• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.449-465
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze menu patterns and food group diversity in daycare centers managed by the Center for Children's Foodservice Management in South Korea. Methods: Data from 18 Center for Children's Foodservice Management centers across various provinces (excluding Jeju Island) were analyzed. We examined 8,796 meals served in February, May, August, and December 2021, focusing on seasonal lunch and snack menus for children aged 3-5. Foods were categorized into 19 groups for lunch and 21 for snacks. The frequency of food groups and dietary patterns were assessed using the Dietary Diversity Score. Analyses were conducted using Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS Statistics version 28. Results: Most lunch menus (89%) included five menu items, with a ratio of grain, meat, and vegetables at 88%. Snack menus typically had one item (57%), with significantly more items in the afternoon compared to the morning (P < 0.001). Regarding snack patterns, 75.2% of morning snacks and 61.1% of afternoon snacks contained only one solid food and drink (P < 0.001). Fruit and milk (22.4%) was the most prevalent pattern in morning snacks, while grain and milk (31%) dominated afternoon snacks (P < 0.001). Only 48% of daycare center menus (all snacks and lunch) included all five food groups (grain, meat, vegetables, fruit, and milk). Notably, only 83% included milk and 57% included fruit. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to improve food variety and diversity in the Center for Children's Foodservice Management-managed daycare center menus. Developing more detailed guidelines for menu structure and food composition is crucial to ensure children receive balanced and diverse nutrition.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.791-795
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• 1971

Thirty-four children who were patients at the Pedodontic Department of Infirmary of Dental College, S.N.U., aged from 3 years 1 month to 6 years 10 months. One quadrant jaw was measured for each child, Each of the 5 teeth was measured in 6 specific areas, therefore, a total of 1,020 measurements were observed. The results were as follows: 1. Facial surface was the shallowest of all. It was 0.14 mm. shallower than lingual, 0.62mm. shallower than mesial, 0.98mm. shallower than distal. 2. The sulcus generally increased in depth from anterior to posterior. 3. The anterior segment in the maxilla was the shallowest of all. It was 0.68mm. shallower than posterior of maxilla, 0.08 mm. shallower than anterior of mandible, 0.63 mm. shallower than posterior of mandible. 4. The most frequent measurement observed in the both jws was 1.4mm. 5. The mean for the complete anterior segment in the maxilla was 1.3±0.50 mm. In the posterior segment of the maxilla, the mean was 2.0v0.74mm. In the mandible, the mean for the anterior segment was 1.4±0.46 mm. In the posterior segment of the mandible, the mean was 2.0±0.56 mm. 6. The mean gingival sulcus depth for the entire Primary Dentition was 1.7±0.59 mm.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.373-379
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• 2010

Purpose : This study was performed to investigate the epidemiologic and clinical features of 13 respiratory viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs). Methods : Nasopharyngeal aspirates were prospectively obtained from 325 children aged 15 years or less from May 2008 to April 2009 and were tested for the presence of 13 respiratory viruses by multiplex real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results : Viruses were identified in 270 children (83.1%). Co-infections with ${\geq}2$ viruses were observed in 71 patients (26.3 %). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common virus detected (33.2%), followed by human rhinovirus (hRV) (19.1%), influenza virus (Flu A) (16.9%), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (15.4%), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) (8.3%), human bocavirus (hBoV) (8.0%), adenovirus (ADV) (5.8%), and human coronavirus (hCoV) (2.2%). Clinical diagnoses of viral ALRIs were bronchiolitis (37.5%), pneumonia (34.5%), asthma exacerbation (20.9%), and croup (7.1%). Clinical diagnoses of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia were frequently demonstrated in patients who tested positive for RSV, hRV, hMPV, or Flu A. Flu A and hRV were most commonly identified in children older than 3 years and were the 2 leading causes of asthma exacerbation. hRV C was detected in 14 (4.3%) children, who were significantly older than those infected with hRV A ($mean{\pm}SD$, $4.1{\pm}3.5$ years vs. $1.7{\pm}2.3$ years; P =0.009). hBoV was usually detected in young children ($2.3{\pm}3.4$ years) with bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Conclusion : This study described the features of ALRI associated with 13 respiratory viruses in Korean children. Additional investigations are required to define the roles of newly identified viruses in children with ALRIs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1340-1345
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• 2002

