• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1987

We examined eluting behaviors for cationic complexes with the eluting cations. Retention volumes of hydrophilic complexes when eluted by the high concentration of aqueous KCl, NaCl and $NH_4Cl solutions, have been increased in the order NH_4^+ > Na^+ > K^+$, but in the low concentration, retention volumes of hydrophilic complexes bave been increased in the order $Na^+ > NH4^+ > K^+$. On the order hand, retention volumes of hydrophobic complexes when eluted by aqueous KCl, NaCl and $NH_4Cl solutions, have been increased in the order NH_4^+ > Na^+ > K^+$ in the whole concentration range. And we examined eluting behaviors for cationic complexes with the eluting anions. Hydrophilic complexes were associated more strongly with chloride ion among halide ions. However, hydrophobic complexes were associated more strongly with iodide ion. Sulfate ion, a highly hydrated anion, was associated more strongly with hydrophilic complexes than with hydrophobic complexes.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.260-265
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• 1976

The conductances of dilute solutions of LiCl, NaCl and KCl in a series of isopropanol-water mixtures were determined at $30^{\circ}C$. The values of equivalent conductance agreed well with Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation and the limiting equivalent conductance was greatly reduced as the isopropanol content of the solvent was increased in accord with predictions based on solvent viscosity and dielectric properties. Also, the limiting equivalent conductance increased in sequence ${\Lambda}_{0,LiCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,NaCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,KCl} in 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 mole fraction isopropanol, but {\Lambda}_{0,LiCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,KCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,NaCl} in 0.3 mole fraction ispropanol. The maximum Walden product, {\Lambda}_{0{\eta}0}$ was found in 0.1 mole fraction isopropanol for all electrolytes.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.485-490
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• 2009

The inhibitive action of the aqueous extract of lawsonia, licorice root and carob toward the corrosion of tin electrode in 0.1 M $NaHCO_3$ solutions was investigated using galvanostatic polarization measurements. It was found that the corrosion rate decreases in the presence of these extracts indicating the inhibiting of these compounds. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing extract concentration. The inhibition action of these extracts was explained in view of adsorption of its compounds onto the tin surface, making a barrier to mass and charge transfer. The adsorption of these extracts on the tin surface was found to be a spontaneous process and follow Freundlich adsorption isotherm. It is also found that these extracts provide a good protection to tin against pitting corrosion in chloride containing solution using potentiodynamic anodic polarization technique.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.266-273
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• 2016

Objectives: This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy against avian influenza virus (AIV) of a disinfectant spray containing 0.25% grapefruit seed extract, 0.2% citric acid, 0.0625% malic acid and 0.0125% benzalkonium chloride. Methods: The disinfectant spray was diluted several times with hard water (HW) and organic matter (OM). Two point five mL of each diluent was added into each test tube, and 2.5 mL of AIV suspension was inserted into each test tube. After 30 minutes of virus-disinfectant contact reaction at $4^{\circ}C$, 2.5 mL of 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum was added into each test tube to neutralize the sanitizer efficacy. The neutralized solutions were serial 10-fold dilutions with phosphate buffer solution, and 0.2 mL of the diluents was injected into the allantoic cavity of five ten-day-old-chickens per dilution time. After incubation of the embryos for five days, the viability of the AIV was examined by hemagglutination titer. The valid dilution of the disinfectant spray was estimated according to the dilution time that the virus titer was inactivated more than $10^4$ 50% egg-infective dose (EID50)/mL compared with pathogen control. Results: In HW and OM conditions, the valid dilutions of the disinfectant spray against AIV were seven- and three-fold dilutions, respectively. The AIV titer of the pathogen control was more than 6.1 log10EID50/mL, and there was no embryonic toxicity. Conclusion: The present study showed that this disinfectant spray has effective virucidal activity against AIV.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.751-756
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• 2015

Sodium chloride is known to contribute to the quality and safety of foods. However, there is an increasing interest in reducing the sodium content in foodstuffs, owing to health-related concerns related to its overconsumption. Therefore, the possible use of enzymatically hydrolyzed anchovy protein (eHAP) in enhancing the intensity of the salty taste in model broth was investigated in this study. The sodium chloride content of eHAP was 67.7 g/L. The lightness (L) and yellowness (b) of the model broth increased with increasing eHAP concentration. Additionally, the perceived intensity of the salty taste of eHAP solutions increased with increasing amounts of eHAP at a given NaCl concentration in the model broth. The intensity of the salty taste was enhanced by 0.37-35.58% as eHAP was added. The results suggest that it may be possible to reduce the sodium chloride content in foods by enhancing the salty taste with eHAP.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.15-24
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• 1984

The $3{\times}3{\times}30\;cm^3$ sized specimens of Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock(Tsuga heterophylla) in this study were soaked in four fire-retardant solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, and aluminium chloride for 1, 24, 72, 168, and 336 hours. Subsequently they were air-dried and burned at high temperature of ca. $1,800^{\circ}C$ and for short time of 5 minutes. This study estimated the relationship between the adsorbed chemicals and the residual weight ratio or residual bending strength of these partly burned lumbers. The results were as follows; 1) In average amount of chemical adsorption, diammonium phosphate showed the largest and aluminium chloride the smallest regardless of species but monoammonium phosphate was larger in Douglas-fir than that of western hemlock. 2) The amount of chemical adsorption was larger in western hemlock than Douglas-fir on the whole. 3) The amount of chemical adsorption was increased with the increase of soaking time but the rate of increase began to decrease at 200hrs. 4) Residual weight ratios showed no difference between species but showed differences among the chemicals treated i.e. monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and aluminium chloride in turn from the largest to the smallest. 5) MOR values showed linear increase with the increase of residual weight ratios but showed no difference in species and chemicals respectively. 6) In the relationship between amount of chemical adsorption and MOR, only diammonium phosphate showed the curve of secondary degree with significance in Douglas-fir. 7) The MOE value of burned Douglas-fir lumber increased and showed significance of 99% as the adsorbed chemical amount increased, but among the chemicals only monoammonium phosphate showed significance. The MOE value of burned western hemlock lumber didn't show significance. 8) In only Douglas-fir, the correlation between adsorbed chemical amount and work to proportional limit showed significance in only monoammonium phosphate. And in both Douglas-fir and western hemlock, the correlation between adsorbed chemicals and work to maximum load showed significance in monoammonium phosphate.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.183-195
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• 2014

