• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.691-700
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• 2002

Interstitial therapy using biodegradable polymeric device loaded with anticancer agent can deliver the drug to the tumor site at high concentration, resulting in an increase of therapeutic efficacy. 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) is most commonly used as chemotherapeutic agent for brain tumors. The design of implantable device is regarded as an important factor lot the efficient delivery of antitumor agent to targeting site. In order to control the release profile of drug, the release pattern of BCNU with the changes of various dimension and additives was investigated. The PLGA wafers containing 3.85, 10, 20 and 30% of BCNU were prepared in various shape (diameter of 3, 5 and 10 mm, thickness of 0.5, 1 and 2 mm) by direct compression method. In vitro drug release profile of BCNU-loaded PLGA wafers could be controlled by changing the dimension of wafers such as initial drug content, weight, diameter, thickness, volume and surface area of wafers, as well as PLGA molecular weight and additives. Drug release from BCNU-loaded PLGA wafers was facilitated with an increase of BCNU-loading amount or presence of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)(PVP) or sodium chloride (NaCl). The effects of various geometric factors and additives on the BCNU release pattern were confirmed by the investigation of mass loss and morphology of BCNU-loaded PLGA wafers.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 1970

Clinical perfusion data on 16 cases of cardiopulmonary bypass using Sigmamotor pump and RyggKyvsgaard Oxygenator which performed at Seoul National University Hospital during the period of Aug. 1968 to Aug. 1970 was analized. AIl cases were hemodiluted and the perfusion was carried out under the normothermic condition. The age of the patients ranged between 6 and 43 years. The b:dy weight varied between 18.3 and 54.0 kg and the body surface area between 0.78 and 1. 59$M^2$. The priming solution was consiste:I with fresh ACD blood. Hartmann solution and Mannitol. The average amount of priming was approximately 2242 ml. The average hemodilution rate was 17%. The flow rate ranged from 1.7L to 3.5L/Min/$M^2$ and averaged 2.4L/Min/$M^2$ or 78mI/Min/kg. The duration of perfusion varied from 22 to 110 min with average of 56.9 minutes. Some hemodynamic responses were observed. The arterial pressure dropped immediately after the initiation of partial perfusion and was more marked after the total perfusion foIlowed by gradual increase to the safety level. The central venous pressure reflected the reduced blood volume especially in the cases of prolonged perfusion which lasted over 60 min. In most of the cases, red blood cell count decreased and white blood ceIl count increased after the perfusion. Hemoglobin level was decreased, averaging of 12.5mg%, Hct 3.3% and platelets count of 18% postoperatively. Plasma hemoglobin increased mildly, from pre-perfusion average value of 4. 06mg% to postperfusion value of 22.5mg%. Serum potassium was 4.4mEq/L pre-operatively and was decreased to 3.7mEq/L postoperatively. Five cases showed definite hypopotassemia immediately after the operation. Sodium and chloride decreased mildly. These electrolyte changes are thought to be related with hemodilution. diuretics and reduced blood volume during and after the perfusion. Arterial blood pH value revealed minimal to moderate elevation from preperfusion average value of 7.376 to 7.461 during perfusion and then 7.365 after perfusion. The pC02 and hicarbonate showed minimal to moderately lowered values. The total CO2 was decreased. Buffer base decreased during perfusion (Av. 42.6mEq/L) and further decreased after the perfusion (Av. 40.8mEq/L). These arterial blood acid base changes suggested that the metabolic acidosis was accompanied by respiratory alkalosis during and immediately after the perfusion. Authors belived that the acidosis could more effectively be corrected with the more additional dose of bicarbonate than we used by this study. The chest tune drainage during the first 24 hours following operation was 1158 ml in average. One case (Case No. 15) showd definite bleeding tendency and it was believed that the cause might be due to the defect of heparin and protamine titration. The average urinary out put during 24 hours post-perfusion was 1291ml. One case (Case No. ]) showed definite post perfusion oliguria. As conclusion hemodilution using fresh ACD blood. Hartmann and Mannitol solution added with Bivon and high flow rate unler normothermia. was thought to amelioratc the severity of mctabolic acidosis during and after perfusion with relatively satisfactory effect on the diuresis and bleeding tendency.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 1977

