• Title/Summary/Keyword: chloride content

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Studies on the Processing and Keeping Quality of Retort Pouched Foods (1) Preparation and Keeping Quality of Retort Pouched Seasoned-Dried Sea Mussel Products (레토르트파우치식품의 가공 및 품질안정성에 관한 연구(1) 레토르트파우치 진주담치 조미건제품의 제조 및 저장중의 품질안정성)

  • LEE Eung-Ho;CHUNG Soo-Yeol;KOO Jae-Geun;KWON Chil-Sung;OH Kwang-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.355-362
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    • 1983
  • A vacuum-packed seasoned-dried product of sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, caught in the southern coasts of Korea, was prepared and stored at $35^{\circ}C$ for 70 days to test quality stability. Sea mussel, purchased from Jagalchi fish market in Busan, was steamed, shucked and eliminated byssus. The sea mussel meat was seasoned with the seasoning solution prepared with sugar, salt, sorbitol, glycerol, monosodium glutamate, 5'-ribonucleotide and smoke flavor (Smoke-EZ, Alpha Foods Co., Ltd.). After seasoning, the meat was dried at $52-58^{\circ}C$ for three hours, vacuum-packed in the laminated plastic film bag($14{\times}15cm$), and finally sterilized at $120^{\circ}C$ for 26 minutes in hot water circulating retort. The moisture, water activity, color value(L, a and b value), texture, TBA value and viable bacterial count of the products were determined during the period of storage at $35^{\circ}C$. From the results obtained, it became clear that the product could be preserved in a good quality for 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, though a slight decrease in moisture content and development of a pale brown color was resulted. Judging from the sensory evaluation on flavor, the products containing smoke flavor were most desirable.

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Effect of Corticosteroids on Renal Excretion of Lithium (Lithium 이온의 배설에 미치는 Corticosteroid의 영향)

  • Oh, Shin-Yul;Ha, Jeoung-Hee;Lee, Kwang-Youn;Kim, Won-Joon
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.229-235
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    • 1986
  • Lithium salts are being used increasingly to treat patient with affective disorders, especially acute mania, or bipolar manic-depressive illness. For therapeutic effect the lithium content must be maintained at or above a particular level. Lithium poisoning due to overdosage may be seen occasionally, and its course is determined primarily by the rate of renal lithium elimination. A search is therefore indicated for procedures that could raise the lithium clearance. In a number of reports renal lithium excretion has been studied in relation to the excretion of water, sodium, potassium and hydrogen, but effects of sodium or water on the lithium excretion has not yet been clarified. Hence the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of corticosteroid on the excretion of lithium ion. The female rat(Sprague-Dowley), weighing from 200 to 300g, was injected with 50mg/kg of lithium chloride intraperitoneally, and then injected with graded dosage of fludrocortisone and dexamethasone in each group. During the injected rats were incubated in metabolic cage, 24 hour urine of rats were collected. At 24 hours after injection, the rats were sacrificed with guillotin, the blood were collected. And then the concentratios of $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Li^+$ of collected urine and serum were checked by Flame photometer. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Fludrocortisone decreased the serum concentration of lithium and increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 2. In the group treated with low dose of dexamethasone(0.1mg/kg), the serum concentration of lithium was decreased and high dose of dexamethasone (1mg/kg) increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 3. Fludrocortisone increased the urinary $[Na^+]/[K^+]$ in serum and decreased $[Na^+]/[K^+]$ in urine, but opposite effects were occurred in dexamethasone. By above results, it may be concluded that corticosteroid increased the urinary excretion of lithium and decreased the serum concentration of lithium, but it seems to be there is no relationship between these effects of corticosteroid and of the renal $Na^+$ or $K^+$ transport.

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The Effect of Hypertonic Dialysate on Hemodynamic Parameters (blood pressure, pulse rate, ultrafiltration rate), Interdialytic Weight Gain and the Incidence of Thirst with Hemodialysis Patients (말기신부전증 환자에서 혈액투석액 나트륨 농도가 혈압, 투석간 체중증가 및 갈증에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Hye Ja;Jang, Eun Jung;Kim, Mi Kyung;Jo, Nam Mi
    • Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.88-98
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    • 2000
  • Hemodialysis(HD)-associated hypotension is a frequent complication, but it is difficult to manage. Until now, several maneuvers have been tried to prevent the HD-associated hypotension. Of these, the sodium content of dialysate was regarded as an important factor for maintaining blood pressure during HD. In this study, we evaluated the effect of hypertonic dialysate on blood pressure, interdialytic weight gain and the incidence of thirst. The study was done for 6 weeks successively with 3 different groups. Each patient was dialysed with 3 different dialysates for 2 weeks: Group I(Conventional HD: sodium concentration: 137 mEq/L), Group II(Hypertonic HD: 147 mEq/L) and Group III (Sequential HD: from 147 to 140 mEq/L). Hemodynamic parameters(blood pressure, pulse rate and ultrafiltration rate), biochemical parameters(hematocrits, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, fasting blood sugar) and complications (interdialytic weight gain & thirsty sensation) were compared among 3 groups. The results were as follows: 1. Decline of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at the time of a 3 hour check during hemodialysis was lower in the Group II than Group I and III (p=0.002; p=0.012). and decline of diastolic blood pressure at the time of a 4 hour check during hemodialysis was lower in the Group II and III than Group I (p=0.04). 2. Incidence of hypotensive episodes during dialysis was significantly lower in Group II than group I (p=0.0287). 3. The ultrafiltration in Group III at the time of 1 hour, 2 hour and 3 hour check during hemodialysis was higher than that in Group I and II at the time of 1 hour, 2 hour and 3 hour check during hemodialysis respectively (p=0.0001; p=0.0001; p=0.0004). 4. Interdialytic weight gain was higher in Group I($3.1{\pm}0.8$) than Group I($2.8{\pm}0.8$) and III ($2.9{\pm}0.9$) (p=0.0422). 5. Hematologic and biochemical results were not significantly different among 3 Groups. 6. Frequency of thirst was different in Group I, II and III, $0.05{\pm}0.12$, $0.41{\pm}0.24$and $0.22{\pm}0.29$ respectively (p=0.0259). The results suggest that hypertonic HD was effective in preventing HD-associated hypotension but interdialytic weight gain and thirst sensations were increased as compared with a conventional method. In this situation, sequential HD seems to be an alternative method to minimizes the side effect of hypertonic HD.

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Ferric Chloride Addition Enhances Performance of Bioelectrochemical Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge at Ambient Temperature (제2철 이온을 이용한 상온조건에서 하수슬러지의 생물전기화학 혐기성소화 성능향상)

  • Feng, Qing;Song, Young-Chae;Jang, Seong-Ho
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.38 no.11
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    • pp.618-626
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    • 2016
  • The influence of ferric ion ($Fe^{+3}$) on bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge was explored at ambient temperature ($25^{\circ}C$). Before the addition of ferric ion, the removal of volatile solids (VS) was 65.9% and the specific methane production rate was 370 mL/L/d. After the addition of ferric ion (200 ppm) to feed sludge, the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester was more stable in the state variables including pH, alkalinity, COD and VFAs, and the VS removal and specific methane production rate were increased to 69.8% and 396 mL/L/d, respectively. However, the methane content in biogas was slightly reduced by the addition of ferric ion, indicating that the activity of planktonic anaerobic bacteria (PAB) was more improved after the addition of ferric ion. The dominances of syntrophic bacteria (Cloacamonas) and hyrolytic bacteria (Saprospiraceae, Ottowia pentelensis) in the PAB were increased by the addition of ferric ion. The addition of ferric ion improved the performance of bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge at ambient temperature.

Chemical and Gelling Properties of Alkali-Modified Porphyran (알칼리 처리 porphyran의 이화학적 특성)

  • KOO Jae-Geun;PARK Jin-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.271-275
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    • 1999
  • The chemical and gelling properties of porphyran from Porphra yezoensis collected from Buan and Wido in Korea at different months of the year were studied. Crude porphyran was prepared by hot-water extraction and further purified by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation, Crude porphyran and porphyran were modified by alkali treatment to eliminate sulfate. The yields of alkali-modified crude porphyran (AMCP) and porphyran(AMP) were between $4.9\~10.9\%$ and $4.0\~6.7\%$ of the dried algae weight and were maximum in February for Buan and January for Wido, respectively. Gel strength of AMCP were highest in February ($790g/cm^2$) for Buan and January ($740 g/cm^2$) for Wido. Alkali modification increased 3,6-anhydro galactose content and the molar ratio of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose of AMCP and AMP showed 1 : 0,8$\~$1.1. GLC and FT-IR measurement of AMP showed that most of sulfate residues were combined to C-6 of galactose, Thus, results of this study suggest that crude porphyran extracted from Porphra yezoensis produces an agar of a reasonably good quality after alkali treatment.

