• Title/Summary/Keyword: cholesterol absorption

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Anti-obesity Effect of Monascus pilosus Mycelial Extract in High Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats

  • Lee, Sang-Il;Kim, Jae-Won;Lee, Ye-Kyung;Yang, Seung-Hwan;Lee, In-Ae;Suh, Joo-Won;Kim, Soon-Dong
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.54 no.3
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    • pp.197-205
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    • 2011
  • This study was carried out to investigate the dietary effects of Monascus pilosus mycelial extract on obesity in high-fat with cholesterol-induced obese rat models. It was observed that M. pilosus mycelial extract contains $25.85{\pm}1.98mg%$ of total monacolin K without citrinin by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups; normal control and a high-fat with cholesterol diet group. The high-fat with cholesterol diet group was fed a 5L79 diet with an added 15% lard and 1% cholesterol supplemented diet for 3 weeks for induction of obesity. After induction, obesity was confirmed by checking obesity indexes, the animals were divided into 4 groups (n=5); first, the normal control (NC), and then taken from the obese model of rats, a high-fat with cholesterol diet obesity control group (HF), 0.5% M. pilosus mycelial extract supplemented high-fat with cholesterol diet group (MPMs), 2% conjugated linoleic acid supplemented high-fat with cholesterol diet group (CLA) for 7 weeks. Body weight gains, obesity indexes, and body fat contents in the experimental groups (MPMs and CLA) were decreased compared with HF group. Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) in MPMs was significantly lower than that of HF without change of feed intake. These results suggested that the anti-obesity effects of the M. pilosus mycelial extracts (MPMs) could prevent obesity induced by high-fat with cholesterol diet possibly via inhibition of lipid absorption.

Effects of TongBiYeum (TBY) on the Fatty Liver

  • Lee, Ki-Tae;Kim, Yun-Sik;Seol, In-Chan
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2003
  • Purpose : This study examined the effect of Tongbiyeum (TBY) on rats with fatty livers. Methods : After administration of TBY extracts to rats with fatty livers, body weight, liver weight, serum, cholesterol, TG, HDL-cholesterol were measured, and histopathological changes were observed. Results : In proportion to density, TBY decreased liver weight and serum TG levels and suppressed fat accumulation and liver cell death, but increased serum HDL levels in comparison with those of controls. Conclusion : TBY might be considered to be used to control fatty liver by inhibiting absorption and storage of TG.

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Effects of Extrasct of Pueraria radix on Lipid Metabolism in Rats Fed High Fat Diet (갈근추출물이 고지방식이를 섭취한 흰쥐의 지질대사에 미치는 영향)

  • 이정숙;이경희;정재홍
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.218-224
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    • 1999
  • This study was designed to investigate the effect of Pueraria radix extract on lipid metabolism in the rats fed high fat diet. Male sprague dawley rats were given 5% Pueraria radix extract and fed diet containing 20 weight % fat. The results obtained were summarized as follows. Serum ALT and AST activities were reduced by Pueraria radix extract. Levels of total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride in the serum were higher in the HF group than in the control, but showed no significant differences between control and HF Pue group. Liver total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were increased by high fat diet, but were lower in the HF Pue group than in the HF group. Fat absorption rate was increased with high fat diet feeding and higher in the HF Pue group than in the HF group.

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The Effect of Dietary Fiber on the Serum Lipid Level and Bowel Function in Rats (식이섬유질의 종류가 흰쥐의 혈청지질농도와 장기능에 미치는 영향)

  • 김미정;이상선
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.23-32
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    • 1995
  • This study was performed to investigate the influence of dietary fibers from the whole foods on the serum lipid level and bowel function in rats. The fiber sources of experimental diets were prepared by drying and milling of cereal(rice bran), vegetables(Korean cabbage, radish), fruit(apple), and sea weeds(laver, sea tangle). Each of fiber sources was mixed into the diet to make the 5% level of total dietary fiber. Male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were blocked into 8 groups : FF, CC, CE, V1, V2, ER, S1, and S2. The animals were fed ad libitum each of experimental diets for 4 weeks. Serum triglyceride level was not significantly different among groups. The laver group showed the lowest level in the serum total cholesterol. The Korean cabbage group showed the highest level in the serum HDL cholesterol. The longest transit time was observed in the fiber free group and the shortest transit time was observed in the sea tangle group. Absorption rates of calcium were especially lower in the Korean cabbage and the sea tangle groups than the other groups. Magnesium and phosphorus absorption rates were influenced by SDF(Soluble Dietary Fiber) intake and TDF(Total Dietary Fiber) intake, respectively. Mucosa weight in the small intestine showed the tendency to increase by increasing of IDF (Insoluble Dietary Fiber) intake. especially the Korean cabbage group was the heaviest. The activity of maltase in the mucosa of small intestine was the lowest in the radish group.