In order to confirm the effect of potash top dressing and to observe the effect of N, K compound fertilizers, 17-0-17, 17-0-14, and 15-0-20, specially prepared for top dressing to rice, a field experiment with rice (Oryza Sativa L., Akibare) was conducted in a poorly drained paddy field in comparison with potassium chloride. The results obtained are as follows, 1. The effect of potash top dressing to rice was so remarkable that the yield from the plots of split application of muliate potassium or compound fertilizer was significantly higher than that from the plot received no potash at all. In contrast, the plots received all the amount of potash as one dose at transplanting time showed no significant increase in yield compared with that of potash plot. 2, The effect of N, K compound fertilizer, granulated to about the size of a small bean appeared to be so slow that it gave little increase of yield when it was appiled as a top dressing at the primodial stage, but it gave an increase of yield when it was top dressed at effective tillering stage. 3, Granular N, K compound fertilizer to be top dressed at primodial stage might be prepared in small size so that the fertilizer readily go into solution when it was applied, otherwise the fertilizer should be applied eariler than the primodial stage.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.178-184
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• 2005

Carry over contamination has been reduced in some systems by flushing the internal and external surfaces of the sample probe with copious amount of diluent. It between specimens should be kept as small as possible. A built-in, continuous-flow wash reservoir, which allows the simultaneous washing of the interior and exterior of the syringe needles, addresses this issue. In addition, residual contamination can further be prevented through the use of efficient needle rinsing procedures. In discrete systems with disposable reaction vessels and measuring cuvets, any carry over is entirely caused by the pipetting system. In analyzers with reuseable cuvets or flow cells, carry over may arise at every point through which high samples pass sequentially. Therefore, disposable sample probe tips can eliminate both the contamination of one sample by another inside the probe and the carry over of in specimen into the specimen in the cup. The results of the applicative carry over experiment studied on 21 items for total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspratate aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotranferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LD), creatnine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glucose (GLU), amylase (AMY), calcium (CA), inorganic phosphorus (IP), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (CL) tests in chematology were as follows. Evaluation of process performance less than 1% in all tests was very good, but a percentage of ALB, TP, TB, ALP, CRE, UA, TC, GLU, AMY, IP, K, Na, and CL was 0%, implying no carry over. Other tests were ALT(-0.08%), GGT(-0.09%), CK(0.08%), LD(0.06%), BUN(0.12%), TG (-0.06%), and CA(0.89%).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.421-427
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• 2015

Angelica gigas Nakai is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is known to have many pharmaceutical effects including an anti-oxidant, anti-cancer etc. This study was carried out to investigate an effect of fertilization on leaf yield, production of dry-matter and accumulation of pyranocurmarine compounds such as decursin (DE) and decursinol angelate (DA) in Angelica gigas Nakai. Effect of fertilization was determined from response surface regression equation composing of 2 by 3 factorial arrangement of urea, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium chloride. Yield of leaf in Angelica gigas Nakai significantly increased until 100 days after transplanting. Production of leaf also tended to increase with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Model of regression equation showed that leaf production depended upon nitrogen ($Pr>{\mid}t{\mid}$ : 0.087, 0.256 and 0.079). Also, statistical results between nitrogen application level and production of dry-matter showed significant relationship (p<0.05) and contents of dry-matter was highest in 10 kg 10a-1 treatment on 24 Sep. Active compound isolated and purified from leaf and root of Angelica gigas Nakai was identified as DE and DA by gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Concentration of DA as prevalent compound in leaf was highest on 20 Aug. but decreased on 24 Sep. Amount of DE and DA accumulated in Angelica gigas Nakai significantly increased with growth stages and nitrogen level. The result of our investigation imply that nitrogen fertilization is important factor for production of leaf and accumulation of pyranocurmarine in Angelica gigas Nakai as a medicinal/food materials.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Objectives We evaluated the improving effects of Taeksa-tang (TST) using 3T3-L1 cells and C57BL/6 mice were fed on a high-fat diet. Methods The anti-radical activities of TST were studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). The content of total polyphenol was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, whereas aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for the content of total flavonoid. Moreover, the factors related to lipid profile and the protein expressions such as 𝛽-oxidation and anti-oxidant enzyme were analyzed using serum and western blotting of 3T3-L1 cells. Additionally, we examined lipolysis through glycerol appearance in mouse adipose tissue. Results TST treatment showed strong free radical scavenging activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration and the presence of a amount of total polyphenol and total flavonoid. TST treatment significantly increased factors related to 𝛽-oxidation such as carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and uncoupling protein 2 via the phosphorlyation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Moreover, the protein expressions of anti-oxidant enzyme and lipolysis were significantly elevated by TST administration. In addition, TST supplementation lowered serum malondialdehyde, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels compared with the control group. Taken together, these data suggest that TST treatment regulated lipid parameters via the increase of 𝛽-oxidation by LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Conclusions TST may have a potential remedy in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Therefore, this study may provide the scientific basis for TST use.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2019

