• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.704-711
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• 1998

With histological changes, ontogeny and relative frequencies of bovine Sp-1/chromogranin(bCG)-, serotonin-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin-8(CCK-8)-, somatostatin-, S-100 protein-, polypeptide YY(PYY)- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the duodenum of the chicken embryos from 10 days of incubation to hatching. Histologically, pseudostraitified columnar epithelium were observed from 10 days of incubation to 14 days of incubation, thereafter these epithelium were differentiated to simple columnar epithelium. $Liberk{\ddot{u}}hn$ glands were observed from 18 days of incubation and goblet cells were detected from hatching. In the duodenum, bCG-immunoreactive cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and increased to 18 days of incubation, thereafter decreased with ages. Serotonin-immunorecative cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and increased with ages. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and CCK-immunoreactive cells were detected from 19 days of incubation. No gastrin-, S-100 protein-, PYY-, glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.689-697
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• 1999

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus, were investigated by immunohistochemical method using 7 antisera. Chromogranin (Cg)-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, gastrin/cholecystokinin (Gas/CCK)-, serotonin-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-immunoreactive cells were identified in this study. Cg-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the alimentary tract including the esophagus, with predominant frequency in the pylorus. Numerous immunoreactive cells were observed from the esophagus to the pylorus but a few cells were detected in the large intestine. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed from the proximal portions to the distal portions of the small intestine. They were increased to the middle portions but thereafter decreased, and no cells were found in the terminal portions. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the small intestine and these cells were decreased toward to distal portions of the small intestine. Gas/CCK-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pylorus and small intestine. They were most predominant in the pylorus and the proximal portions of the small intestine but thereafter decreased toward to the distal regions. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed throughout the alimentary tract. They were most predominant in the pylorus and proximal portions of the small intestine but a few cells were observed in the large intestine. BPP-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the distal portions of the small intestine with rare frequency. No bombesin-immunoreactive cells were found in this study.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2000

The regional distribution and relative frequencies of endocrine cells were studied immunogistochemically (PAP methods) in the alimentary tract of the tree frog, Hyla areorea japonica, using specific antisera against serotonin, somatostatin, bovine Sp-1/chromogranin (BCG), cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin, bombesin, secretin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Six kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study, These immunoreactive cells were located in the gastric glands of stomach regions and in the basal portion of the epithelium of the intestinal tract or esophagus with variable frequencies. They were spherical or spindle-shaped. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed in the whole alimentary tract including the esophagus. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were also detected throughout the alimentary tract except the rectum. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were observed from the pylorus to ileum. Vip-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the rectum. Bombesin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the fundic gastric regions and gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus. However, no BCG-, secretin and PP-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in this study. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of the endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the tree frog were similar to other anuran species, but some differences which may be caused by feeding habits and species specification were also observed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2001

The regional distributions and relative frequencies of some gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the 8 portions (fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) of the gastrointestinal tract of ICR mouse (ICR) with immunohistochemical method using 7 types of specific antisera against somatostatin, serotonin, glucagon, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin. In this study, somatostatin-, serotonin-, glucagon-, CCK-8-, secretin- and gastrin-immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of these IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open-typed cell) while cells showing round in shape (close-typed cell) were found in the stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin-IR cells were demonstrated throughout whole gastrointestinal tract except for large intestine. Serotonin-IR cells were detected throughout whole gastrointestinal tract and they were most predominant endocrine cell types in this species of mouse. Glucagon-IR cells were restricted to the fundus and rectum with moderate and a few frequencies, respectively. CCK-8-IR cells were observed in the pylorus, duodenum and ileum with numerous, moderate and rare frequencies, respectively. Secretin-IR cells were restricted to the duodenum and ileum with a few and rare frequencies, respectively. Gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus with numerous frequency. However, no PP-IR cells were found in this study. In conclusion, some peculiar distributional patterns of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were found in the ICR mouse compared to those of other mammals.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.59-76
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• 1988

