• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.3941-3946
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• 2011

The specific rates of sovolysis of 1-piperidincarbonyl chloride (1) have been determined in 26 pure and binary solvents at $25.0^{\circ}C$. Comparison of the specific rates of solvolyses of 1 with those for p-methoxybenzoyl chloride and those for 4-morpholinecarbonyl chloride in terms of linear free energy relationships (LFER) are helpful in mechanistic considerations, as is also treatment in terms of the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation. It is proposed that the solvolyses of 1 in binary aqueous solvent mixtures proceed through an ionization [I] pathway rather than through an $S_N1/S_N2$ and/or ionization/(ionization-elimination) = [I/(I-E)] pathway.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of ethyl chloride spray during arteriovenous fistula puncture on pain, depression, and noncompliance in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study used a randomized controlled trial design on adults with chronic renal failure who received hemodialysis treatment through arteriovenous fistula. Ethyl chloride spray was applied to 20 subjects in the experimental group during arteriovenous fistula puncture, and a placebo spray was applied to 20 subjects in the control group; the intervention was conducted 12 times for 4 weeks. A total of 33 participants were used in the final analysis. The outcomes were measured using the face pain rating scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and modified United States Renal Data System tools. Results: As a result of the pre-homogeneity test between the two groups, it was confirmed that the sexes were not homogeneous. Therefore, sex was treated as a covariate and analyzed. Puncture pain was significantly reduced in the experimental group (p<.001). However there was no significant difference between the groups in depression and noncompliance. Conclusion: Ethyl chloride spray was convenient and effective pain management intervention for both hemodialysis patients and medical staff.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2023

This study aimed to elucidate causes of corrosion of heat transport pipes and air vents installed under a manhole of heat transport facilities and suggest effective anticorrosive measures by applying paints or adhesive tapes. It was found that air vent corrosion was attributed to corrosion under insulation caused by the inflow of water and the enrichment of chloride ions. The infiltrated water caused a hydrolysis of polyurethane foam (PUF) insulation by concentrating chloride ions at the interface between a pipe and the PUF. As insulator deteriorated, more chloride ions were eluted as confirmed by ion chromatograph (IC) analysis. As an effective method to prevent air vent corrosion, different types of paints and adhesive tapes with higher corrosion resistance on chloride ions were applied and environmental resistance tests were performed with those samples. Based on environmental test results of samples exposed to 10% HCl solution, it was revealed that a wax tape was the most adequate from a viewpoint of stability at operating condition, environmental resistance, surface treatment, and field applicability.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.687-694
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• 2006

Dewatering sludge using inorganic chemicals with polymer has been evaded for reuse on account of the risks of high heavy metals contained and soil acidification. Composting feasibility of coagulation & dewatering sludges produced from livestock waste treatment plant was investigated. The results of analysis prove that dewatering sludge is valuable matter with suitable elements for composting if high quality ferric chloride ($FeCl_3$) is used for coagulation & dewatering process. In pot-cultivation of harvestes, using effects of dewatering sludge improved with lime treatment was very effective. The results of pot-cultivation proved that harms of crops according to different acid tolerances were not detected. But it was not applied to crops with weak acid tolerance or greenhouse for free from gas damage. Also, Further studies and monitorings are necessary to use sludges because results of pot-cultivation were generated differently by characteristics of soil, nutrient demand of plants, mature degree of sludge, consecutive cultivation and etc.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.529-533
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• 2006

To produce fresh-cut fruit products of high quality, the combined effects of postharvest calcium and heat treatment on Tsugaru apple were examined. Whole fruits were treated for 20 min at three different conditions: dipping in 3% $CaCl_2$ solution at $45^{\circ}C$ or ambient temperature, or in heated water at $45^{\circ}C$. The calcium content of the apples dipped in $CaCl_2$ solution at $45^{\circ}C$ was higher than that of the control and the non-heated calcium dipping. The fruits with calcium and heat treatment showed the same pattern of respiration rates as the control did during storage. The browning degree of the apple slices increased to approximately 3% after one-day storage, but no significant difference was observed between the treated and untreated apples. The fruits with $CaCl_2$ solution dipping at $45^{\circ}C$ had higher firmness than those with calcium dipping or heat treatment alone.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2016