In order to study the mineralogical characteristics of a cathodic deposition-metallic powder, electrowinning experiments were carrier out on different electrolytic solutions at varying electric distances and electric currents. Under the same experimental conditions, Cu recovery was obtained much more effectively using a sodium chloride electrolyte than with a sulfuric acid electrolyte. In XRD analysis, copper ($Cu^0$), chalcanthite and cuprite were identified in the sulfuric acid electrolyte, while copper, nantokite and chalcanthite were observed in the sodium chloride electrolyte. In the sodium chloride electrolyte solution, increasing the electric distance and the electric current increased the Cu recovery rate, anode weight and anodic corrosion. The results of XRD analysis with non-pulverized cathodic deposition-metallic powder showed the average copper crystallite size was increased by increasing the electric current and decreasing the electric distance. It is suggested that the mass transfer was controlled with diffusion on the boundary between the electrode and the electrolytic solution due to the formation of dendrite copper.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.363-370
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• 1988

An attempt was made in this study to investigate the possibility of processing oyster and sea mussel into an intermediate moisture food. To obtain a palatable and instant product, shucked samples were heated in soy sauce for 5 min., heated in seasoning solution for 10 min., and then dried by the method of hot-air blowing for 4-6 hours at $40^{\circ}C$. Optimum seasoning solutions consisted of 2% monosodium glutamate, 3.5% sodium chloride, 15% sorbitol, 2% propylene glycol, 5% glycine and 0.02% rosemary oleoresin in 72.48% water. Judging from water activity, thiobarbituric acid, viable cell count, volatile basic nitrogen, surface color and sensory evaluation, vacuum-packaging method in nylon/PE $(20{\mu}m/40{\mu}m)$ or polyester/viniliden chloride/polypropylene $(12{\mu}m/15{\mu}m/50{\mu}m)$ film bag did hardly damage to the quality of intermediate moisture products, but air-packaging method in polyethylene(0.06m/m) bag did considerable damage to the quality during storage for 60 days in an incubator with 49-51% relative humidity at $30^{\circ}C$.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.463-471
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• 2014

While poly(styrene)-based anion exchange membranes have the advantage like easy and simple manufacturing process, they also possess the disadvantage of poor durability due to their brittleness. Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber was used here as an additive to make the membranes have improved flexibility and durability. For the preparation of the anion exchange membranes, a PP mesh substrate was immersed into monomer solutions with vinylbenzyl chloride, styrene, divinylbenzene and benzoyl peroxide, then thermally polymerized & crosslinked. The prepared membranes were subsequently post-aminated using trimethylamine to result in $-N+(CH_3)_3$ group-containing composite membranes. Various contents of vinylbenzyl chloride and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber were investigated to optimize the membrane properties and the prepared membranes were evaluated in terms of water content, ion exchange capacity and electric resistance. It was found that the optimized composite membranes showed higher IEC and lower electric resistance than a commercial anion exchange membrane(AMX) and have excellent flexibility and durability.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1992

In the our country, especially in Yeongil and Wolsung area, abundant authigenic zeolites are found from the tuffaceous sediments and volcanic rocks of Miocene age showing wide variation in their mineralogy and abundance from horizon to horizon. The principal zeolite species identified are clinopti-lolite. mordenite. heulandite. ferrierite, and erionite. etc. Zeolite minerals are widely used in many countries in the following applications; (a) in air separation adsorption processes; (b)as desiccants; (c)in inorganic building materials; (d)in papermaking; (e)in fertilizers; (f)as soilconditioners-this application is based upon the ability of the zeolite to ion exchange with soil nutrients; (g)in the treatment of radioactive wastes; and (h)as adsorbents for toxic gases, etc. In the present paper, using natural zeolite mordenite treated with IN hydrochloric acid or IN sodium chloride solution as column packings, separation characteristics of argon, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane gases have been studied by gas chromatography. By the use of mordenite treated with hydrochloric acid solution, the tailing peak of methane showed from untreated mordenite was satisfactorily reduced, although it was difficult to separate it from carbon monoxide with a column activated at $300^{\circ}C$. Using a column activated at $350^{\circ}C$, methane could be separated from carbon monoxide easily but only carbon monoxide eluted as a bad defined peak. Mordenite treated with sodium chloride solution was generally similar to chromatograms obtained by using the untreated mordenite. Both the above chemical treatments of mordenite had little effect on the separations of argon and nitrogen. The separations and the HETP values obtained from natural zeolite mordenite treated with continuously hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride solutions were almost identical with those obtained with synthetic molecular sieve 5A zeolite. On the other hand, the efficiency of column was good in the range 20~3Oml/min of the carrier helium gas rate.