In order to know the distribution, relative frequencies, types and morphology, endocrine cells in the intestinal tract of the hedgehog(Erinaceus koreanus) were studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Two kinds of endocrine cells were demonstrated with two specific staining methods. Argyrophil cells(reactive cells for Grimelius method) were found most frequently in the intestinal region, and were infrequent in the rectum, whereas argentaffin cells (reactive cells for Masson-Hamperl method) were found most frequently in the rectum and in the other legions were infrequent. These reacting cells were mainly found in the intestinal glands, whereas a small number in the mucosa. 2. Twelve kinds of endocrine cells, gastrin(Gas)-, somatostatin (Som)-, serotonin(5-HT)-, glucagon(Glu)-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide(Bpp)-, cholecystokinin(Cck)-, secretin(Sec)-, motilin(Mot)-, glicentin(Gli)-, gastric inhibitor polypeptide(GIp)-, substance P(Sp)-, and neurotensin(Neu)-immunoreactive cells, were identified by immunohistochemical method. Gas-, Som-, 5-HT-, Glu-, Cck-, Sec-, Mot-, Gli-, Sp-, and Neu-reactive cells were observed in the duodenum, and among these Gas- and 5-HT-reactive cells were moderately found while the others were infrequent. In the jejunoileum Gas-, Som-, 5-HT-, Glu-, Cck-, Mot-, Gli-, GIp-, SP-, and Neu-reactive cells were found, and among these 5-HT- and GIp-reactive cells were moderately found while the others were infrequent. In the colon Sec-reactive cell was not detected. 5-HT-reactive cells were found most frequently and the others were infrequent in this region. 5-HT-, Bpp-, GIi- and Neu-reactive cells were found in the rectum. Among these 5-HT-reactive cells were found most frequently. 3. Electron microscopically, five types of endocrine cells, EC, ECL, D, G, A-like cell, were identified in the intestinal region. EC and ECL cells in the duodenum, EC, D and G cells in the jejuno-ileum, EC and A-like cells in the colon and EC cell in the rectum were observed respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1473-1478
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted to investigate the mechanism for the effect of tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC) in enhancing growth performance of weanling piglets. Gut-brain peptides play an important role in the regulation of growth and appetite in animals. This study evaluated the effects of TBZC on blood concentrations of growth hormone (GH), ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Seventy-two weanling piglets (Landrace$\times$Large White) with an initial body weight (BW) of $6.7{\pm}0.16kg$ and aged $24{\pm}1days$ were assigned to three dietary treatments: i) control diet without TBZC supplement, ii) the control diet supplemented with 2,000 mg Zn from TBZC/kg and iii) TBZC-supplemented diet pair-fed with respect to the control diet. Each treatment had six replications (pens) of four piglets. At the end of a 14-d experimental period, piglets were weighed and feed consumption was measured, and blood samples were collected for assays of GH, ghrelin, IGF-I, CCK and NPY concentrations. The inclusion of TBZC in the diet increased average daily gain (p<0.01), average daily feed intake (p<0.05), and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). Pair-fed piglets had higher ADG, and lower FCR than (p<0.05) Control piglets. Supplementation of the diet with TBZC increased (p<0.05) serum GH and plasma ghrelin levels in weanling piglets, but did not affect (p>0.05) serum IGF-I and plasma NPY and CCK concentrations. Pair-fed piglets had lower (p<0.05) serum GH levels than TBZC-supplemented piglets, but did not (p>0.05) differ from Control piglets. These data indicated that TBZC elevated the concentration of ghrelin and GH. This observation may partly explain the beneficial effects of TBZC on growth performance of weanling piglets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.711-719
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• 2000

