• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 1988

The effect of salts on the formation of ${\alpha}$-hemihydrated gypsum at boiling temperature under atmospheric pressure was studied by the solubility measurement method, and the formation of ${\alpha}$-hemihydrated gypsum from by-product gypsum of phosphoric acid process in the salts solution were investigated. The order of catalytic effect of salt on the formation of ${\alpha}$-hemihydrated gypsum are as follows: NH4Cl>NaCl>NaNO3. In the salts solution of sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, and ammonium chloride, prismatic ${\alpha}$-hemihydrated gypsum was obtained and the crystal form was converted to needle form in complex solution with sulfuric acid. The P2O5 content in gypsum was largely decreased in this atmosphoric solution process.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.649-659
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• 2018

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) can be efficient in modelling non-linear, complex and ambiguous behavior of cement-based materials undergoing combined damage factors of different forms (physical and chemical). The current work investigates the use of ANFIS to model the behavior (time of failure (TF)) of a wide range of concrete mixtures made with different types of cement (ordinary and portland limestone cement (PLC)) without or with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs: fly ash and nanosilica) under various exposure regimes with the most widely used chloride-based de-icing salts (individual and combined). The results show that predictions of the ANFIS model were rational and accurate, with marginal errors not exceeding 3%. In addition, sensitivity analyses of physical penetrability (magnitude of intruding chloride) of concrete, amount of aluminate and interground limestone in cement and content of portlandite in the binder showed that the predictive trends of the model had good agreement with experimental results. Thus, this model may be reliably used to project the deterioration of customized concrete mixtures exposed to such aggressive conditions.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.18-24
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• 2016

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a very important as one of major food ingredients in food industries. Recently, as the potential risk of adult diseases such as hypertension by overingestion of sodium, health authorities of many countries are executing policies for the reduction of sodium to suppress the overingestion of sodium by intake of NaCl. As general ways, the replacement of NaCl with either alternative salts, such as solar salts and minerals, for examples calcium, magnesium, potassium, lactic acid, and so on, and the addition of flavor enhancers were used to reduce the contents of sodium in foods. Recently, controls of particle size of sodium chloride or release point are emerging as new salt-manufacturing technologies for the sodium reduction. Upon reducing NaCl in foods it is important to develop practically adaptable technologies on the basis of the consideration of the unique functions of NaCl in foods, in particular effects on rheological characters, function as a humectant, shorten shelf life time, and so on.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.370-378
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• 1994

Soybean curd added with 40% of cow’s milk was prepared with eight coagulants such as calcium acetate, calcium lactate, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium chloride, glucono-delta lactone (GDL), acetic acid and lactic acid. The curd products were evaluated by the chemical composition, coprecipitation porperties, mineral content, yield, color and textural characteristics. The lowest concentrations for protein coprepitation were 0.3% (v/v) for calcium salts, 0.4% (v/v) for magnesium chloride, 0.2% (v/v) for organic acids. Turbidity and crude protein of whey were markedly decreased at these concentrations. The optimal concentrations of coagualnts used for soybean curd preperation were 1.2% (v/v) for calcium acetate, calcium sulfate and calcium lactate, 1.0% (v/v) for calcium chloride and GDL, 0.8% (v/v) for magnesium chloride and lactic acid, 0.6% (v/v) for acetic acid. It was observed that of the eight coagulants tested, calcium chloride provided a satisfactory curd in quality. Calcium content of soybean curds by the calcium salt coagulants was higher than that by organic acid coagulants. Through the examination on the textural properties by a texturemeter was found out that acetic acid treated soybean curd among the organic acids, calcium salts and magnesium chloride treated curds had very high hardness value. All the curd products prepared in this experiment had a pale yellow color as affected by the value of L (lightness), a (redness) and b (yellowness). Although the colorimetric readings showed that the soybean curds prepared with the organic acids had higher L value but lower a and b value in comparison to calcium salts and magnesium chloride treated curds.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2013

