• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1993

Adsorption process using granular activated carbon(GAC) has been considered as one of the most effective water treatment technologies to remove humic acid which is recon- niEed as trihalomethane(THM) precursor in chlorination. To design the most effective GAC process, it is necessary to conduct the test of adsor- ption performance by means of isothem, batch rate and column studies and to select the most effective activated carbon according to raw materials of GAC - lignite and coconut shell. The objective of this study is to investigate the adsorption performance of humid acid on two activated carbons - lignite activated carbon(LAC) and coconut shell activated car- bon(CAC) made in Korea. It is available to represent UV-abs and trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) as concentration of humic acid due to good relationship. The adsorption capacity of humid acid is not concerned with surface area of activated carbon but with pore size related to about $100{\AA}$, and then LAC forming at the extent of mesopore is found to be eight times more effective in adsorption capacity than CAC forming at micropore. The adsorption capacity of LAC and CAC is better at pH 5.5 than at pH 7. Pore and surface diffusion coefficients calculated from the diffusion model are $7.61\times10^{-13}m^2/sec$, $3.52\times10^{-15}m^2/sec$ for CAC, and $3.38\times10^{-12}m^2$/sec and $Ds=1.48{\times}10^{-15}m^2/sec$ for GAC respectively. From the results of column test it shows that the performance of LAC is also better than CAC and the optimal EBCT(Empty Bed Contact Time) is 4.52min. and activated carbon removes selectively the components of humic acid to be easily formed to THM.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1984

This study was performed using samples collected at Myungryundong and at Reservoirs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of water quality between tap and raw water, and to analyse drinking water quality by Fe, Zn from corroded galvanized steel pipe. Results were as follows 1. The older the pipe was, the higher the concentration of Ferrum and Zinc was (t-test : p<0.05). Ferrum and Zinc also exceeded the limits in the older galvanized steel pipe. I think that this comes from the corrosion of pipe. 2. Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Chomium, Argentum and Aurum not detected in raw water were not detected in tap water. Cobalt, Bismuth and Molybudenum detected in raw water were not detected in tap water. I think that this comes from the quality of raw water, the result of water treatment and the improbability of detection of above metals in water delivery system. 3. Silicon measured 2.4698ppm in raw water, but it ranged from 0.4769ppm to 1.982 ppm in tap water. Manganese measured 0.0638ppm in raw water, but it ranged from 0.0026ppm to 0.0198ppm in 17cases(31%) out of 55samples in tap water. I think that this comes from the water treatment. 4. Aluminium not detected in raw water was found in 17 cases (31%) out of the samples (55cases). It may be considered as the use of coagulants $Al_2(SO_4)_3$. $18H_2O$ and PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride). The concentration of copper in tap water was much higher in 2 cases(3.6%) out of the samples(55) than that of copper in raw water. I think that this may come from the use of ${CuSO}_4$, the preventive of algae growth, and the result of chlorination, but further study must be necoessary to support the proof.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2020

The interaction between UN and CdCl₂ in the LiCl-KCl molten eutectic was studied at 773 K. The reaction was controlled by sampling the melt, as well as by analysis of the resulting precipitate. The process was shown to proceed according to several parallel reactions. The summary reaction was determined to have two stages: a fast one and a slow one. The 19-53% UN → UCl₃ conversion was obtained for the molar ratio of CdCl₂/UN = 1.22-14.9. The rest of UN converts into the precipitate of complex composition (UNCl + U₂N₃ + U₄N₇ + UN₂). The increase in the CdCl₂/UN molar ratio from 1.22 to 14.9 resulted in the decrease in duration of the first "fast" stage of the process from 18 h to 1 h.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2023

There is a gap in our understanding of the behavior of fused and molten fuel salts containing unavoidable contamination, such as those due to fabrication, handling, or storage. Therefore, this work used calorimetry to investigate the change in liquidus temperature of PuCl₃, having an unknown purity and that had been in storage for several decades. Further research was performed by additions of NaCl, making several compositions within the binary system, and summarizing the resulting changes, if any, to the phase diagram. The melting temperature of the PuCl₃ was determined to be 746.5℃, approximately 20℃ lower than literature reported values, most likely due to an excess of Pu metal in the PuCl₃ either due to the presence of metallic plutonium remaining from incomplete chlorination or due to the solubility of Pu in PuCl₃. From the melting temperature, it was determined that the PuCl₃ contained between 5.9 to 6.2mol% Pu metal. Analysis of the NaCl-PuCl₃ samples showed that using the Pu rich PuCl₃ resulted in significant changes to the NaCl-PuCl₃ phase diagram. Most notably an unreported phase transition occurring at approximately 406℃ and a new eutectic composition of 52.7mol% NaCl-38.7mol% PuCl₃-2.5mol% Pu which melted at 449.3℃. Additionally, an increase in the liquidus temperatures was seen for NaCl rich compositions while lower liquidus temperatures were seen for PuCl₃ rich compositions. It can therefore be concluded that changes will occur in the NaCl-PuCl₃ binary system when using PuCl₃ with excess Pu metal. However, melting temperature analysis can provide valuable insight into the composition of the PuCl₃ and therefore the NaCl-PuCl₃ system.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 PCBs 함유 폐기물의 분해 전후의 처리효율을 검토하고 반응 부산물을 확인하고자 물리화학적 처리기술을 적용한 전자빔과 탈염소화 처리 전후의 시료를 분석하였다. 전자빔으로 물리적 처리를 한 시료는 절연유 중의 PCBs 피크패턴을 유지하고 있지 않아 폐기물공정시험방법으로 정량하기 어려워 HRGC/HRMS을 이용하여 정량한 결과, PCBs의 제품이 가지고 있는 피크패턴이 분해되어 저염화물인 3-chlorobiphenyls이 생성되는 것으로 확인 되었다. 또한, 탈염소화 분해로 화학적 처리한 경우에도 PCBs 농도는 폐기물관리법 및 잔류성유기물질 관리법의 규제기준 이하로 POPs 관리법의 처리 종료 기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며, PCBs 함유 폐기물을 물리화학적으로 처리하는 과정 중 분석 대상 모든 시료에서 다이옥신류가 불검출되어 다이옥신은 생성되지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2024