Purpose : We studied the prevalence of snoring and its association with diseases, obesity and environmental factors, as well as sleep disturbance arising from snoring, in school-aged children. Methods : The survey was performed by a special questionnaire on 1,707 children at elementary schools from 1 to 30 July 2001 in Gwangju City. The prevalence of snoring, associated factors, and sleep disturbance were evaluated. Results : 266(16.5%) of the children snored at least once a week. 73(4.3%) of the children snored almost every day. Regarding the associated factors of snoring : There was a statistically significant difference between snoring and nonsnoring groups due to gender, obesity, sinusitis, tonsillar hypertrophy, bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Of them, male gender, tonsillar hypertrophy, and obesity were significant risk factors for development of snoring. Especially, the odds ratio increased to 1.048(CI, 1.004-1.659), 1.748(CI, 1.175-2.599), and 2.266(CI, 1.300-3.950) in children with an obesity index of 20-29%, 30-49%, ${\geq}50%$, respectively. There was a statistically significant association of snoring with decreased sleep duration, sleep talking, and drowsiness during the day as a result of sleep disturbance. Conclusion : 16.5% of school-aged children snored at least once a week. The association of snoring with tonsillar hypertrophy, obesity and gender as risk factors was demonstrated in this study.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.400-413
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of informational intervention on postoperative pain following tonsillectomy in children. This study was performed on 30 children, aged 5-15 years, undergoing tonsillectomy and their parents by providing informational intervention with colored figure; operation procedure and information. Pain assessment was done by Pain Questionnaire. The results from this study were as follows : 1. Children in experimental group with mean 16.07 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 14.87 at 4th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and first hypothesis was adopted. 2. Children in experimental group with mean 20.60 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 17.27 at 8th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and second hypothesis was adopted. 3. Children in experimental group with mean 28.80 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 25.70 at 24th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and third hypothesis was adopted. 4. When we analyzed the time difference and difference between two groups simultaneously by repeated measure ANOVA, the significant difference was not found. And so 'the experiential group with operation-related information will show the lower pain sense than the control group just as the time flows after operation', fourth hypothesis was rejected. Generally, it was found that providing information about operation to children and their parents reduced effectively postoperative pain in children, but in clinical settings there are minimum preoperative information-providing because of insufficient time and inconvenience although nursing staffs and patients know its needs. Conclusionally providing preoperative information should help children and their parents cope with Pre, Peri and Post operative events effectively.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of dental treatment among disabled patients by the type of disability. After the medical records of 531 disabled patients who received treatment at the pediatric dentistry in K university hospital, the following findings were given: 1. As for age distribution by year, the rate of patients aged 10 or down rose to 42.5 from 5.1 percent, and the 16-20 age group increased from 16.7 to 24.8 percent. But the rates of patients aged between 11 and 15 and aged 21 and up were on the rise(p<.05). 2. Concerning the type of disability by year, there was an increase in the number of patients with brain lesions, mental retardation, developmental disorder and Down's syndrome(p<.05). As to the number of dental caries by the type of disability, the patients with heart diseases had the most dental caries that numbered 8.49, followed by Down's syndrome, metal retardation, brain lesions, the other disabilities and developmental disorder. 3. In relation to dental treatment experiences by the type of disability, the patients with developmental disorder(57.5%) received the most dental treatment, followed by mental retardation, the other disabilities, brain lesions, Down's syndrome and heart diseases(p<.05). 4. Regarding general anesthesia experience by the type of disability, the patients with mental retardation(31.6%) were put under general anesthesia the most, followed by developmental disorder, brain lesions, the other disabilities, heart diseases and Down's syndrome(p<.05). In conclusion, nationwide efforts to nurture separate dental personnels responsible for the disabled, to expand relevant facilities and to improve the health care insurance are required to promote the oral health of disabled children.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