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Physiological activities of natural color powders and their mixtures (천연소재로부터 분리한 색소분말과 혼합물의 생리활성)

  • Kang, Jae-Ran;Kang, Min-Jung;Sim, Hye-Jin;Choi, Myeong-Hyo;Shin, Jung-Hye
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.80-88
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    • 2016
  • Seven kinds (acacia, cochineal, catechu, grape peel, persimmon, gallnut and clove) of color powders obtained from natural resources and their mixtures were evaluated for their biological activities, such as antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radicals scavenging), cholesterol absorption, and COX-2 inhibitory activities. Catechu, gallnut and clove were selected for the further studies due to its the best activities. The cholesterol absorption, COX-2 inhibitory, ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities were measured using the mixtures of catechu, gallnut and clove. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the seven types of natural color powders were higher than the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The cholesterol absorption activity was significantly higher in cloves. The COX-2 inhibitory activity was significantly lower in acacia. The ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity was higher in catechu and gallnut, indicating that there were no significant difference between two mixtures. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was the highest in catechu, which was higher than that of the catechu-containing mixtures. From all these results, a synergistic effect could be obtained when utilizing a mixture of powders rather than using only individual type. Since the activity of each powder was different, further studies will be required for clarifying the interactions between mixtures.

Effects of Soy Protein and Calcium on Lipid Metabolism in Rats Fed Unsaturated Fat Diet (불포화 고지방식을 섭취한 흰쥐의 체내지질대사에 대한 대두 단백질과 칼슘의 섭취 효과)

  • 이연숙;박주란
    • Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.31-39
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    • 1995
  • This study was performed to observe how soy protein and calcium in rats fed unsaturated fat-enriched diet affect the total lipid and cholesterol contents of blood and tissues male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 220g were fed four purified diets which contained 18% (w/w) corn oil, 1% (w/w) cholesterol, two sources of protein : casein or isolated soy protein (ISP) and two levels of dietary calcium : 0.1% or 1.0%, first for four weeks (Expt. 1) and second for eight weeks (Expt. 2). The contents of total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver, heart and feces were determined. After four weeks feeding, the serum lipid and cholesterol concentration was not significantly different among the groups. After eight weeks feeding, these concentrations were significantly lower in ISP-High calcium group. The serum lipid concentration was influenced by dietary protein sources and calcium levels. These results indicated that the hypolipidemic effects of soy protein and high calcium intake were partly due to decrease in lipid absorption and these effects were not detected at 4 weeks feeding but 8 weeks feeding.

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Total Dietary Fiber and Mineral Absorption