Climate change has a broad impact on the entire water environment, and this impact is growing. Climate adaptation in water supply systems often involves quantity and quality control, but there has been a lack of research examining the impacts of climatic factors on water supply productivity and operation conditions. Therefore, the present study focused on, first, building a database of climatic factors and water purification operating conditions, and then identifying the correlations between factors to reveal their impacts. News big data was analyzed with keywords of climatic factors and water supply systems in either nationwide or region-wide analyses. Metropolitan area exhibited more issues with cold waves whereas there were more issues with drought in the Southern Chungcheong area. A survey was conducted to seek experts' opinions on the climatic impacts leading to these effects. Pre-chlorination due to drought, high-turbidity of intake water due to rainfall, an increase of toxins in intake water due to heat waves, and low water temperature due to cold waves were expected. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted based on meteorological data and the operating data of a water purification plant. Heavy rain resulted in 13 days of high turbidity, and the subsequent low turbidity conditions required 3 days of high coagulant dosage. This insight is expected to help inform the design of operation manuals for waterworks in response to climate change.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.886-892
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• 2011

2007년에서 2009년까지 3년간 서울시 급수과정별 시설에서의 THMs 생성특성 조사에서, 정수장 이후의 급수과정별 시설 즉, 배수지 전 후, 유입부, 가압장, 관말지역으로 갈수록 THMs 생성량은 증가하였지만 그 증가량은 전염소처리 및 후염소처리 후 정수지 체류과정에서 이미 생성된 THMs량에 비해 작은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서울시 6개 정수장의 THMs 생성 특성 및 영향인자인 정수장 송수잔류염소, 한강 원수의 여러 수질항목 특성을 조사하였다. 6개 정수장 전체자료(n = 72)에 대하여 THMs와 다른 항목간의 상관성 분석결과, 수온(r = 0.539~0.846), 탁도(r = 0.421~0.863)는 양(+)의 상관성을, pH (r = -0.613~ -0.800), 조류(r = -0.582~ -0.901)는 음(-)의 상관성을 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 원수의 $NH_3-N$는 THMs와의 상관성이 크게 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 전반적으로 물질대사 및 유기물 관련 요인 $X_1$ (pH, BOD, 조류), 계절적 자연적 변동요인 $X_2$(수온, 탁도)가 다른 항목들에 비해 정수장에서의 THMs 생성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 THMs에 대한 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 일부 수계를 제외한 다른 모든 수계에서 회귀식의 유의성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 1994