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that is difficult to diagnose. CLD requires early treatment to correct electrolyte imbalance and alkalosis and to prevent severe dehydration. Renal injury is clearly associated with defective electrolyte balance induced by CLD, particularly during the first months or years of life. A 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with CLD following detection of a homozygous mutation (c.2063-1G>T) in SLC26A3 at 6 months of age. During treatment with electrolyte supplements, mild proteinuria was detected at 8 months of age, and is still present. Renal biopsy showed the presence of focal renal dysplasia, with metaplastic cartilage and mononuclear cell infiltration, calcification, and fibrosis in the interstitium. Up to two-thirds of the glomeruli exhibited global obsolescence, mostly aggregated in the dysplastic area. In nondysplastic areas, the glomeruli were markedly increased in size and severely hypercellular, with increased mesangial matrix, and displayed segmental sclerosis. The marked glomerular hypertrophy with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis suggested a compensatory reaction to the severe nephron loss or glomerular obsolescence associated with renal dysplasia, with superimposed by CLD aggravating the tubulointerstitial damage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2014

Objectives: Chemical hazard evaluations are important for workers' health and working environments. Allyl chloride (CAS No. 107-05-1) is used in many industries, leading to concerns about the possibility of threats to the health of workers. Since only insufficient or controversial information is available about potential related hazards, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration (CA) assay was conducted in order to gain additional information concerning any such hazards. Moreover, toxicological information from this study could be applied for workers' rights to know, and to prepare or update the Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for a number of industries. Methods and Results: The assay was performed using the Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell (ATCC, CRL-1935), by the direct method (-S9) and by the metabolic activated method (+S9 mix). Using the direct method, the seven dosages in the 48-hour treatment group did not show that the frequency of CA is proportionate to the dosage. The frequency of CA is not proportionate to the dosage addition for a six-hour treatment using the metabolic activated method. Conclusions: From these findings, it was decided that this chemical does not induce chromosomal aberrations under the tested conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2012

The present study investigates treatment methods for removal of arsenic from wastewater. The granular activated carbon (GAC) with the coating of iron chloride ($FeCl_3$) was used for the treatment of a low concentration of arsenic from wastewater. Batch experiments were performed to investigate the synthesis of Fe-GAC (Iron coated granular activated carbon), effects of pH, adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir model. The synthesized Fe-GAC with 0.1 M $FeCl_3$ shows best removal efficiency. Adsorption studies were carried out in the optimum pH range of 4-6 for arsenic removal. The Fe-GAC showed promising results by removing 99.4% of arsenic. In the adsorption isotherm studies, the observed data fitted well with the Langmuir models. In continuous column study showed that As(V) could be removed to below 0.25 mg/L within 1,020 pore volume. Our results suggest that the surface modified granular activated carbon treated with $FeCl_3$ for effective removal of arsenic from wastewater.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2001

Since hypoxia-inducible factor-lalpha (HIF-lalpha) and the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) shared the AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt) for hypoxia- and AhR-mediated signaling, respectively, it was possible to establish the hypothesis that hypoxia could regulate Cyplal expression. In order to understand the mechanism of Cyplal gene expression, we demonstrated here that hypoxic agents such as cobalt chloride, desferrioxarnine, and picolinic acid reduced the TCDD induced Cyplal promoter activity based on the determination of luciferase activity in Hepa I cells transfected with pmCypla1-Luc. Also cobalt chloride inhibited the TCDD stimulated Cyplal mRNA level as well as EROD activities in both Hepa I and MCF-7 cells. Hypoxic agents such as cobalt chloride, picolinic acid, and desferrioxamine showed inhibition of luciferase activity that was induced by lnM TCDD treatment with dose dependent manner. Concomitant treatment of 150${\mu}$M ferrous sulfate with 1∼100${\mu}$M desferrioxarnine or 1∼100${\mu}$M picolinic acid recovered from the hypoxic agents-inhibited luciferase activity that was stimulated by TCDD. Reciprocally, the hypoxic agents down regulated TCDD induced Cyplal mRNA level and CYP1A1 enzyme activity in Hepa I cells.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 2007

This study was carried out to obtain the optimum design factors for an eletrolytric flotation reactor. When the effluent of the leachate treatment facility was treated under the condition of 10 volts, 30 minutes, at the Al-Al electrode system; COD removal efficiency was 45%, and total phosphorus removal efficiency was 98%. The high removal efficiency was caused by the fact that phosphate was removed by leaching $Al^{3+}$ from two electrodes. The leachate containing high ammonium nitrogen concentration was treated by a batch test under the condition of 60 minutes reaction time and added chloride ion; ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency was 89%. This high efficiency was affected by added chloride ion to wastewater. To find the optimum current density and voltage of the leachate containing chloride ion (ratio of $Cl^-/NH_4-N$ is 11) a electrochemical polarization curve was used. These values were found to be $4.5mA/cm^2$ and about 2.1 V, respectively. When C-Al electrode system was used at a batch test, the total nitrogen removal efficiency was increased by 1.8 to 3.3 times, compared to Al-Al electrode system due to high $Cl_2$ gas production.