  • Gordon, Dennis-T.
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.429-449
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    • 1992
  • The consumption of foods rich in TDF should not be associated with impaired mineral absorp-tion and long-term mineral status. In surveys of populations consuming high amounts of TDF e.g Third World populations and vegetarinas gross deficiencies in mineral nutrition have not been noted. If mineral status is low among these groups it is most likely caused by the inadequacy or imbalance of the diet and not by the TDF. The key word is interaction which should be inte-rpreted in dietary imbalances that produce nut-rient deficiencies. There are no strong data to support the concept that TDF inhibits mineral absorption through a binding chelation mechanism. Limited data sug-gest that positively charged groups on polymers such as chitosan and cholestyramine will decrease iron absorption in humans and animals. Because TDF does not contain positively charged groups future research should be directed at the possible role of protein consumed along with TDF and the combination of effects on mineral nutrition Phytic acid is acknowledged as a potent chela-tor of zinc. However its association with zinc and its propensity to lower Zn bioavaiability may enhance the absorption of other elements notably copper and iron. The importance of interactions among nutrients including TDF will gain addi-tional attention in the scientific community. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber function di-fferently in the intestine. Insoluble fibers accele-rate movement through the intestine. Soluble die-tary fibers appear to regulated blood concentra-tions of glucose and cholesterol albeit by some unknown mechanism. In creased viscosity produ-ced by the SDF in the intestine may provide an explanation of how this class of polymers affects plasma glucose cholesterol and other nutrients. Employing a double-perfusion technique in the rat we demonstrated that viscosity produced by SDF will delay transfer of zinc into the circulatory system. This delayed absorption should not be interpreted as decreased utilization. A great deal of additional research is required to prove the importance of luminaly viscosity produced by SDF on slowing nutrient absorption or regulating bllod nutrient homeostasis. Increased intake of TDF in the total human diet appears desirable. A dietary intake of 35g/day should not be considered to have a negative effect on mineral absorption. It is important to educate people that an intake of more than 35g TDF/day may cause an imbalance in the diet that can adve-rsely affect mineral utilization. Acknowledgments. Appreciation is given to Dr. George V. Vahouny(deceased) who was intense a great competitor in and out of science and who gave the author inspiration Portions of this work were supported by the University of Missouri Ag-ricultural Station and by a grant from the Univer-rch Support Grant RR 07053 from the National Institutes of Health. Contribution of the Missouri Agriculatural Experiments Station Journal Series No. 10747.

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ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CHOLESTEROL AND EGG - REVIEW -

  • Paik, I.K.;Blair, R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 1996
  • The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can not be summarized as a single process. Lipid infiltration hypothesis and endothelial injury hypothesis have been proposed and investigated. Recent developments show that there are many points of potential interactions between them and that they can actually be regarded as two phases of a single, unifying hypothesis. Among the many risk factors of atherosclerosis, plasma homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) draw a considerable interest because they are independent indicators of atherogenicity. Triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (chylomicron and VLDL) are not considered to be atherogenic but they are related to the metabolism of HDL cholesterol and indirectly related to coronary heart disease (CHD). LDL can of itself be atherogenic but the oxidative products of this lipoprotein are more detrimental. HDL cholesterol has been considered to be a favorable cholesterol. The so-called 'causalist view' claims that HDL traps excess cholesterol from cellular membranes and transfers it to TG-rich lipoproteins that are subsequently removed by hepatic receptors. In the so-called 'noncausalist view', HDL does not interfere directly with cholesterol deposition in the arterial wall but instead reflects he metabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and their conversion to atherogenic remnants. Approximately 70-80% of the human population shows an effective feedback control mechanism in cholesterol homeostasis. Type of dietary fat has a significant effect on the lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. Generally, saturated fatty acids elevate and PUFA lower serum cholesterol, whereas MUFA have no specific effect. EPA and DHA inhibit the synthesis of TG, VLDL and LDL, and may have favourable effects on some of the risk factors. Phospholipids, particularly lecithin, have an antiatherosclerotic effect. Essential phospholipids (EPL) may enhance the formation of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester (CE) which is less sclerotic and more easily dispersed via enhanced hydrolysis of CE in the arterial wall. Also, neutral fecal steroid elimination may be enhanced and cholesterol absorption reduced following EPL treatment. Antioxidants protect lipoproteins from oxidation, and cells from the injury of toxic, oxidized LDL. The rationale for lowering of serum cholesterol is the strong association between elevation of plasma or serum cholesterol and CHD. Cholesterol-lowing, especially LDL cholesterol, to the target level could be achieved using diet and combination of drug therapy. Information on the link between cholesterol and CHD has decreased egg consumption by 16-25%. Some clinical studies have indicated that dietary cholesterol and egg have a significant hypercholesterolemic effect, while others have indicated no effect. These studies differed in the use of purified cholesterol or cholesterol in eggs, in the range of baseline and challenge cholesterol levels, in the quality and quantity of concomitant dietary fat, in the study population demographics and initial serum cholesterol levels, and clinical settings. Cholesterol content of eggs varies to a certain extent depending on the age, breed and diet of hens. However, egg yolk cholesterol level is very resistant to change because of the particular mechanism involved in yolk formation. Egg yolk contains a factor of factors responsible for accelerated cholesterol metabolism and excretion compared with crystalline cholesterol. One of these factors could be egg lecithin. Egg lecithin may not be as effective as soybean lecithin in lowering serum cholesterol level due probably to the differences of fatty acid composition. However, egg lecithin may have positive effects in hypercholesterolemia by increasing serum HDL level and excretion of fecal cholesterol. The association of serum cholesterol with egg consumption has been widely studied. When the basal or control diet contained little or no cholesterol, consumption of 1 or 2 eggs daily increased the concentration of plasma cholesterol, whereas that of the normolipemic persons on a normal diet was not significantly influenced by consuming 2 to 3 eggs daily. At higher levels of egg consumption, the concentration of HDL tends to increase as well as LDL. There exist hyper-and hypo-responders to dietary (egg) cholesterol. Identifying individuals in both categories would be useful from the point of view of nutrition guidelines. Dietary modification of fatty acid composition has been pursued as a viable method of modifying fat composition of eggs and adding value to eggs. In many cases beneficial effects of PUFA enriched eggs have been demonstrated. Generally, consumption of n-3 fatty acids enriched eggs lowered the concentration of plasma TG and total cholesterol compared to the consumption of regular eggs. Due to the highly oxidative nature of PUFA, stability of this fat is essential. The implication of hepatic lipid accumulation which was observed in hens fed on fish oils should be explored. Nutritional manipulations, such as supplementation with iodine, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, garlic products, amino acids and high fibre ingredients, have met a limited success in lowering egg cholesterol.

