• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2002

${\gamma}-Aminobutyric$ Acid (GABA) is contained in pancreatic islet ${\beta}-cells$ although its physiological role in pancreatic exocrine function is completely unknown at the present time. Recently, we have reported that exogenous GABA enhances secretagogue-evoked exocrine secretion in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. This study was aimed to investigate an effect of exogenous GABA on pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo evoked by intestinal stimulation. Rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.4 g/kg) after 24-h fast with free access to water. GABA $(10,\;30\;and\;100\;{\mu}mol/kg/h),$ given intravenously, did not change spontaneous pancreatic amylase secretion but dose-dependently elevated the amylase secretion evoked by intraduodenal sodium oleate (0.05 mmol/h). GABA $(30\;{\mu}mol/kg/h)$ also further increased the amylase secretion stimulated by CCK (30 pmol/kg/h) plus secretin (20 pmol/kg/h) but failed to modify the amylase secretion induced by secretin alone. GABA $(10,\;30\;and\;100\;{\mu}mol/kg/h)$ also dose-dependently elevated pancreatic amylase secretion evoked by CCK alone. Bicuculline $(100\;{\mu}mol/kg/h),$ a $GABA_A-receptor$ antagonist, markedly reduced the GABA-enhanced pancreatic responses to sodium oleate, CCK plus secretin or CCK alone. The results indicate that GABA enhances the sodium oleate-evoked pancreatic amylase secretion via $GABA_A-receptor$ in anesthetized rats, which may account for elevating the action of CCK released by sodium oleate.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.117-127
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• 2006

Objectives : In this study, we investigated the effects of Daehwangmokdanpitang-gagambang(DMG) on treatment for cholecystokinin-octapeptide(CCK)-induced acute pancreatitis(AP) in rats. Methods : Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were divided into three groups. The first was normal untreated group, the second was in treatment with DMG group; DMG was administered orally, followed by 75 ${\mu}g/kg$ CCK subcutaneously three times, after 1, 3 and 5 h. This whole procedure was repeated for 5 days. The third was in treatment with saline group, the protocol was the same as in treatment group with DMG. We determined the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, the levels of pancreatic HSP60, HSP72, ERK, p38 MAPK and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Repeated CCK treatment resulted in the typical laboratory and morphological changes of experimentally induced pancreatitis. Results : DMG was significantly decreased the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio in CCKinduced AP and DMG increased HSP60 and HSP72 compared with CCK-induced AP. DMG suppressed ERK and p38 MAPK activation. Additionally, the secretion of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ and the levels of amylase and lipase were lower than that saline. Conclusions : DMG has an effect to treatment for CCK-induced AP.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2001

The regional distribution and relative frequency of neurohormonal peptides-producing cells were demonstrated in the gut of the stomachless teleost, the Prussian carp, Carassius auratus Linnaeus, using 10 types of specific antisera raised against mammalian regulatory peptides. The gut of the Prussian carp was divided into five portions from proximal to distal (Segments I~V). Most of immunoreactive cells in the epithelial lining portion, between epithelial cells, were generally spherical or spindle shape having long cytoplasmic process that reached to the lumen (open typed cell) while cells showing round in shape (close typed cell) were found in the basal portions of epithelial lining occasionally. Somatostatin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8- and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)- immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. However, no serotonin-, glucagon-, chromogranin A-, secretin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, substance P- and bombesin-immunoreactive cells were found. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to most proximal segments of the gut (Segment I) with rare frequency and CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the proximal segments of the gut (Segments I and II) with a few to rare frequencies. In addition, pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the proximal to middle segments (Segments I~III) with moderated to rare frequencies. In conclusion, the distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreactive cells are well corresponded to the previous reports in stomachless teleost but somewhat peculiar patterns are also detected.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 2002

