were fasted for 2 days (n=50). Five rats were killed at the end of fasting and others (n=45) were refed either ad libitum (ad libitum group) or mildly restricted (20% food restricted group), or esverely restricted diet (40% food restricted group). Rats were killed on the day of 7th, 14th, and 21st of refeeding. Lipogenesis was determined by the amount of glucose converted to the total lipid. Body weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight returned to control states by 5 days in ad libitym group and by 14 days in 20% food restricted group. As expected, in 40% food restriction during refeeding weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight did not rcturn to control states until day 21. On day 21 after refeeding, the serum total cholesterol concentration of ad libitum group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control group. The serum HDL-C concentration of 40% food restricted group during refeeding was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control group. However, there were no significant dif-ferences in serum HDL-C/total cholesterol (TC) ratio and trigluceride concentration among the groups. Fasting for 2 days decreased lipogenesis and LPL activity (p<0.05). On day 21 after refecding, the lipogencsis of ad libitum group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of control group. The lipogenesis of 40% food restricted group during refeeding was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of conrtol group. Ad libitum group and 20% food restricted group during refecding allowed heparin-releasable (HR) LPL or total extractable (TE) LPL activity to return to control states. 40% food restricted group during refeeding delayed the return of HR-LOL or TE-LPL activity to return to control states until day 21 of refeeding. These results suggest that food restriction during refeeding can partially or completely prevent the overshoot of LPL activity, and this may influence the rate of lipid accumulation in adipose tissue during refeeding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.563-568
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• 2007

We report that the gamma linolenic acid content of pork is higher in finishing pigs fed diets containing hemp seed oil, evening primrose oil or borage oil as the sources of gamma linolenic acid. Thirty-six three crossing swines ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$), 80 kg in body weight, were randomly separated into four treatment groups with three pens per treatment and three animals per pen. The finishing swines were fed the experimental diets for 35 days until they reached the market weight of 110 kg. The animals were assigned to the four experimental diets: control diet containing 5.00% tallow, T1 containing 5.00% hemp seed oil (hemp seed oil 40:soybean oil 60), T2 containing 5.00% evening primrose oil (primrose oil 40:soybean oil 60) and T3 containing 5.00% borage oil (borage oil 40:soybean oil 60). The plasma triacylglycerol and total cholesterol content of the swine in the gamma fatty acids-fed groups were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in the control group. No gamma linolenic acid was detected in the plasma of the control group, while tile level of gamma linolenic acid treatment groups was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control in the order of T3, T2 and T1. Moreover, the level of gamma linolenic acid increased with increasing number of feeding days. There was a significant difference between the treatment groups (p<0.05). There was a difference in the amount of saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulated in the pork according to the treatment groups or the parts of the pork meat. The level of n-3 fatty acid of pork was highest in T1, which had been fed the hemp seed oil, followed in order by T3 and T2 (p<0.05). The content of gamma linolenic acid in pork was highest in T3, which had been fed the borage oil, followed in order by T2 and T1 (p<0.05). In particular, the level of gamma linolenic acid in pork increased in the order of the back fat, pork belly, ham and loin.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate effects of feeding seleniferous whole crop barley silage (WCBS) on growth performance and blood characteristics in growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 20 growing Hanwoo steers, initially weighing on average 208.8 kg of body weight, were used and treatments were consisted of 1) controls : 0.1 mg/kg Se, 2) T1 : 0.3 mg/kg Se, 3) T2 : 0.9 mg/kg Se by combining seleniferous and/or non-seleniferous WCBS, and 4) T3 : 0.9 mg/kg Se of inorganic Se treatment. Five steers were allocated to each treatment, and the trial was lasted for 90 days. All experimental diets were included to 30% of combination of seleniferous and/or non-seleniferous WCBS, and in T3 diet, sodium selenite that corresponds to 0.9 mg/kg Se was added to control diets. Also, the diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric among treatments. Dietary level and type of selenium did not affect feed intakes and daily gain, and blood glucose concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower for controls than T1 and T2 treatments. Blood total lipid concentration was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of dietary selenium, and also that of T2 and T3 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than controls. LDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower for treatments including dietary selenium than controls, and also blood