Special chemical warfare agents are lethal gases that attack the human respiratory system. One of such gases are blood agents that react with the irons present in the electron transfer system of the human body. This reaction stops internal respiration and eventually causes death. The molecular sizes of these agents are smaller than the pores of an activated carbon, making chemical adsorption the only alternative method for removing them. In this study, we carried out a Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation by passing a blood agent: cyanogen chloride gas through an SG-1 gas mask canister developed by SG Safety Corporation. The adsorption bed consisted of a Silver-Zinc-Molybdenum-Triethylenediamine activated carbon impregnated with copper, silver, zinc and molybdenum ions. The kinetic analysis of the chemical adsorption was performed in accordance with the test procedure for the gas mask canister and was validated by the kinetic data obtained from experimental results. We predicted the dynamic behaviors of the main variables such as the pressure drop inside the canister and the amount of gas adsorbed by chemisorption. By using a granular packed bed instead of the Ergun equation that is used to model porous materials in Computational Fluid Dynamics, applicable results of the activated carbon were obtained. Dynamic simulations and flow analyses of the chemical adsorption with varying gas flow rates were also executed.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2019

This study is analysis of the utilization as a concrete fine aggregate on CGS, a by-product of Integrated coal gasification combined cycle(IGCC). That is, in KS F 2527 "Concrete aggregate," properties of 1~12times to CGS were evaluated, focusing on quality items corresponding to natural aggregate sand(NS) and melted slag aggregate sand(MS). As a result, the distribution of grain shape, safety and expansion were all satisfied with KS standards by physical properties, but the quality was unstable at 7~12times of water absorption ratio and absolute dry density. The particle size distribution was unstable due to asymmetry distribution of coarse particles, and particles were too thick for 7~12times. The passing ratio of 0.08mm sieve was also out of the KS standard at part factor of 7~12times, but chloride content, clay contents, coal and lignite were all satisfactory. Meanwhile, chemical composition was satisfactory except for $SO_3$ in 1~6times, and content and amount of harmful substances were all within the specified value except for F in 7~12times. As a result of SEM analysis, the surface quality and porosity were 7~12times more than 1~6times, and it was the quality was degraded. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the quality deviation by using separate measures in order to utilize it as concrete aggregate in the future, and if it is premixed with fine quality aggregate, it will contribute positively to solve aggregate supply shortage and utilize circulation resources.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.10-16
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• 2021

In this study, a clinker was prepared using raw materials with CaCl₂. The characteristics of the chlorine-added clinker and cement were analyzed. The clinker modulus were set to Lime Saturation Factor (LSF) 92, Silica modulus (SM) 2.5, and Iron Modulus (IM) 1.5. The physical properties of cement using the chlorine-containing clinker were characterized. As the chlorine content increased, the free-CaO content in the clinker decreased, and that in the 2000 ppm clinker was reduced by approximately 40% compared to that in the 0 ppm clinker. There was an increase in the amount of chlormayenite, with a content of up to 3.4% present in the 2000 ppm clinker. The amounts of alite and belite also slightly increased. The compressive strength of mortar at 3 days and 7 days increased as the chlorine content increased. This trend was presumed to arise from the effect of hydration, which was promoted by the presence of chlorine. The compressive strength of 1000 ppm mortar increased by approximately 20% compared to that of 0 ppm mortar.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.534-542
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• 2021

Objective : While balanced crystalloid (BC) could be a relevant fluid regimen with buffer system compared with normal saline (NS), there have been no studies on the optimal fluid for surgery of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA). This study aimed to compare the effects of fluid regimens between NS and BC on the metabolic and clinical outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for UIA. Methods : This study was designed as a propensity score matched retrospective comparative study and included adult patients who underwent UIA clipping. Patient groups were categorized as NS and BC groups based on the types of pre-operative fluid and the amount of fluid administered during surgery. The primary outcomes were defined as electrolyte imbalance and acidosis immediately after surgery. The secondary outcomes were the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and duration from the end of the operation to extubation. Results : A total of 586 patients were enrolled in this study, with each of 293 patients assigned to the NS and BC groups, respectively. Immediately after surgery, serum chloride levels were significantly higher in the NS group. Compared to the NS group, the BC group had lower incidence rates of acidemia (6.5% vs. 11.6%, p=0.043) and metabolic acidosis (0.7% vs. 4.4%, p=0.007). As compared to NS group, BC group had significantly shorter duration from the end of the operation to extubation (250±824 vs. 122±372 minutes, p=0.016) and length of stay in ICU (1.37±1.11 vs. 1.12±0.61 days, p=0.001). Throughout multivariable analysis, use of BC was found to be significant factor for favorable post-operative results. Conclusion : This study showed that the patients who received BC during UIA clipping had lower incidence of metabolic acidosis, earlier extubation and shorter ICU stay compared to those who received NS. Therefore, using BC as a peri-operative fluid can be recommended for patients who undergo surgery for UIA.