염소처리된 수영장 물에는 염소처리된 음용수에 비해 높은 농도의 크로로포름이 존재한다.네 개의 수영장 (국내수영장 A,B 및 C 롸 미국 뉴저지주 수영장 D)물에서 클로로포름 농도를 조사하였다. 수영장 C(시관리)에서 측정된 클로로포름 농도는 개인 운영 수영장 A 와 B 에서 측정된 클로로포름 농도와 통계적으로 (p=0.0001) 다르게 나타났다 : 수영장 A, B, 및 C 에서 측정된 클로로포름 농도는 통계적으로(p=0.0001) 다르게 나타났따. 국내 수영장 물의 평균 농도와 농도 범위는 각가 23.$\mu\textrm{g}$/ㅣ 과 10.9-47.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/ㅣ 이며, 뉴저지주 수영장 물의 평균 농도와 농도 범위는 각각 64.4${\mu}g/l$ 과 27.-96${\mu}g/l$ 였다. 국내 수영장은 살균제로서 차아염소산과 오존을 홍용하며, 뉴저지주의 수영장은 차아염소산만으로 살균하므로, 두 지영의 그러한 차이는 100%는 아닐지 라도 최소한 살균 처리 공정의 차이에 기인한 것으로 추정된다. 수영 변수들이 일관성 없이 변하여, 시간이 경과함에 따라 물속의 클롤로포름 농도의 증가 및 감소가 불규칙하게 변했고, 클로로포름 축적도 일정치 않았다는 것이 암시 되었다. 회귀 분석 결과, 시료 채취 시간과 클로로포름 농도 사이에 유의성 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 F 시험 결과는 수영장으로 부터 오전과 오후에 채취된물 시료의 클로로포름 놈도는 서로 다르지 않게 나타났다. 국내 수영장 물의 클로로포름 평균 농도를 23.2${\mu}g/l$ 로 간주하여, 한 시간 수영을 할 때 식도를 통해서 체내에 흡수ㅚ는 클롤로포름의 량은 0.58${\mu}g/l$ 으로 추산되었다. 극단적인 상황에서는, 한 시간 수영을 할 경우 식도를 통해서 체내에 흡수되는 크롤로포름의 량이 12${\mu}g/l$ 으로 추산되었다. 수영장 물어서의 클로로포름 함유량을 고려해 볼 때, 오전 또는 오후에 수영을 하든지 간에 식도를 통해서 체내에 흡수되는 클로로포름의 량은 차이가 없는 것으로 간주된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.151-164
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• 2024

상수도 공급을 위한 정수장에서 전염소 또는 중염소 공정이 도입된 수처리 공정의 염소농도 관리에 필요한 공정제어를 위하여 AI 기술을 활용한 수질예측 기법이 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 정수장 수처리 공정에서 실시간으로 관측, 생산되고 있는 수량·수질자료를 이용하여 염소소독 공정제어 자동화를 목적으로 침전지 후단의 잔류염소 농도를 예측하기 위한 AI 기반 예측모형을 개발하였다. AI 기반 예측모형은 과거 수질 관측자료를 학습하여 이후 시점의 수질에 대한 예측이 가능한 기법으로, 복잡한 물리·화학·생물학적 수질모형과 달리 간단하고 효율적이다. 다중회귀 모형과 AI 기반 모형인 랜덤포레스트와 LSTM을 이용하여 정수장의 침전지 후단 잔류염소 농도를 예측하여 비교하였다. 최적의 잔류염소 농도 예측을 위한 AI 모형의 입출력 구조로는 침전지 전단의 잔류염소 농도, 침전지 탁도, pH, 수온, 전기전도도, 원수의 유입량, 알칼리도, NH₃ 등을 독립변수로, 예측하고자 하는 침전지 유출수의 잔류염소 농도를 종속변수로 선정하였다. 독립변수는 침전지 후단의 잔류염소에 영향이 있는 정수장에서 확보가 가능한 관측자료중에서 분석을 통해 선별하였으며, 분석 결과 연구대상 정수장인 정수장에서는 중회귀모형, 신경망모형, 모델트리 및 랜덤포레스트 모형을 비교한 결과 랜덤포레스트에 기반한 모형오차가 가장 낮게 도출되는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 침전지 후단의 적정 잔류염소 농도 예측값은 이전 처리단계에서 염소주입량의 실시간 제어가 가능토록 할 수 있어 수처리 효율 향상과 약품비 절감에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1988

It is very important to supply safe drinking water for rural area not only a prevention of entric diseases but also a promotion of health life. It is estimated that 6,981,000 rural inhabitants were covered by the simple piped water supply system at the end of 1987 in Korea. The programme for improvement of water supply system in rural villages was initiated by the government since 1967. But most of these systems have been operated carelessly by the hands of villagers who have no proper knowledge and experience. Since most of water sources were located nearby farmland, there might be a possibility that the sources could be contaminated by pesticides and fertilizers. For this reason, it is recommended to take underground water as a water source rather than surface water such as a pond or streamwater in rural areas. However, the system is supplied from the surface water, its water quality can be improved by using of simple sand filter and simple chlorinator inexpensively. On the basis of an on-site study, conducted during 1986-87, in San-Buk Village, Keum-Sa-Myon, Yeju-Gun, Kyong-Gi-Do, the new simple piped water supply system was designed by the Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University, and constructed by the villagers themselves in September 1987. This simple system which is protected by metal fences consists of three main parts, pump house, vertical sand filter and water tank. The pumped water from underground flows into the upper part of the sand filter, through the sand, and out the water tank which is connected to the bottom of vertical filter. And the simple plastic-bottle chlorinator was installed in the water tank for chlorination. The water quality was remarkably improved after completion of construction. The total bacterial count was not detected from the tap water in households distributed by this simple piped water supply system. The construction cost of this system which was connected 34 households in San-Buk Village, was 4,851,000 won (approximately 6,020 U.S. dollars : 1$=805.8 won) in 1987,77% of expenses was supported by the Community Development Foundation in Korea. This case study for simple piped water supply projects will be applicable to other programme for improvement of water supply system in rural areas of Korea, and other developing countries.