• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.214-222
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the mediating and moderating effects of multicultural efficacy in the relationship between cultural empathy and cultural competence in child care teachers. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. The participants were 277 child care teachers at private and public daycare centers in G and S districts of Seoul. The survey instruments included a cultural empathy questionnaire, a multicultural efficacy scale, and a cultural competence scale. Data were analyzed using the SPSS and AMOS programs. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation, and mediating and moderating effect analyses were performed. Bootstrapping was implemented to verify the mediating effect of the model developed herein. Results: Positive correlations among cultural empathy, multicultural efficacy, and cultural competence were noted. Multicultural efficacy showed a significant mediating effect on the relationships between cultural empathy and cultural competence. However, there was no moderating effect. Conclusion: In order to enhance the cultural competence of child care teachers, it is necessary to develop a strategy that can promote their cultural empathy and multicultural efficacy. Furthermore, these results will ultimately enhance the role of child care teachers, thus contributing to the normal growth and development of multicultural children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.4-14
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• 2023

This study aimed to discuss mental health services for children and adolescents that are being implemented as initiatives of the Korean government and to review the functions and roles of these projects during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three government departments are in charge of providing mental health services for children and adolescents: Ministry of Education, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, and Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Ministry of Education has implemented several policies to facilitate the early detection of mental health issues among school students (from preventive interventions to selective interventions for high-risk students). The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family additionally serves out-of-school children and adolescents by facilitating early identification of adolescents in crises and providing temporary protection or emergency assistance (as required) through the Community Youth Safety-Net Project. Furthermore, the Ministry of Health and Welfare operates relevant mental health agencies for individuals of all ages including children and adolescents. Any high-risk students who have been screened through the projects of the Ministry of Education are supported through referrals to the following institutions for appropriate treatment of their symptoms: specialized hospitals, the Youth Counseling and Welfare Center operated by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, the National Youth Healing Center, the Mental Health Welfare Center operated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Suicide Prevention Center, and the Child Welfare Center. To assist students who are facing any psychological difficulties because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Education has established a psychiatric support group for providing emergency mental health care; furthermore, schools are promoting psychological surveillance (e.g., provision of non-face-to-face counseling services that are centered around the Wee Center). The Ministry of Education, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, and Ministry of Health and Welfare have provided varied mental health support services in order to address the challenges faced by children and adolescents during the pandemic. Nevertheless, the mental health services operated by each ministry do show some limitations because their service provision system is insufficiently collaborative. The present study discussed the positive effects of each initiative as well as its limitations; furthermore, it suggested improvements for facilitating the healthy development of children and adolescents' mental health.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2008

Purpose: Although Hemophilia is a relatively rare hereditary disease, and is treatable with blood products, the parenting stress and guilt of hemophilic patients and their mothers are always high. This study was done to assess the extent of parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child. Method: The participants in this study were 119 mothers with a hemophilic child who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation, and 287 mothers with a healthy child. In order to measure the dimensions related to parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction, the Questionnaire on Parenting Stress Index, Maternal Guilt Scale, Parenting Attitude Scale & Parenting Satisfaction Scale were administered. We analysed the differences between mothers with a hemophilic child and a healthy child in the questionnaire scores using the SPSS program. Result: Parenting stress and guilt of mothers with a hemophilic child were higher than with a healthy child. Parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child were lower than with a healthy child. Conclusion: The results may help medical professionals understand mothers with a hemophilic child and give basic assistance to develop a nursing intervention by exploring possible ways to alleviate such parenting stress and guilt.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.786-794
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• 2002

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate how adolescents' behavior is correlated with child abuse they experience, and how childrearing attitude of mothers perceived by the adolescents is correlated with child abuse experience by the adolescents. Method: A convenient sampling strategy was used. A total of 160 adolescents participated in this study. Of the 160 responses, 116 were used for final analysis. The data were analyzed using K-YSR program and SPSSWIN. Result: The results were as follows. Mild child abuse experiences reported by the subjects were Throwing the object at me (12.9%, N = 15), Clutching and pushing (12.9%, N = 15), and Slapping on the cheek (14.7%, N = 17)'. Severe child abuse experiences reported by the subjects were Kicking, pounding and biting (10.3%, N = 10), Rod, stick, belt, broom beating using various objects (41.4%, N = 38), and Beating all over the body (6.7%, N = 8). Very severe child abuse experiences reported by the subjects were Burning with cigarette (0.4%, N = 1), Threatening me with objects such as a knife, a hammer, an axe, or a gimlet (0.8%, N = 2). Injuring me with the objects (0.4%, N = 1), and Hospitalized by belting (0.4%, N = 1). In terms of correlations among the main study variables, physical child abuse had significant positive correlations with externalizing problem (r=.271, p=.001) and total behavioral problem (r=.288, p=.002). Physical child abuse also had a significant positive correlation with authoritarian childrearing attitude of mother (r=.363, p=.000). Physical child abuse had significant negative correlations with mothers affectionate childrearing attitude (r=-.191, p=.050) and active participative childrearing attitude (r=-.101, p=.035). Conclusion: Mothers childrearing attitude is a salient factor for preventing child abuse. In addition, child abuse is an important factor for preventing adolescent's behavioral problem.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.240-248
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• 2000

Nurses working with families who has a hospitalized child are aware of the complexity of the tasks and stresses they deal with new setting of environment. The challenge is to assess the family coping activity that require the most immediate intervention for the effective nursing care for child and family. This study describe the family coping inventory for the clinical guidance to identify a family coping with stressors. The purpose of this study was to look at the factors related to the family's coping activity when the child was hospitalized. The data were collected with a questionnaire between July and August, 1999, in a sample of 106 families who have hospitalized child. Family coping was assessed using Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale(F-COPES). Data was analyzed using correlation coefficient and analysis of variance. Positive correlation was found between social support, reframe with mobilizing the family to acquire and accept help in sub-domain of family coping. Strongest correlation existed between the family's spiritual support and total family coping. The type of diagnosis, the level of family income, religion, and child's age were significantly different in family coping. The result show that the family coping is affected by the characteristics of child and family, as well as the factors of coping activity. Therefore, early assessment of family coping skill and activity is important to the prevention of problem with function toward wholeness as a unit and child's well being. It can be used with a broad range of child's hospitalization process. It also serve as a nursing record and planning tool for documenting issues that may become priorities for future interventions.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.479-487
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• 2004

Purpose: This survey was done to describe parenting self-efficacy and beliefs in corporal punishment as they are related to child abuse. Also demographic variables that influence child abuse were investigated. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the second week of April 2002. The 160 participants were parents of students in five elementary schools in the J area of Korea. They replied to a structured questionnaire, and 129 replies were included in the final analysis. The WIN SPSS program was used for the analysis. Result: Parenting self-efficacy, beliefs in corporal punishment and child abuse showed no significant differences according to gender of the children. Child abuse by parents has significantly negative correlation with parenting self-efficacy (r=-.369, p=.000), socioeconomic states of family(r=-.290, p=.001), educational level of mother(r=-.211, p=.027), educational level of father(r=-.342, p=.000), parent's age(r=-.200, p=.028). Stepwise multiple regression showed that parenting self-efficacy and beliefs in corporal punishment significantly influence child abuse in Korean parents. Conclusion: As parenting self-efficacy explained 49.7% of child abuse, it is the most important variable for preventing child abuse. Belief in corporal punishment was the second most important variable in preventing child abuse. These two variables explained 53.3% of variance in child abuse by parents.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2277-2282
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• 2013

Purpose: Mammography has been confirmed as the only effective mode to improve the prognosis of patients with breast cancer in Western developed countries, but might not be a good choice in other areas of the world. One of the major challenges in China is to determine an optimal imaging modality for breast cancer screening. This study was designed to clarify the sensitivity of ultrasonography compared with that of mammography in rural China. Methods: We retrospectively studied the sensitivity of mammography and ultrasonography based on 306 breast cancer patients detected by the program of "screening for cervical cancer and breast cancer" performed in Chinese rural areas between January 2009 and December 2011, and analyzed the effects of age, breast density and volume on the sensitivity. Results: Stratified analysis showed that the sensitivity of breast ultrasonography was significantly higher than that of mammography in premenopausal patients (81.4% vs. 61.1%, p=0.02), in women ${\leq}$ 55 years of age (82.2% vs. 63.4%, p<0.01), in the high breast density group (American College of Radiology [ACR] levels 3-4) (85.9% vs. 60.6%, p<0.01) and in the small breast volume group (${\leq}$ 400 ml) (87.1% vs. 66.7%, p<0.01). Age had a significant effect on sensitivity of mammography (breast density and volume-adjusted odds ratio, 6.39; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-14.4 in age group > 55 compared to age group ${\leq}$ 45), but not that of ultrasonography. Neither breast density nor volume had significant effect on sensitivity of mammography or ultrasonography. Conclusions: Ultrasonography is more sensitive than mammography in detecting breast cancer in women under 55 year-old Chinese, especially in those with high-density and relatively small breasts.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting childhood asthma and atopic dermatitis. Methods: For this study, data for 1,170 children (1-11 years) from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-2, 2011) were analyzed. First correlation matrices were computed to test the normality of every data set and then to be in accordance with the real demographic composition, data were added weight before being analyzed. Results: The child with asthma of a three generation family (OR=3.91, 95% CI [1.33, 11.45], p=.013) compared with a two generation family showed higher asthma development, and maternal asthma (OR=9.71, 95% CI [2.66, 35.40], p=.001) showed higher asthma development in child. The only factor affecting atopic dermatitis was parental perceptions of child health: poor (OR=3.40, 95% CI [1.29, 8.98], p=.014). Conclusion: These results suggest that childhood asthma and atopic dermatitis are both affected by parental perceptions of child health. Accordingly, management and support programs for children who have asthma and/or atopic dermatitis and their families should be comprehensive and also give attention to any other health problems because health perception represents quality of life.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.415-423
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed in order to evaluate antibiotic resistance and analyze the multiple antibiotic resistance of food-borne pathogens isolated from indoor air and an air cleaner at a lunch room in a child care center. Methods: An antibiotic test of food-borne pathogens, including four Staphylococcus aureus and 23 Bacillus cereus was conducted through the disk diffusion method from Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Results: All Staph. aureus was resistant to Ampicillin and Penicillin, while B. cereus was also resistant to Ampicillin, Cefepime and Penicillin. All isolates showed Vancomycin susceptibility but three out of four Staph. aureus and all B. cereus were resistant to Oxacillin. Staph. aureus and B. cereus presented two or more multiple antibiotic resistances. Conclusions: The results indicated that food-borne pathogens isolated from indoor air and an air cleaner at a lunch room in a child care center showed multiple antibiotic resistances. The repeated control of indoor environment quality is required and continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistant strains is demanded.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2016

Purpose: Smoking during pregnancy contributes to the risk of negative health outcomes in mothers and babies. The purposes of this study were to review the harmful effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on fetal and child development, to discuss if maternal smoking should be criminalized as a form of child abuse, and to explore advocating for fetal rights. Methods: A variety of published literature and legal documents including the Korean constitution, criminal laws, and children's welfare laws were reviewed and critically analyzed. Results: Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to experience abortion related to placental dysfunction. Their unborn risk premature birth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, neurobehavioral disturbances, and/or other complications and newborn babies are also at risk for complications. The advocates for fetal rights can assert that maternal smoking should be regarded as a crime. Conclusion: Findings show that maternal smoking during pregnancy is a major risk factor for many adverse pregnancy outcomes. Effective strategies and health policies for smoking cessation during pregnancy are required to protect pregnant women and their babies.