triglyceride concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower for T2 than controls. Overall, it was tended that feeding seleniferous WCBS or inorganic Se increased blood IgG concentration, and in the same dietary selenium levels, T2 treatment was higher for IgG than T3 group (p>0.05). Blood selenium concentration was significantly (p<0.05) increased by feeding increasing levels of seleniferous WCBS, but there was no significant difference between controls and T3 group. These results showed that feeding seleniferous WCBS to growing Hanwoo steers was responsible for saccharide and lipid metabolism, and in particular, it reduced their total lipid and blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Furthermore, selenium present in seleniferous WCBS rather than inorganic selenium was better available in intestinal absorption, and it might help to enhance immunity in growing and younger stages of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1769-1776
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• 2009

The effects of combined garlic and medicinal plant extracts such as Gyeolmyeongja (Cassia obtusifolia Linne), Hasuo (Polygoni multiflori Radix), Youngji (Ganoderma lucium) and Sansayuk (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) on the antioxidant activity and lipid levels in the livers of rats fed a high cholesterol diet were analyzed. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were the highest in the Gyeolmyeongja by $151.02{\pm}5.20\;mg$/100 g and $43.69{\pm}5.58\;mg$/100 g. Electron donating ability, reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were significantly increased when over 0.3% garlic extract was added. The antioxidant activity of linoleic acid in $\beta$- carotene increased in a dose dependant manner in response to the concentration of garlic extract. In livers of rats, the content of total lipids was significantly decreased by feeding garlic and medicinal plants composites; in particular, the group in which 0.7% garlic extract was added was the lowest. Total cholesterol was 14.95 mg/g in the control group; its level was lower in the groups fed garlic and medicinal plants composites, ranging from 11.47 to 11.86 mg/g. Triglyceride concentration was significantly decreased in the group fed 0.7% garlic extracts, with 46.42 mg/g compared to groups fed 0.3% and 0.5%. TBARS content showed a 15.8~17.6% decrease in groups fed 0.5~0.7% garlic extract and medicinal plants composites. Antioxidant activity was significantly increased in groups fed over 0.5% garlic extract compared to the control group. This study shows that garlic and medicinal plant composites intake is able to reduce the levels of liver lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dried powder of chestnut on lipid metabolism, anti-thrombotic effect in rats. Thirty 5-week-old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated into five groups and used for experiment. We examined the lipid metabolism and antithrombotic capacity of SD rats administered for 5 weeks with 0.16 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg chestnut flesh powder and 0.16 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg chestnut inner shell and flesh powder mixture, respectively. Food intake, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were also checked. The levels of serum triglyceride and tree fatty acid were not statistically significant between the all experimental groups. However, the antithrombotic capacity and total lipid levels of the treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the negative control group. These results suggest that the supplementation of chestnut on diet lower the total lipid level in SD rats.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of iron reinforcing agent on the performance in laying hens for seven weeks. One hundred ninety eight 30-wk-old Brown Tetran layers were assigned to 9 treatments: control containing 45 mg Fe from iron sulfate per kg diet (FE-45), FE-90 (control multiplied two times), FE-180 (control multiplied four times), YM-45 containing 45mg Fe from yeast mutant, YM-90 (YM-45 multiplied two times), YM-180 (YM-45 multiplied four times), YF-45 containing 45mg Fe from ferritin containing yeast, YF-90 (YF-45 multiplied two times), YF-180 (YF-45 multiplied four times) in the experiment. Each treatment had four replications of 6 birds each. In the average egg production, the YF-180 was highest and the FE-45 (the control) was lowest; the YM-180, YF-90, and YF-180 were significantly (P＜0.05) higher than the control. In the comparisons of egg weight and egg mass, the YF-180 was significantly higher (P＜0.05) than the FE-90 or the control. In the FCR, the YM-90 was highest and the YF-45 was lowest. There was no significant difference between the control and YM-90 although the YF-45 was significantly (P＜0.05) lower in FCR than the control. In the eggshell thickness, the YF-180 was the thickest and the FE-90 was the thinnest; the YF-45 or the YF-180 was significantly thicker (P＜0.05) than the control. In the eggshell strength, the YF-45 was the strongest and the YM-45 was the weakest; the YM-90, YF-45, and YF-180 were significantly stronger (P＜0.05) than the control. In the cholesterol level of egg yolk, the control (FE-45) was the highest and the YF-45 was the lowest; there was a significantly different (P＜0.05) between these two treatments. In conclusion, in case of adding organic iron to feed for layers, it gives improvement on performance of layers and develop chemical composition of eggs.