The regional distribution and relative frequency of neurohormonal peptides-producing cells were demonstrated in the gut of the stomach teleost, the Mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner, using 7 types of specific antisera raised against mammalian regulatory peptides. The gastrointestinal tract of the Mandarin fish was divided into three portions from proximal to distal, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Cells showing immunoreactivities against regulatory peptides were situated in the epithelial lining, between epithelial cells, and gastric or intestinal gland regions with various frequencies along with gastrointestinal tract. Mast of immunoreactive cells in the epithelial lining portion were generally spherical or spindle shape having long cytoplasmic process that were reached to the lumen (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (closed type cell) were found in the gastric gland of the stomach occasionally. Serctonin-, samatostatin-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8- and human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP)-immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. However, no insulin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found. Serotonin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the stomach regions with moderate and numerous frequencies, respectively. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the stomach and small intestinal portions with a few and moderate frequencies, respectively and CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the small intestinal portions with moderate frequency. In addition, HPP-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the stomach and small intestine with numerous frequencies, respectively. In conclusion, the distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Mandarin fish shows peculiar patterns compared to those of other stomach and/or stomachless teleost.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.217-221
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• 2003

To clarify the roles of gonadal steroids on pancreatic exocrine secretion, effects of progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ on spontaneous and secretagogue-induced exocrine response of isolated perfused rat pancreas were investigated. Intra-arterial infusion of progesterone resulted in significant increase of the spontaneous pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion dose-dependently. However, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ did not exert any influence on spontaneous pancreatic exocrine secretion. Exogenous secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and acetylcholine markedly stimulated pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion. Progesterone initially enhanced secretin-induced amylase secretion, but this stimulatory response declined thereafter to basal value. Moreover, secretin-induced fluid secretion was not affected by infusion of progesterone. Therefore, initial increase of secretion-induced amylase secretion by progesterone seems to be a non-specific action by washout effect of secretin. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ failed to change the secretin-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Both progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ did not exert any influence on CCK-induced fluid and amylase secretion. Acetylcholine-induced exocrine secretion of isolated perfused pancreas also was not affected by intra-arterial infusion of progesterone or estradiol-$17{\beta}$. It is concluded from the above results that progesterone could enhance the spontaneous pancreatic fluid and amylase secretion of isolated perfused rat pancreas through non-genomic shortterm action, and that these effects could be masked by more potent stimulants such as secretin, CCK, and acetylcholine.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 1996

Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be a second messenger involved in secretion. Upon stimulating pancreatic acinar cells with cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ), NO formation has been shown to be associated with increased levels of cGMP (Seo et al., 1995). To elucidate the signaling pathway of VIP-induced enzyme secretion, we investigated the NO and cGMP synthesis steps as potential steps where two signal pathways triggered by CCK-PZ and VIP interact. The results obtained in this work provide evidence that increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion by treatment with VIP has no relationship with NOS activity and cGMP level. This conclusion was derived from the following findings that VIP treatment of rat pancreatic tissue increased amylase release as well as protein output in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas NOS activity and cGMP synthesis were not affected by VIP treatment as monitored by NOS activity assay and determining cGMP level, which was further confirmed by a NOS-inhibitor study. Consequently, CCK-PZ or VIP increases enzyme secretion in rat pancreatic tissue, but the two hormones are different in their mode of action. Together the results suggest that signaling pathway of VIP-induced enzyme secretion might either bypass the NO and cGMP synthesis steps or lie on a distinct pathway from CCK-PZ-induced pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.276-296
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• 1990

This study attempts to investigate several enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal epithelia of the Korean snakes (Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonotum Rhabdophis tigrina tigrina, Enhydris rufodorsata, Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus, Agkistrodon saxatilis, Agkistodon calginosus). For a light-microscopical examination of immunocytochemistry, the paraffin sections (5 $\mu$ m) of tissue specimens taken from the various parts of the gastrointestinal tract were stained immunocytochemically by PAP procedure with 10 antisera. The frequency of enteroendocrine cells per unit area (mm$^2$) of each mucosa were counted and the shapes of the cells were observed. In Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, Rhobdophis tigrina tigrina, Enhydris rufodorsata, Agkistrodon saxatilis and Agkistrodon caliginosus, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and serotonin cells were observed. But the freuqency of these immunoreactive cells differ trom each portion of gastrointestinal tracts of all species, respectively. In Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus, CCK-8, gastrin and serotonin cells were observed. CCK-8 and serotonin cells were found in whole gastrointestinal tracts and gastrin cells were observed in pylorus and mucosa of small intestine. The frequency of these cells was different from each portion. The shapes of CCK-8, gastrin, PP and serotonin cells were pyramidal or oval and closed type in stomach. A large number of these cells were spindle in shape and open type in small intestine and anterior pant of large intestine, whereas some cells were closed type. In posterior part of large intestine and rectum, these cells were oval in shape and closed type.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 1998