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Preparation of Titanyl Chlorde (鹽化티타닐 製造에 關한 硏究)

  • Chyun, Byong-Doo;Shin, Yoon-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.15-17
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    • 1957
  • 1. Preparation of Titanium tetrachloride; The following precesses were strictly followed as the preliminary step to obtain pure $TiOCl_2$, titanyl chloride; First, pure Titanium Oxide mixed with carbon is rolled into pills. After drying up perfectly, these pills are heated at 900∼1000${\circ}C$. And then the pills are subjected to the flow of $Cl_2$ gas in a quartz tube heated to 900-1000${\circ}C$. Thus Titanium tetrachloride is obtained. 2. Preparation of $TiOCl_2$ ; Yellowish trobrown solution is made by pouring 80 g of conc. HCl (sp.gr. 1.19) to 45 gr of Titanium tetrachloride (approx. 2 times of theoretical amount). Then this solution is kept settled for 5-days in a desiccator filled with phosphorous pentoxide at room temperature. As the colorless amorphous solid thus obtained is washed with aceton, 36.5 g of the pure salt are obtained. 3. Determination of composition. The analysis of the sample taken from the deposit desiccated gives the following data; (A) Qualitative analysis; a) $Ti(OH)_4$ is precipitated by adding NaOH in water solution of the salt. b) Adding $AgNO_3$ solution, the water solution of the salt gives white precipitate of AgCl. c) When acid and $H_2O_2$ are added, the solution turns its color to redish brown (This proves that $TiO^{++}$ was converted into $TiO^{++}$ by oxidation of $H_2O_2$. (B) Quantitative analysis; a) $Ti(OH)_4$ precipitated by $10{\%}$ NaOH isalitatsubjected consecutively to the filtration and ignition in porcelain crucible at approx. 1000${\circ}C$. , then $TiO_2$ thus formed is weighed and calculated into Ti content. b) Chlorine involved in water solution of the salt is determined by Vorhardt method. Result: The values obtained from previous analysis, devied by their atomic weight gives the following composition: Ti : Cl = 1 : 2 Therefore $TiOCl_2$ should be given as its molecular formula. 4. Summary. When $TiCl_4$ is additated into conc. HCl, $TiO^{++}$ formed exists as a stable form, and forms $TiOCl_2$. However $TiOCl_2$ is unstable to heating. When the temperature is raised to $65{\circ}C$the decomposition of the solution is accelerated, and gives $TiO_2$ aq. $TiOCl_2$ in addition is highly hygroscopic.

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A Study on the Effect of Calcium-Chloride Content on the Strength of Mortar (염화(鹽化)칼슘의 함량(含量)이 Mortar의 강도(强度)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Sung, Chan-Yong;Kang, Sin-Up
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.185-191
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    • 1979
  • Compressive and tensile strengths of commonly being used mortar and mortar specially hardened by adding 1%, 2% and 3% of $CaCl_2$ were compared under the different mixing ratio of mortar and ages to investigate the effect of $CaCl_2$ which is being used as a promotor for coagulation and hardness, on the strength of mortar. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The compressive strength of mortar hardened by addition of $CaCl_2$ was higher than that of commonly being used mortar. The highest compressive strength of mortar was obtained when 2% of $CaCl_2$ were added. 2. The tensile strength of mortar, which was made by adding $CaCl_2$ and aged for seven days, was higher than that of commonly being used mortar. The highest tensile strength of mortar was obtained when 1% of $CaCl_2$ was added and aged for 28 days. And the tensile strength of mortar with 2% of $CaCl_2$ was lower than that of commonly being used mortar. 3. When the amount of $CaCl_2$ added was higher than 3%, the mortar was abruptly hardened and thereby occurred crack was considered lowering strength of mortar. 4. The rich mix was effective for the increasing the compressive and tensile strength before seven days of age and less effective after seven days of age. Therefore, the addition of one to two per cent of $CaCl_2$ would be effective for promoting initial strength of mortar during winter season.

