• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.1684-1694
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• 2021

Objective: This study investigated the association between feed efficiency, physicochemical properties, flavor precursors and biomolecules in the thigh meat of Korat (KR) chickens. Methods: The feed intake and body weight of individual male KR chickens were recorded from 1 to 10 weeks old to calculate the individual residual feed intake (RFI) of 75 birds. At 10 weeks of age, chickens with the 10 highest (HRFI) and lowest RFI (LRFI) were slaughtered to provide thigh meat samples. The physicochemical properties (ultimate pH, water holding capacity [WHC], drip loss) and flavor precursors (guanosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate (IMP), adenosine monophosphate and inosine) were analyzed conventionally, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the composition of biomolecules (lipids, ester lipids, amide I, amide II, amide III, and carbohydrates) and the secondary structure of the proteins. A group t-test was used to determine significant differences between mean values and principal component analysis to classify thigh meat samples into LRFI and HRFI KR chickens. Results: The physicochemical properties of thigh meat samples from LRFI and HRFI KR chickens were not significantly different but the IMP content, ratios of lipid, lipid ester, protein (amide I, amide II) were significantly different (p<0.05). The correlation loading results showed that the LRFI group was correlated with high ratios of lipids, lipid esters, collagen content (amide III) and beta sheet protein (rg loading >0.5) while the HRFI group was positively correlated with protein (amide I, amide II), alpha helix protein, IMP content, carbohydrate, ultimate pH and WHC (rg loading >0.5). Conclusion: The thigh meat from chickens with different RFI differed in physiochemical properties affecting meat texture, and in the contents of flavor precursors and biomolecules affecting the nutritional value of meat. This information can help animal breeders to make genetic improvements by taking more account of traits related to RFI.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1993

The effect of frozen storage and cooking methods on lipid oxidation in chicken meat was studied. Chicken meats were stored 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 days at $-18^{\circ}C$ and were evaluated before and after cooking. 1. The crude fat content of chicken meat is the highest thigh meat with skin in microwaving. Fat content was increased duting 30 days of frozen storage, and then after. 2. Peroxide value, acid value and TBA value was increased during the days of storage because lipid autoxidation was processed cooking and during frozen storage time. The peoxide value and acid value were higher compared to sample cooked by other methods. 3. The fluoresence units were increased with frozen storage, and initial levels of fluoresent after processing. 4. The fatty acid composition of chicken meat fats is mainly palmitic acid and oleic acid, and the effect of frozen storage and meats part is not significantly change but fatty acid significantly change according to frying that linoleic acid was increased during frozen time. From all the results obtained in this study it can be conclude that lipid autoxidation of the chicken meat frozen storage at $18^{\circ}C$ was consistantly processed, and breast meat oxidation was increased than thigh meat because chicken breast meat include many polyunsaturated fatty acid. Frying was significantly increased highest than other cooking methods.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.312-323
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to use 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) to quantify taste-active and bioactive compounds in chicken breasts and thighs from Korean native chicken (KNC) [newly developed KNCs (KNC-A, -C, and -D) and commercial KNC-H] and white-semi broiler (WSB) used in Samgye. Further, each breed was differentiated using multivariate analyses, including a machine learning algorithm designed to use metabolic information from each type of chicken obtained using 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D NMR). Breast meat from KNC-D chickens were superior to those of conventional KNC-H and WSB chickens in terms of both taste-active and bioactive compounds. In the multivariate analysis, meat portions (breast and thigh) and chicken breeds (KNCs and WSB) could be clearly distinguished based on the outcomes of the principal component analysis and partial least square-discriminant analysis (R2=0.945; Q2=0.901). Based on this, we determined the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each of these components. AUC analysis identified 10 features which could be consistently applied to distinguish between all KNCs and WSB chickens in both breast (0.988) and thigh (1.000) meat without error. Here, both 1H NMR and 2D NMR could successfully quantify various target metabolites which could be used to distinguish between different chicken breeds based on their metabolic profile.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2011

본 연구는 뽕나무 가지에서 추출한 resveratrol과 methoxylated resveratrol의 급여가 닭고기 다리육의 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 1일령 Ross 320마리 육계 병아리를 8처리구로 나누어 대조구(BD), 항생제 처리구(AB), 비타민 E 20 ppm 처리구(VE 20), 비타민 E 200 ppm 처리구(VE 200), resveratrol 20 ppm(RV 20), resveratrol 200 ppm (RV 200), methoxylated resveratrol 20ppm(MR 20), methoxylated resveratrol 200 ppm(MR 200) 처리구로 나누어 35일간 급여하였다. 급여 후 36일째 도계하여 다리육만 분리하였고, 1, 3 및 5일 냉장 저장 기간 동안의 pH, 보수력, 육색 및 관능적 특성을 조사하였다. pH는 저장 1일에 AB, VE 및 MR 처리구에서 유의적으로 높은 수준을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 저장3일과 5일에 각 RV와 MR의 20과 200 처리는 닭다리 육의 pH 수준을 대조군보다 높게 유지하는 것으로 판단된다(p<0.05). 명도($L^*$)는 저장 1일과 5일에 모든 처리구에서 BD 처리구와의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. VE 200 처리구와 MR 20 처리구는 저장 기간 동안 적색도의 수준의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며(p<0.05), 육색의 안정화에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타내었다. 보수력은 저장 3일의 경우는 VE 20, RV 200, MR 20, MR 200 처리구에서 BD 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 관능적 특성 중 연도는 저장 1일과 5일에는 VE 20을 제외하고는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 저장 3일에 항생제 처리구, VE 20, RV 20과 MR 200 처리구에서 유의적으로 높은 점수를 보여 관능요원들의 선호도 증진에 영향함을 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과 resveratrol과 methoxylated resveratrol은 육계 다리육의 품질을 증진시키기 위한 육계 사료 첨가제로서 이용 가능성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1134-1140
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• 2018