The experiments have been performed to obtain zinc complex compound with smaller particle sizes, which is used as a charge control agent in manufacturing toner. Metallic salts and polyhydric alcohols have been studied to investigate their effects on the formation and the triboelectric charge of zinc complex-compound particle with different sizes. Reactants such as zinc chloride and 3,5-di-tert.-butyl salicylic acid have been used to form the complex compound. Polyethylene glycol (PEG-300), glycerin and ethylene glycol have been added into the zinc chloride solution beforehand to lower the reaction rate in the formation of zinc complex-compound. Aluminium(III) chloride has been mixed in the zinc chloride solution beforehand to restrain the particle size from growing. When PEG-300 and aluminium(III) chloride are used to lower the reaction rate and to restrain the particle size from growing, the average particle size of zinc complex compound decreases from $5.28{\mu}m$ to $2.33{\mu}m$, which was 44.1% of $5.28{\mu}m$.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.423-430
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ferric and ferric ions contained in phosphoric acid solution as a pretreatment solution on bonding of MMA/TBBO resin to dentin. Each of 1 % and 3 % ferric chloride. cupric chloride. cupric sulfate. and cupric nitrate was mixed into 10% phosphoric acid solution and pretreated dentin surface of bovine anterior teeth for 30 seconds followed- by water rinse and dry. Tensile bond strength was determined after bonding of pretreated dentin with MMA/TBBO resin by use of brush-on ;technique and storing for 24 hours in 3it distilled water. The amount of cupric ions adsorbed on pretreated dentin surface was detected by Wave-Dispersion X-ray microanalyzer for different groups of each pretreatment solution containing cupric salts. The pretreatment with cupric ions contained in 10% phosphoric acid solution was effective to increase bonding strength of MMA/TBBO resin to dentin but not in case of ferric ions. The pretreatment with 3 % cupric chloride and cupric nitrate both enhanced significant increase in bonding strength compared to the control group of 10% phosphoric acid solution(p<0.05). Cupric ions measured in pretreated dentin surface was higher in 3 % cupric chloride group than in 1% cupric chloride group, but couldn't find distinct relationship from the results of this experiment between the amount of adsorbed cupric ions according to the kind of cupric salts and the bonding strength value.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.77-82
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• 1996

The study was performed for the purpose of obtaining the fundamental data to improve the durability of concrete structures due to de-icing salts. To assume the degree of concrete deterioration, soluble chloride content in concrete, the depth of carbonation and compressive strength of core specimens were measured. The porgress of corrosion of concrete bridge was electrochemically monitored. The results show that the concrete structure was deteriorated and reinforced steel in concrete was corroded due to de-icing salts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.593-596
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• 2003

The special amendment agent used in this study is mainly composed of inorganic metal salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, thus is friendly to the environment, and has a function of soil-cement-agent solidification. In this study, a series of laboratory and field experiments including unconfined compressive strength, permeability, pH test, constituent analysis, leaching test were carried out to analyse engineering and environmental characteristics of solidified sludge. The results of this research showed that the solidified sludge could be efficiently used in covering, filling, and planting materials.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.507-510
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• 2005

In winter, a large amount of de-icing salts such as $CaCl_2$, NaCl have been used on highways for road safety. They make concrete structures deteriorated. In this study, the chloride diffusion of concrete in presence of de-icing salt was investigated. The diffusion coefficient of chloride in presence of $CaCl_2$ solution was larger than in presence of NaCl solution. Therefore, it is necessary to assess chloride profile in presence of $CaCl_2$ by different way from the case in presence of NaCl solution or seawater.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.181-184
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• 1983

DMSO-oxalyl chloride at low temperature in methylene chloride reacted with isolated secondary hydroxyl groups in some monosaccharides to give alkoxysulfonium salts, convertible to carbonyls in high yields upon addition of triethylamine. And 1, 2:5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-.alpha.- D-allofuranose which is the key intermediate in the synthesis of 3-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl- 2-deoxy-2- fluoro-D-arabinofuranosyl bromide, was also obtained by oxidizing 1, 2:5, 6-di-O-isopropylidene-.alpha.- D-glucofuranose with the oxidizing reagent, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride.