• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.45-60
• /
• 1987

This research examined children's perception of parental authority within three different types of rules : moral, social-conventional, and personal issue. Specifically, two major aspects of parental authority-legitimacy and obedience-were explored. The subjects of this study were 120 children from an elementary school in Kwangju. There were 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) in each of three age groups: 7-, 9-, and 11- year-olds. The subjects were administered an interview individually. Based on Tisak (1986) open-ended questions concerning three family rules (moral rule, social-conventional rule, personal issue) were administered. Responses to the assessment questions were coded as positive or negative. Responses to the judgment conception questions were coded into 7 categories : Other's Walfare, Social Coordination, Personal choice, Deservedness of Punishment for Wrongdoing, Existence of Authority, Conflicting Personal Interest and Authority, and Personal Development. Statistical analysis of obtained data was by percentage and ${\chi}_2$ test using log linear procedure. The results were as follows : (1) There was a significant main effect of type of rule on the children's assessment regarding legitimacy and obedience of parental authority. The children (average 96%) stated that it was all right for parents to make rules prohiliting an act when it pertained to moral and social conventions. However, the majority of the children (average 40%) stated that it was not right for parents to regulate personal issues. (2) There was a significant interaction effect between type of rule and age. (3) There was a significant main effect of rules on the children's judgment conception of parental authority. (4) There was a significant interaction effect between rules and ages on children's judgment conception of parental authority.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.149-168
• /
• 2006

This study examined the effects of maternal parenting behaviors, children's social information processing, daily hassles, and emotional regulation on school-age children's aggressive behaviors using Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) analysis. Subjects were 589 children in 4, 5, 6th grade and their mothers from three elementary schools in Seoul, Korea. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and SEM analysis by SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 4.0. The SEM shows differences between overtly aggressive and relationally aggressive children. Maternal parenting behaviors affected their children's overt aggression through children's emotional regulation. Additionally, maternal parenting behaviors affected children's overt aggression through children's daily hassles and social information processing. Maternal parenting behaviors influenced children's relational aggression through children's daily hassles and children's social information processing.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.147-155
• /
• 2013

Higher bone mineral density (BMD) at a young age, calcium intake, and exercise are important for prevention of osteoporosis later in life. We examined familial effects of BMD between mothers and children and adolescents aged 8-19 in Cheonan, Korea and the relationships between BMD and lifestyle parameters, including: food and nutrient intake and exercise. For daughters and sons, significant differences in BMD were observed at the three bone sites (total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine) according to age, gender, body mass index, exercise, and milk consumption, compared to the reference value for each classification category. Mean differences in children's BMD were observed according to maternal BMD. Energy and calcium intake were lower in both children and mothers in comparison to the estimated daily energy requirement; however, their protein intake was much greater than the daily recommended intake. After adjusting for age and gender and for mother's age, body mass index, and total calorie intake, results of the food frequency test showed an association of a higher intake of meat, meat products, milk and milk products with greater BMD of total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine of children. In addition, exercise was positively associated with higher BMD. Regression analysis showed a positive association of BMD with age, male gender, exercise, and mother's BMD. In conclusion, after adjustment for environmental parameters, maternal BMD had a positive influence on BMD in daughters and sons. This finding suggests that parents need to check their BMD in order to determine whether their children are at increased risk of low BMD.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.125-130
• /
• 2019

Background: To compare the outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in comparison to open thoracic surgery in pediatric patients suffering from empyema. Methods: A prospective study was carried out in 80 patients referred to the Department of Pediatric Surgery between 2015 and 2018. The patients were randomly divided into thoracotomy and VATS groups (groups I and II, respectively). Forty patients were in the thoracotomy group (16 males [40%], 24 females [60%]; average age, $5.77{\pm}4.08years$) and 40 patients were in the VATS group (18 males [45%], 22 females [55%]; average age, $6.27{\pm}3.67years$). There were no significant differences in age (p=0.61) or sex (p=0.26). Routine preliminary workups for all patients were ordered, and the patients were followed up for 90 days at regular intervals. Results: The average length of hospital stay ($16.28{\pm}7.83days$ vs. $15.83{\pm}9.44days$, p=0.04) and the duration of treatment needed for pain relief (10 days vs. 5 days, p=0.004) were longer in the thoracotomy group than in the VATS group. Thoracotomy patients had surgical wound infections in 27.3% of cases, whereas no cases of infection were reported in the VATS group (p=0.04). Conclusion: Our results indicate that VATS was not only less invasive than thoracotomy, but also showed promising results, such as an earlier discharge from the hospital and fewer postoperative complications.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.5-20
• /
• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate developmental tendencies and age-related differences in the relationship between children's cognitive and emotional perspective-taking ability. The subjects were 4-year-old (N=60), 6-year-old (N=60) and 8-year-old (N=60) children. In each group, there were an equal number of boys and girls. Feshbach & Roe's child perspective-taking ability test was modified for this study. The test included four facial expression cards and six different stories inducing three types of emotion: happy, sad and angry. This experiment consisted of a 3 (age) by 3 (emotional stories: happy, sad and angry) factorial design. The dependent measures were two response types: emotional and cognitive perspective-taking ability. The results showed that both cognitive and emotional perspective-taking ability increased with age. Happy emotional perspective-taking ability developed earlier than sad and angry perspective-taking ability. The correlation between cognitive and emotional perspective-taking ability increased with age.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.101-123
• /
• 1999