We provide the reader with a brief introduction to the neurobiology of neuropeptides. Several comprehensive reviews of the distribution and neurochemical, neurophysiological, neuropharmacological and behavioral effects of the major neuropeptides have recently appeared. In reviews of the large number of neuropeptides in brain and their occurance in brain regions thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, investigators have sought to determine whether alternations in neuropeptide systems are associated with schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism and neurodegenerative disease. There is no longer any doubt that neuropeptide-containing neurons are altered in several neuropsychiatric disorders. One of the factors that has hindered neuropeptide research to a considerable extent is the lack of pharmacological agents that specifically alter the synaptic availability of neuropeptides. With the exception of naloxone and naltrexone, the opiate-receptor antagonists, there are few available neuropeptide- receptor antagonists. Two independent classes of neuropeptide-receptor antagonists has been expected to be clinically useful. Naltrexone, a potent ${\mu}$-receptor antagonist, has been used successfully to reduce the need for alcohol consumption. And cholecycstokinin antagonists are now in development as a new class of anxiolytics, which would be expected to be free from tolerance and physical dependence and lack of sedation. In this review, we deal with these two kinds of neuropeptide system, the opioid system and cholesystokinins in the brain. The role of opioid systems in the reinforcement after alcohol consumtion and that of cholesystokinins in the pathogenesis of anxiety will be discussed briefly. As we know, the future for neuropeptides in psychiatry remains bright indeed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.654-660
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• 2013

Three Korean native steers ($779{\pm}24$ kg) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to investigate the influence of oral administration of soluble proteins, intact casein (IC) and acid hydrolyzed casein (AHC), on gastro-intestinal hormone (GIH) secretion in the blood and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum. Oral treatment consisted of a basic diet (control), IC (C+100% protein), or AHC (C+80% amino acid, 20% peptide) for 21 d. Blood and duodenum samples were collected for measurement of serum GI hormones, and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was determined at 900, 1030, 1330, 1630, and 1930 h after feeding on d 21 of treatment. The levels of serum cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin in the IC treatment group were higher compared to the other treatment groups (p<0.05). In addition to the changes in CCK and secretin levels upon IC treatment, the pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum was higher in the IC group compared to the control diet group (p<0.05). The response of serum ghrelin to IC and AHC treatment was in accordance with the response of serum secretin. The level of peptide fragments flowing in the duodenum was higher in the IC treatment group than the other treatment groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that an increase in duodenal CCK and secretin upon IC oral administration increased pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase secretion. In addition, ghrelin may be associated with GI hormone secretion in Korean native steers.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.7 no.1 s.12
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• pp.5-14
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• 2004

Acupuncture has fairly good weight-reducing effect in treating simple obesity due to the neuroendocrine regulation. In this study, the antiobesity effects of herbal acupuncture(HA) with Sang-hwang(phellinus linteus) at Fuai(SP16) were investigated in the rat fed on high-fat(HF) diet. Sang-hwang mushroom has been proven to have anti-carcinogenic effects and Sang-hwang extracts are highly effective in treatment and preventive treatment of AIDS, diabetes and high blood-pressure. To determine whether the Sang-hwang herbal acupuncture may have the anti-obesity effect, male Sprague-Dawley(4-wk-old) rats were fed a HF diet for 5 wk, which produced significant weight gain compared to rats were fed a normal diet, and then herbal acupuncture were treated for 3 wk in HF diet group. The body weight, food consumption, food effeciency ratio(FER), body fat mass, plasma nitric oxide(NO) were investigated in rats fed on normal diet, HF diet, and HF diet with HA(HF-diet-HA) groups. NO has been proposed to be involved in the regulation of food intake. In addition, the expression of appetite peptides such as orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y(NPY) and the anorectic peptide cholecystokinin(CCK) were observed in the hypothalamus. HF-HA group reduced body weight gain, FER, body fat contents and NO concentration compared to HF diet group. The expression of NPY was reduced in arcuate nucleus(ARC), and CCK was increased in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) after treatment of HA. In conclusion, Sang-hwang HA reduced adipocity, plasma NO and hypothalamic NPY, but increased CCK expression in the HF dietinduced obesity rat, therefore HA may have anti-obesity action through regulating body weight and appetite peptide of the central nervous system.