Effect of Alfalfa Saponin on the Serum Cholesterol Level in Rats (알팔파 사포닌이 흰쥐 혈청 콜레스테롤 농도에 미치는 영향)

  • Cho, Young-Su;Horigome, Takao
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.430-434
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    • 1989
  • Alfalfa saponin was isolated from the roots of alfalfa(Medicage sativa L.) and incoporated at the level of 0.2% and 0.4% cholesterol-free diets and cholesterol enriched-diets. Wistar male rats weighing approximately 80g were fed with for 21 days. The serum lipids and fecal excretion lipids of the rats were determined and the result obtained are as follows. 1. Alfalfa saponin contained 36.4% medicagenic acid. 2. The feeding of alfalfa saponin increased cholesterol excretion but not bile acid excretion. 3. Alfalfa saponin showed hypocholesterolemic activity at 0.4% level in both the diets with and without cholesterol but the effect was not observed at 0.2% level in a diet. 4. It was indicated that the hypocholesterolemic effect of alfalfa saponin was associated with the decreased absorption of cholesterol from alimentary canal.

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Studies on the Laboratory Animal Modelling of Atherosclerosis and the Preventive Mechanisms of Dietary Fiber against Atherosclerosis (동맥경화증의 실험동물 모델화와 식이섬유의 동맥경화 방어기전에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hyoung-ook;Lee, Yong-soon;Lee, Heung-shik S;Shin, Kwang-soon;Lim, Chang-hyeong
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.513-524
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    • 1993
  • mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effects of $\beta$-glucan remain unclear. Rats were divided into 3 groups ; normal control group, atherogenic group(oral administration of cholesterol 40 mg/kg/day plus vit. $D_2$ 320,000 IU/kg/day), $\beta$-glucan treatment group(atherogenic treatment plus $\beta$-glucan 0.135 g/kg/day). The $\beta$-glucan treatment group showed moderate increases of serum lipids concentration compared with atherogenic group. In histopathological examination, aortas showed no critical lesions. The total fecal neutral sterols and bile acids excreted for 6 days was increased compared with both normal and atherogenic group. To compare effects of soluble fiber and insoluble fiber extracted from barley on postprandial lipemia, 5 healthy male adults ingested on separate days a low-fiber(total dietary fiber 2.61g) control meal or dietary fiber-enriched(12.61g) meals. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for 6.5h and serum lipids were analyzed. The serum total lipids, total cholesterols, LDL & VLDL-cholesterol were markedly reduced with soluble fiber-enriched meals, but no decrease with insoluble fiber-enriched meals. These results suggest that mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of $\beta$-glucan on rats were due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the intestinal lumen and acceleration of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. And the soluble dietary fiber($\beta$-glucan) has the hypocholesterolemic effect by dropping serum LDL & VLDL-cholesterol in the clinical study.

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