• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.112-121
• /
• 2023

Purpose: Eating behaviors are influenced by food environments, such as availability and/or accessibility of healthy food options. In this study, we examined the relationship between healthy eating-out options and the intention to eat healthily in adults residing in Daqing, China, using an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods: Data were collected via an online survey conducted from April to May 2021 using a previously validated questionnaire in Daqing. A total number of 308 subjects aged 18-64, either Daqing oilfield workers or their family members were eligible and finally included in the analysis. The relationships among the attributes and the quality of healthy eating-out options, the three major constructs of TPB, and the intentions of healthy eating were examined using multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Subjective norms (p = 0.049) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) (p = 0.000) were significantly related to the healthy eating intention. The quality and attributes of the food served statistically significantly explained the intention to eat healthily. After controlling for age, sex, and body mass index, not the quality but the attributes of food served (p = 0.037), subjective norms (p = 0.016), and PBC (p = 0.000) had a significant relationship with the intention to eat healthily. The model explained 83.7% of the variance. Conclusion: The healthy eating-out choices, along with subjective norms and PBC of TPB, may be a potential determinant of healthy eating intention among Chinese adults living in Daqing, China. Policy implications have highlighted that not only the personal intention to eat healthy foods, but also the available healthy food environment may be important for the choice of healthy options by the population of interest. Therefore, building an environment for healthy eating choices and campaigns aimed at increasing consumer awareness of healthy eating are equally important for a smart eating choice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to measure the pizza purchasing behavioral characteristics of respondents and importances of factors affecting pizza purchase, to estimate the effects of attributes on pizza restaurant choice, and to predict probability of selecting a particular pizza restaurant. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: The paired experimental profiles, purchasing behavior and importances of factors affecting pizza purchase. This study generated profiles of 16 hypothetical pizza restaurant based on the seven attributes. The profiles comprised 16 discrete sets of variables, each of which had two levels. For this study, researcher randomly selected 150 students of university as respondents. Twenty students did not complete the survey instrument, resulting in a final sample size of 129. All estimations were carried out using frequencies, $X^2$, independent samples t-test, phreg procedure of SAS package. The results are as follows. Some purchasing behavioral characteristics and importances of factors affecting pizza purchase were significantly different by gender. Based on the estimated models developed for male student group and female student group, the Chi-square statistics were significant at p<0.001. The parameter estimate for late delivery time with male student group was highest, and the parameter estimate for price with female student group was highest. The pizza restaurant that charged \20,000, offered 100% discount on eleventh pizza, promised to deliver pizza in 40 mins, usually delivered the pizza as promised time, offered only 1 type of pizza crust, delivered warm pizza, offered the money-back guarantee was favored by each of male student group and female student group. The results from this study suggested that there was an opportunity to increase market share and profit by improving operations so that customers receive discount and money-back guarantee simultaneously, and by reducing price, delivery time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.28 no.910
• /
• pp.1273-1281
• /
• 2004

The primary purpose of this study is to suggest a new methodology for calibration of a continuous price response function and to compare the differences in the price response function with and without choice set information. Through the new methodology, the two-staged conjoint analysis, the continuous price response function far jeans market was calibrated. Three steps were required to complete the two-staged conjoint analysis. Step one provided respondents with both a written and a visual description of two different randomly selected styles and colors of denim jeans. In step two respondents were asked to choose the combination of attributes they intended to purchase. Based upon the literature review, these four attributes included: brand, style, price, and color. Respondents were required to assess their purchase intentions for 32 combinations by marking Yes if she/he would purchase a given combination and No if she/he would not purchase a given combination. This allowed for identification of each respondents choice set. Instructions in step three required respondents to rate each combination marked Yes on a scale of 1-100, with one as least likely to be purchased and 100 as most likely to be purchased. This value served as the dependent variable for estimating the parameters in the model. Furthermore, the empirical study shows that there is a difference in price response function with and without choice set information. Therefore, when one calibrates a price response function far a given brand, we can recommend to include choice set information in his/her research.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.14 no.10
• /
• pp.4830-4836
• /
• 2013

This research was launched as an attempt to help create a new value-added product called "Green Jujube Chip." To accomplish the objectives, consumers value by attributes of Green Jujube Chip should be estimated. We used Choice Experiment for analysis, which we used to arrive at pricing of specialty jujube chips based on the conditional logit model. As a result, MWTP were estimated at 1333 Won/unit for Mid-size Company Product, 1752 Won/unit for Large Company Product, 1703 Won/unit for University Affiliation, 350 Won/unit for packing unit, 548 Won/unit for rating the raw fruit, 1,322 Won/unit for HACCP, and 1,166 Won/unit for ISO22000. The consumer's WTP for Green Juju Chip, associated with the university-brand recognition, was higher than a product produced by a mid-sized company but lower than a product by a large company. Given how the consumers regard the university-brand product as a specialty item, it is necessary to create value-added products that meet such high expectation. Therefore, we recommend the producers to acquire HACCP Food Safety Certification and the value-added product has used the highest quality raw fruit.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.22 no.8
• /
• pp.78-88
• /
• 2016