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Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate by mixed microbial cultures from hydrolysate of waste activated sludge (혼합미생물배양체를 이용한 폐활성슬러지 가용화 산물로부터 polyhydroxyalkanoate 생합성)

  • Park, Taejun;Yoo, Young Jae;Jung, Dong Hoon;Lee, Sun Hee;Rhee, Young Ha
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.53 no.3
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    • pp.200-207
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    • 2017
  • A new approach to the solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) using alginate-quaternary ammonium complex beads was investigated under controlled mild alkaline conditions. The complex beads were prepared by the reaction of sodium alginate (SA) with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-octadecyldimethylammonium chloride (TSA) in acid solution, followed by crosslinking with $CaCl_2$. Treatment of WAS with SA-TSA complex beads was effective for enhancing the efficacy of WAS solubilization. The highest value of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration (3,900 mg/L) was achieved after 10 days of treatment with 30% (v/v) SA-TSA complex beads. The WAS solubilization efficacy of the complex beads was also evaluated by estimating the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The maximum value of VFAs was 2,961 mg/L, and the overall proportions of VFAs were more than 75% of SCOD. The main components of VFAs were acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, and butyric acids. These results suggest that SA-TSA complex beads might be useful for enhancing the solubilization of WAS. The potential use of VFAs as the external carbon substrate for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by a mixed microbial culture (MMC) was also examined. The enrichment of PHA-accumulating MMC could be achieved by periodic feeding of VFAs generated from WAS in a sequencing batch reactor. The composition of PHA synthesized from VFAs mainly consisted of 3-hydroxybutyrate. The maximum PHA content accounted for 25.9% of dry cell weight. PHA production by this process is considered to be promising since it has a doubly beneficial effect on the environment by reducing the amount of WAS and concomitantly producing an eco-friendly biopolymer.

Durability of Polymer-Modified Mortars Using Acrylic Latexes with Methyl Methacrylate (MMA계 아크릴 라텍스를 혼입한 폴리머시멘트 모르타르의 내구성)

  • Hyung Won-Gil;Kim Wan-Ki;Soh Yang-Seob
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.17 no.3 s.87
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    • pp.411-418
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    • 2005
  • Polymer-modified mortar and concrete are prepared by mixing either a polymer or monomer in a dispersed, or liquid form with fresh cement mortar and concrete mixtures, and subsequently curing, and if necessary, the monomer contained in the mortar or concrete is polymerized in situ. Although polymers and monomers in any form such as latexes, water-soluble polymers, liquid resins, and monomers are used in cement composites such as mortar and concrete, it is very important that both cement hydration and polymer phase formation proceed well the yield a monolithic matrix phase with a network structure in which the hydrated cement phase and polymer phase interpenetrate. In the polymer-modified mortar and concrete structures, aggregates are bound by such a co-matrix phase, resulting in the superior properties of polymer-modified mortar and concrete compared to conventional mortar and concrete. The purpose of this study is to obtain the necessary basic data to develope appropriate latexes as cement modifiers, and to clarify the effects of the monomer ratios and amount of emulsifier on the properties of the polymer-modified mortars using methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate(MMA/BA) and methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate(MMA/EA) latexes. The results of this study are as follows, the water absorption, chloride ion penetration depth and carbonation depth of MMA/BA-modified mortar are lowest. However, they are greatly affected by the polymer-cement ratio rather than the bound MMA content and type of polymer.

Field Applicability Evaluation of SB Latex-Modified Concrete for Concrete Bridge Deck Overlay (콘크리트 교면 덧씌우기를 위한 SB 라텍스개질 콘크리트의 현장적용성 평가)

  • Yun, Kyong-Ku;Lee, Joo-Hyung;Hong, Chang-Woo;Kim, Ki-Hyun;Kim, Tae-Kyong
    • International Journal of Highway Engineering
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    • v.3 no.4 s.10
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    • pp.93-103
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    • 2001
  • This study focused on the field applicability evaluation of SB latex-modified concrete (LMC) for concrete bridge deck overlay using mobile mixer. The main experimental factors were water-cement ratio(31, 33, 35 37%), latex contents(0, 5, 10, 15, 20%), and fine aggregate ratio(55, 56, 57, 58%) in order to evaluate the workability, mechanical properties, and durability property of LMC. The slump loss, air content, compressive and flexible strength tests were used to evaluate LMC workability and strength properties. Also, the rapid chloride permeability test was used to evaluate the relative permeability of LMC. As a results, the LMC with enough workability and good quality was produced when it was mixed in field using mobile mixer, satisfying the target compressive strength and flexural strength. The required water-cement ratio of LMC for same workability when mixing with mobile mixer was less than that when mixing in laboratory. Increasing the amount of latex produced concrete with increased flexural strength by mobile mixer. The required cement-water ratios for same initial $19{\pm}3cm$ slump were 37% and 33% at laboratory and mobile mixer, respectively. The mobile mixer was accurately calibrated satisfying the required specification.

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