Purpose : This study was performed to investigate the epidemiologic characteristics of human bocavirus (HBoV)-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children. Methods : Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from 658 children who had been hospitalized for LRTIs in Seoul National University (SNU) Children's Hospital and SNU Bundang Hospital from March 2000 to September 2005. Multiplex RT-PCR was performed to detect 11 respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3, influenza viruses A and B, human metapneumovirus, HBoV, human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43/ 229E, and HCoV-NL63. Clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Overall, respiratory viruses were detected in 325 (49.4%) among 658 patients. HBoV was detected in 62 cases (9.4%) and was responsible for 19.1% of virus-positive cases. HBoV was prevalent among infants and young children aged from 3 months to 5 years with the mean age of 25.3 months. Co-detection of HBoV and other respiratory viruses was observed in 37.1% which is significantly higher than average co-detection rate (12.3%) among overall virus-positive cases (P=0.000). HBoV was identified mainly in late spring and early summer from May to July. Conclusion : This study describes epidemiologic features of HBoV in Korean children compared with those associated with other respiratory viruses. HBoV was prevalent among LRTIs in childhood, especially in late spring and early summer season in Korea.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.801-812
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet planning in childcare centers is difficult because of the required knowledge of nutrition and development as well as the high design complexity associated with large numbers of food items. Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to provide diet-planning solutions via automatic and effective application of professional knowledge, addressing the complexity of optimal diet design. This study presents the results of the evaluation of the utility of AI-generated diets for children and provides related implications. MATERIALS/METHODS: We developed 2 AI solutions for children aged 3-5 yrs using a generative adversarial network (GAN) model and a reinforcement learning (RL) framework. After training these solutions to produce daily diet plans, experts evaluated the human- and AI-generated diets in 2 steps. RESULTS: In the evaluation of adequacy of nutrition, where experts were provided only with nutrient information and no food names, the proportion of strong positive responses to RL-generated diets was higher than that of the human- and GAN-generated diets (P < 0.001). In contrast, in terms of diet composition, the experts' responses to human-designed diets were more positive when experts were provided with food name information (i.e., composition information). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the development and evaluation of AI to support dietary planning for children. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing AI-assisted diet planning methods for children and highlights the importance of composition compliance in diet planning. Further integrative cooperation in the fields of nutrition, engineering, and medicine is needed to improve the suitability of our proposed AI solutions and benefit children's well-being by providing high-quality diet planning in terms of both compositional and nutritional criteria.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sources of vitamin D (duration of exposure to sunlight, intake of major food sources for vitamin D or vitamin D supplements) on the serum 25-(OH) $D_3$ levels, and the physical growth of a child. Methods: Subjects were 296 children aged 1 to 5 years who visited S hospital located in Changwon City. Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method, and the biochemical data were collected using hospital records. Results: The study subjects were divided into three groups according to their levels of serum 25-(OH) $D_3$ (deficient, relatively insufficient, sufficient) and their percentage were 48.3%, 44.3% and 7.4% respectively. The average concentration of serum 25-(OH) $D_3$ was $20.41{\pm}6.55ng/mL$, which was relatively insufficient. The average duration of exposure to sunlight was $58.86{\pm}49.18minutes/day$. A total score of vitamin D major food sources was 46.71 points (full marks 153), and the most frequently consumed food items were milk, eggs, and cheese. Thirty-four percent of the subjects took vitamin D supplements and their dose were $11.96{\mu}g/day$. Three vitamin D sources in sufficient group were higher than deficient or relatively insufficient group significantly. Intake of vitamin D supplements showed positive relation (+) and high explanation power ($R^2=0.288$) on serum 25-(OH) $D_3$ concentration, but intake of vitamin D major food sources (+) and the duration of exposure to sunlight (+) had a low explanation power ($R^2=0.068$). The relations between serum 25-(OH) $D_3$ concentration and physical growth (height and weight) were shown as negative (-), and their explanation powers were low as 7.3% and 5.9% respectively. Conclusions: This study results can be useful when discussing the intake standard of vitamin D and the effective intake method for children. In addition, it will be helpful to build the children's nutrition policy and to plan the nutrition education program to improve the vitamin D status in children.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2022

This study aimed to assess the combined use of extraoral vibratory stimulation and extraoral cooling in reducing the pain (subjective and objective) of dental local anesthesia administration in children. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid SP databases were searched up to July 2021. Article titles were screened and full-text evaluations of the selected articles were performed. Finally, seven studies (391 children, aged 4 - 12 years) were included in this qualitative and quantitative analysis. The pooled data determined the combined effect of extraoral vibration and extraoral cooling as a single measure. Extraoral vibration or cooling alone were not compared. The measured primary and secondary outcomes were pain perception and subjective and objective pain, respectively. When compared with the control, extraoral vibration and cooling resulted in significant differences in the mean combined data for the variables, pain perception, and pain reaction. Children's subjective pain as measured by pain scores were reduced when extraoral vibration and cooling was used during local anesthesia administration (mean difference -3.52; 95% confidence interval [-5.06 - 1.98]) and objective pain (mean difference -1.46; 95% confidence interval [-2.95 - 0.02] ; mean difference -1.93; 95% confidence interval [-3.72 - 0.14]). Within the confines of this systematic review, there is low-quality evidence to support the use of combined extraoral vibration and cooling for reducing pain (subjective and objective) during intraoral local anesthesia administration in children.