This study conducted to find influences of selection attributes on consumer satisfaction as perceived by low-cost restaurant visiter by considering personal value. Developed survey was distributed and 428 sample who visited the low-cost franchise restaurant were employed the statistical analyze. The internal value and the external value included individual value in order to estimate the influence of the choice factor of the low-cost franchise restaurant on the quality of the product, and the choice factors were consisted of 3 variables that are quality, accessibility and service. Regression analysis was conducted to verify the relationships among the variables. As a result, the internal value (${\beta}=.236$, p<.0.01), and external value (${\beta}=.352$, p<.001) have the significant positive relationships with respect to quality. Second, the external value (${\beta}=.305$, p<.001) has the positive relationship with regard to accessibility, but the internal value has no significant relationships with level of accessibility. Third, the internal value (${\beta}=.828$, p<.001) has the significant positive relationship with regard to service, but there was no significant influences between external value and service in this study. Fourth, the internal value (${\beta}=.472$, p<.001), the external value (${\beta}=.479$, p<.001) were critical antecedents of the quality. Last, while quality (${\beta}=.858$, p<.001) has significant positive relationship with satisfaction, but it didn't show any relationships with accessibility and service.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.83-98
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) of the hospital choice factor between internal and external customers at S general hospital. This study was used 5 types of choice factors such as physical, interpersonal, accessibility, connection, and image. This study was used Importance Performance Analysis which can be applied to identify the strengths and weaknesses attributes from hospital customers' viewpoint. The sample was selected 116 patients and 97 internal employees for S hospital in Seoul. Data were collected with self-reported questionnaires from April 1 to 29 in 2012 and analyzed by paired t-test, scatter plot graph. The result of the study was that the perceptional gaps between internal and external consumers were existed in physical, connection and image factors, except interpersonal, accessibility. The "Keep up the good work" quadrant was interpersonal factor, and the "Low Priority" quadrant was accessibility. The findings of this study will be applied to make hospital strategic decision making and to improve marketing service quality in administrative department of hospital.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.153-163
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to measure IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) of the hospital choice factors between internal and external customers at rural general hospital. This study was used 5 types of choice factor such as physical, human, accessibility, connection, and external image. Also, this study was used IPA which can be applied to identify the strengths and weaknesses quality attributes from customers' viewpoint by simultaneously evaluating importance and performance. IPA was assessed using a sample of 98 patients and 96 internal employees who work at C general hospital in Chunkcheongbuk-do. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires from February 13 to March 30 in 2012 and analyzed SPSS 18 by using frequency, paired t-test and scatter plot graph. The results of IPA show that "Keep up the good work" quadrant was human factor and "Low Priority" quadrant was physical and connection factors between internal and external customers. The finding of this study will be applied to improve human service quality in administrative department of hospital. Also, this study presents primary data for correct decision making to authorities of local hospitals that have concern about hospital strategy. The implications of this study are discussed and areas for future research are presented.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 2010

This study researches the effects of common features on a no-choice option with respect to regulatory focus theory. The primary interest is in three factors and their interrelationship: common features, no-choice option, and regulatory focus. Prior studies have compiled vast body of research in these areas. First, the "common features effect" has been observed bymany noted marketing researchers. Tversky (1972) proposed the seminal theory, the EBA model: elimination by aspect. According to this theory, consumers are prone to focus only on unique features during comparison processing, thereby dismissing any common features as redundant information. Recently, however, more provocative ideas have attacked the EBA model by asserting that common features really do affect consumer judgment. Chernev (1997) first reported that adding common features mitigates the choice gap because of the increasing perception of similarity among alternatives. Later, however, Chernev (2001) published a critically developed study against his prior perspective with the proposition that common features may be a cognitive load to consumers, and thus consumers are possible that they are prone to prefer the heuristic processing to the systematic processing. This tends to bring one question to the forefront: Do "common features" affect consumer choice? If so, what are the concrete effects? This study tries to answer the question with respect to the "no-choice" option and regulatory focus. Second, some researchers hold that the no-choice option is another best alternative of consumers, who are likely to avoid having to choose in the context of knotty trade-off settings or mental conflicts. Hope for the future also may increase the no-choice option in the context of optimism or the expectancy of a more satisfactory alternative appearing later. Other issues reported in this domain are time pressure, consumer confidence, and alternative numbers (Dhar and Nowlis 1999; Lin and Wu 2005; Zakay and Tsal 1993). This study casts the no-choice option in yet another perspective: the interactive effects between common features and regulatory focus. Third, "regulatory focus theory" is a very popular theme in recent marketing research. It suggests that consumers have two focal goals facing each other: promotion vs. prevention. A promotion focus deals with the concepts of hope, inspiration, achievement, or gain, whereas prevention focus involves duty, responsibility, safety, or loss-aversion. Thus, while consumers with a promotion focus tend to take risks for gain, the same does not hold true for a prevention focus. Regulatory focus theory predicts consumers' emotions, creativity, attitudes, memory, performance, and judgment, as documented in a vast field of marketing and psychology articles. The perspective of the current study in exploring consumer choice and common features is a somewhat creative viewpoint in the area of regulatory focus. These reviews inspire this study of the interaction possibility between regulatory focus and common features with a no-choice option. Specifically, adding common features rather than omitting them may increase the no-choice option ratio in the choice setting only to prevention-focused consumers, but vice versa to promotion-focused consumers. The reasoning is that when prevention-focused consumers come in contact with common features, they may perceive higher similarity among the alternatives. This conflict among similar options would increase the no-choice ratio. Promotion-focused consumers, however, are possible that they perceive common features as a cue of confirmation bias. And thus their confirmation processing would make their prior preference more robust, then the no-choice ratio may shrink. This logic is verified in two experiments. The first is a $2{\times}2$ between-subject design (whether common features or not X regulatory focus) using a digital cameras as the relevant stimulus-a product very familiar to young subjects. Specifically, the regulatory focus variable is median split through a measure of eleven items. Common features included zoom, weight, memory, and battery, whereas the other two attributes (pixel and price) were unique features. Results supported our hypothesis that adding common features enhanced the no-choice ratio only to prevention-focus consumers, not to those with a promotion focus. These results confirm our hypothesis - the interactive effects between a regulatory focus and the common features. Prior research had suggested that including common features had a effect on consumer choice, but this study shows that common features affect choice by consumer segmentation. The second experiment was used to replicate the results of the first experiment. This experimental study is equal to the prior except only two - priming manipulation and another stimulus. For the promotion focus condition, subjects had to write an essay using words such as profit, inspiration, pleasure, achievement, development, hedonic, change, pursuit, etc. For prevention, however, they had to use the words persistence, safety, protection, aversion, loss, responsibility, stability etc. The room for rent had common features (sunshine, facility, ventilation) and unique features (distance time and building state). These attributes implied various levels and valence for replication of the prior experiment. Our hypothesis was supported repeatedly in the results, and the interaction effects were significant between regulatory focus and common features. Thus, these studies showed the dual effects of common features on consumer choice for a no-choice option. Adding common features may enhance or mitigate no-choice, contradictory as it may sound. Under a prevention focus, adding common features is likely to enhance the no-choice ratio because of increasing mental conflict; under the promotion focus, it is prone to shrink the ratio perhaps because of a "confirmation bias." The research has practical and theoretical implications for marketers, who may need to consider common features carefully in a practical display context according to consumer segmentation (i.e., promotion vs. prevention focus.) Theoretically, the results suggest some meaningful moderator variable between common features and no-choice in that the effect on no-choice option is partly dependent on a regulatory focus. This variable corresponds not only to a chronic perspective but also a situational perspective in our hypothesis domain. Finally, in light of some shortcomings in the research, such as overlooked attribute importance, low ratio of no-choice, or the external validity issue, we hope it influences future studies to explore the little-known world of the "no-choice option."

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.17 no.8
• /
• pp.422-434
• /
• 2017

The influence of information on other's preference on one's attitude formation can vary with consumer's uniqueness motive and product attributes. When high-CNFU individuals are given the information on the preference of others toward an experience attribute, the uniqueness aspect of their self-identity is aroused. As conforming to others' preference causes concern that their uniqueness-related self-esteem is threatened, they contrast away from the majority. On the other hand, they form their attitude toward search attributes regardless of the preference of others. In contrast, for low-CNFU individuals, knowing the majority's choice of experience attributes does not arouse the uniqueness aspect of their self-identity and not threaten their self-esteem. Thus, they tend to conform to the majority regardless of the type of product attributes. This study suggests whether or not the attribute signals the identity of a person as another criterion that distinguishes experience and search attributes. The results imply that when targeting a consumer with a strong desire for uniqueness, it would be more effective for a company to develop features that are not popular.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.15
• /
• pp.253-265
• /
• 1990

This article was written with two purposes in mind. The first purpose was to introduce clothing and textile community who may not be familiar with Multidimensional Scaling(MDS) with usefulness of the new technique in the area of fashion merchandising. The second purpose was to present the results of an empirical study on brand image utilizing MDS and its related technique as the main analysis tools. The main objective of the empirical study was to gain a better understanding of consumer's brand image by relating differences in perception and attributes of clothing in women's ready-to wear market. For this empirical study, the ten brands and the fifteen attributes of clothing were chosen. The questionnaire consisting of questions asking about the similarity and attributes of clothing between selected brands was administrated to 185 career women during summer in 1989. Data were analyzed cluster analysis, and KYST and PROFIT in MDS program. The results were as follows: 1. The similarities data for the ten selected brand by using KYST program of MDS drawed the perceptual map. The results of this perceptual map showed that the selected brand were grouped into three clusters. 2. In order to get a somewhat objective view of which attributes consumers are attributing to each brand, PROFIT program was used. As a result, it was revealed that assortment depth / width, price, youth-oriented style, possibility of various social activity were significant attributes in consumer's brand choice rather than physical attributes of clothing such as quality or durability. This may imply that consumer orientation in rapidly changing environments of women's apparel market was its basic idea, and the focus of all fashion merchandising activities was put on need's and the response of consumer group who are the object of the target. Implicating for future research as well as for strategy of brand positioning were also suggested.