Fathering practices were assessed by the modified version of the fathering Practices Scale while children's social adjustment was assessed by the Social Adjustment Scale in this study of 405 first to sixth grade children and their fathers. Fathering practices differed by father's age, education, occupation, amount of time with children, extent of participation in children's school activities, mother's job status, and children's birth order. Children's social adjustment varied by father's education, amount of time with children, and participation in children's school activities. There were correlations among all four factors of children's social adjustment and all eight factors of fathering practices. Father's responsibility for children was the strongest predictor of children's social adjustment.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.221-233
• /
• 1996

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of age, sex, cognitive style and reward presentation on delay of gratification. The subjects of this study were 120 children 4, 6 and 8 years of age attending preschool and an elementary school in Pusan. They were identified as impulsive or reflective according to their performance on Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test. The levels of reward presentation consisted of the reward which was presented physically and the reward which wasn't presented physically. Length of waiting time was recorded as the measure of maintenance of delay of gratification. The data of this study were analyzed with Two-way ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The major finding were as follows: (1) Delay time increased with age. (2) No sex difference is found in delay time. (3) Reflective children delayed longer than impulsive children in all age groups. (4) The reward which wasn't physically presented produced loner delay time than the reward which was physically presented in all age groups.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.169-184
• /
• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication on school-age children's forgiveness in late childhood. Methods: A total of 231 fifth and sixth graders (122 boys and 109 girls) living in Daegu participated in the study. They responded to questionnaires regarding parental forgiveness, parent-child communication and children's forgiveness. The data were analyzed by t-tests, Pearson's correlations, and SEM using SPSS 18.0 and LISREL 9.1. Results: First, paternal forgiveness had a direct effect on children's forgiveness. Second, parental forgiveness had an indirect effect on children's forgiveness through parent-child communication. Finally, multigroup analyses revealed that paternal forgiveness had a direct effect and an indirect effect through father-child communication on boys' forgiveness, whereas maternal forgiveness had an indirect effect on girls' forgiveness through mother-child communication. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the gender of parents and children needs to be considered to explain school-age children's forgiveness. In addition, these findings have implications for future research and practice by highlighting the importance of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication in forgiveness education programs for children and parent education programs.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to female child Han-bok reform design for body growth. Nowadays there is common the western style daily life and special day instead of traditional style Han-bok in Korea. So the decrease in the use of Han-bok have being appeared. Specially, Children's Han-bok undesirable clothes for economic, environment, and resources because of their rapid growth and changing trend. Therefor, they do away with used Han-bok without next buying of school age. Children's parents and children are decision together purchase of children's Han-bok on-line for pleasure and economic reasons on pre-school or 1st year student for their tradition-education class. After 2000year, children's Han-bok pup-up on e-market because of the fashion focus on tradition and Korean wave for parody of Korean drama. Flowing the Research of 2010 Size Korea, the elementary school age child height growth 6cm per year, the sleeve length are 3cm growth. But Chi-ma(a pice of Han-bok) from e-market, has only 5cm margin on shoulder and no margin on Jegori(a pice of Han-bok) shoulder and sleeve, reason of that the children can't wear next year. Therefor this study is development female child Han-bok reform design for body growth, for extend to wear Han-bok on school age children and flow tradition custom of Cho-sun Dynasty's clothing custom for boost tradition conscious and reduce of cloth waste for environment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.62 no.7
• /
• pp.274-280
• /
• 2019

Purpose: To analyze the growth response to growth hormone (GH) therapy in prepubertal patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) harboring different genetic mutations. Methods: Twenty-three patients with prepubertal NS treated at Pusan National University Children's Hospital between March 2009 and July 2017 were enrolled. According to the disease-causing genes identified, the patients with NS were divided into 4 groups. Three groups were positive for mutations of the PTPN11, RAF1, and SOS1 genes. The five genes undetected (FGU) group was negative for PTPN11, RAF1, SOS1, KRAS, and BRAF gene mutations. The influence of genotype was retrospectively analyzed by comparing the growth parameters after GH therapy. Results: The mean chronological age at the start of GH treatment was $5.85{\pm}2.67years$. At the beginning of the GH treatment, the height standard deviation score (SDS), growth velocity (GV), and lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF)-1 levels were not statistically different among the groups. All the 23 NS patients had significantly increased height SDS and serum IGF-1 level during the 3 years of treatment. GV was highest during the first year of treatment. During the 3 years of GH therapy, the PTPN11, RAF1, and SOS1 groups showed less improvement in height SDS, IGF-1 SDS, and GV, and less increase in bone age-to-chronological age ratio than the FGU group. Conclusion: The 3-year GH therapy in the 23 prepubertal patients with NS was effective in improving height SDS, GV, and serum IGF-1 levels. The FGU group showed a better response to recombinant human GH therapy than the PTPN11, RAF1, and SOS1 groups.