The characteristics of the exocrine pancreatic secretions in pigs and its hormonal regulation as influenced by dietary lipids are reviewed. There is clear evidence that the secretion of lipolytic enzymes is positively correlated with the amount of fat consumed by the pig. For example, there was an increase in the specific lipase activity by 83% after the dietary fat content was increased from 5% to 25%. Moreover, it was shown that also the quality of fat has an influence on exocrine pancreatic secretions. Peroxidized canola oil stimulated total lipase secretion much more than non-peroxidized oil. The influence of fatty acid composition on exocrine pancreatic secretions is discussed equivocally. Some authors showed that saturated fats stimulated the exocrine pancreatic secretions more than unsaturated. Others showed that the chain length of fatty acids had a strong influence on pancreatic secretions as well. Due to the different surgical methods used for sampling of pancreatic juice and wide variety of fats and oils used in these studies, direct comparisons between studies are extremely difficult to make. Plasma levels of hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin (NT) and peptide YY (PYY) are influenced by the nutrient composition of the diet. With increasing amounts of fat present in the small intestine, the release of these hormones was stimulated. There is evidence that CCK release is dependent on the chain length of the fatty acids. Medium chain triglycerides stimulated the CCK release more than long chain triglycerides. Neurotensin was released more by unsaturated than by saturated fatty acids; similar results were observed for the PYY release. However, results are contradictory and further investigations are warranted that focus on the underlying mechanisms involved in the regulatory response of the exocrine pancreas to lipids of different origin.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pueraria lobata (PL) extract on obesity related hormones in rats with estrogen deficiency. Methods: The experiments were performed with the use of ovariectomized rats as estrogen-deficient obesity rat model. They were grouped Normal (sham operation group), Control (ovariectomy group), 50 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋50 mg/kg of PL), 100 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋100 mg/kg of PL), 200 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋200 mg/kg of PL). PL extract was orally administered for 8 weeks once a day. Body weights and serum levels of hormones, such as leptin, estradiol, cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and adiponectin were estimated by ELISA. Results: PL extract significantly decreased body weight, the serum levels of leptin in estrogen-deficient obesity rats. PL extract significantly increased the serum levels of estradiol and CCK. However, PL extract did not directly effect on the levels of ghrelin and adiponectin in estrogen-deficient obesity rats. Conclusions: It is concluded that PL extract reduced body weight, and regulate the hormones related to energy metabolism. PL extract decreased the serum levels of leptin. PL extract increased the serum levels of estradiol and CCK. These results indicate that PL might have potentials for treatment of obesity and complications during the menopause caused by estrogen-deficiency.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.609-619
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• 2022

Obesity is a primary factor provoking various chronic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, and causes the death of 2.8 million individuals each year. Diet, physical activity, medications, and surgery are the main therapies for overweightness and obesity. During weight loss therapy, a decrease in energy stores activates appetite signaling pathways under the regulation of neuropeptides, including anorexigenic [corticotropin-releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cholecystokinin (CCK), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript] and orexigenic [agoutirelated protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and melanin-concentrating hormone] neuropeptides, which increase food intake and lead to failure in attaining weight loss goals. Ginseng and ginsenosides reverse these signaling pathways by suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY and AgRP) and provoking anorexigenic neuropeptides (CCK and POMC), which prevent the increase in food intake. Moreover, the results of network pharmacology analysis have revealed that constituents of ginseng radix, including campesterol, beta-elemene, ginsenoside Rb1, biotin, and pantothenic acid, are highly correlated with neuropeptide genes that regulate energy balance and food intake, including ADIPOQ, NAMPT, UBL5, NUCB2, LEP, CCK, GAST, IGF1, RLN1, PENK, PDYN, and POMC. Based on previous studies and network pharmacology analysis data, ginseng and its compounds may be a potent source for obesity treatment by regulating neuropeptides associated with appetite.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.653-660
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• 2000

In order to study the regional distribution and relative frequency of the immunoreactive endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, the gastrointestinal tract was divided into 9 portions (cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) and immunostained by immunohistochemical (PAP) method using 8 types of specific antisera against cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide(PP), somatostatin, serotonin, glucagon and insulin. CCK-8-, gastrin-, somatostatin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in this study. These immunoreactive cells were found in the gastric gland regions of the pylorus or between parietal and chief cells of the fundus with round to spherical shaped, and in the interepithelial regions of the intestinal tract with spherical to spindle shaped except for jejunum where some of immunoreactive cells were also observed in the intestinal glands with round to spherical shaped. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum with numerous and a few frequency, respectively. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus with numerous frequency. Similar to those of gastrin-immunoreactive cells, somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to pylorus with moderate frequency. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout whole gastrointestinal tract except for cardia and cecum with moderate or numerous frequency. However, no secretin-, PP-, glucagon- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. From these results, the appearance type, regional distribution and relative frequency of immunoreactive endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Mongolian gerbils were somewhat lowered or restricted compared to those of other mammals and these differences were might be caused by feeding habits and species specification.