Objective: Fatty acid composition is one of the most important meat quality traits because it can contribute to functional, sensorial, and nutritional factors. In this study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses for fatty acid composition traits were investigated in thigh and breast meat of Korean native chicken (KNC). Methods: In total, 18 fatty acid composition traits were investigated from each meat sample using 83 parents, and 595 $F_1$ chicks of 20 week old. Genotype assessment was performed using 171 informative DNA markers on 26 autosomes. The KNC linkage map was constructed by CRI-MAP software, which calculated genetic distances, with map orders between markers. The half-sib and full-sib QTL analyses were performed using GridQTL and SOLAR programs, respectively. Results: In total, 30 QTLs (12 in the thigh and 18 in the breast meat) were detected by the half-sib analysis and 7 QTLs (3 in the thigh and 4 in the breast meat) were identified by the full-sib analysis. Conclusion: With further verification of the QTL regions using additional markers and positional candidate gene studies, these results can provide valuable information for determining causative mutations affecting the fatty acid composition of KNC meat. Moreover, these findings may aid in the selection of birds with favorable fatty acid composition traits.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.143-159
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• 2023

본 연구에서 사용된 클로브 에센셜 오일은 로즈마리 에센셜 오일보다 강력한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 토종닭 후라이드 치킨 제조 과정 중 로즈마리와 클로브 에센셜 오일의 첨가는 일반성분, pH, TBARS와 관능적 특성에 있어 유의적인 효과를 줄 수 없었다. 0.005CB를 제외한 모든 에센셜 오일 첨가 처리구는 Control보다 낮은 가열감량을 보였고 0.005CB에서는 높은 픽업률을 보였다(P<0.05). 토종닭 후라이드 치킨의 지방산 조성을 측정한 결과, 클로브 에센셜 오일의 항산화 효과로 인하여 0.005CB와 0.01CB는 Control보다 높은 수준의 arachidonic acid를 나타내었다. 토종닭 후라이드 치킨의 휘발성 유기 화합물을 측정한 결과, 로즈마리 에센셜 오일의 특정 풍미성분들이 토종닭 후라이드 치킨에 마스킹 되었고 클로브 에센셜 오일의 항산화 능력을 통해 몇몇 pyrazine류의 물질들을 감소시켰다. 본 연구 데이터는 향후 로즈마리와 클로브 에센셜 오일을 첨가하여 제조한 토종닭 후라이드 치킨의 저장성 연구에 있어 기초 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.80-84
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• 2017

본 연구는 노계 다리살 소시지에 돈피 젤라틴 분말의 함량을 0, 1, 3, 5% 첨가하여 제조한 소시지의 이화학적 특성 및 관능적 특성을 조사하였다. 일반성분에서 수분함량과 회분함량은 돈피 젤라틴 분말이 첨가된 처리구가 대조구보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). pH는 가열 전과 가열 후 모두 젤라틴 분말의 함량이 증가할수록 pH의 수치도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 가열 후 명도(CIE $L^*$)는 젤라틴 분말의 첨가수준에 따라 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 적색도(CIE $a^*$)는 가열 전과 가열 후 모두 돈피 젤라틴 분말을 첨가하지 않은 대조구에 비해 젤라틴 분말을 첨가한 처리구가 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. 황색도(CIE $b^*$)는 가열 전, 가열 후 모두 돈피 젤라틴 분말의 함량이 증가할수록 황색도가 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 가열수율, 점도와 유화안정성은 돈피 젤라틴 분말의 함량이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 물성은 경도, 탄력성, 응집성, 검성, 씹음성 모든 부분에서 돈피 젤라틴 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 수치 또한 증가하였다. 관능평가 결과 색도, 풍미, 연도, 다즙성과 전체적인 기호도는 돈피 젤라틴 분말의 첨가량에 따라 증가하였다. 따라서 노계 다리살 소시지에 돈피 젤라틴 분말을 첨가하여 연구를 진행한 결과, 노계를 활용하여 조직감과 관능적 기호도를 증진시킨 소시지를 제조할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.855-864
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical and nutritional properties of breast and thigh meat from commercial Chinese crossbred chickens (817 Crossbred chicken, 817C), imported commercial broilers (Arbor Acres broiler, AAB), and commercial spent hens (Hyline Brown, HLB). The crossbred chickens, commercial broilers and spent hens were slaughtered at their typical market ages of 45 d, 40 d, and 560 d, respectively. The results revealed that several different characteristic features for the three breeds. The meat of the 817C was darker than that of the other two genotypes. The 817C were also characterized by higher protein, lower intramuscular fat, and better texture attributes (cooking loss, pressing loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force [WBSF]) compared with AAB and HLB. The meat of the spent hens (i.e. HLB) was higher in WBSF and total collagen content than meat of the crossbred chickens and imported broilers. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis revealed that there was a clear relationship among physicochemical properties of chicken meats. With regard to nutritional properties, it was found that 817C and HLB exhibited higher contents of essential amino acids and essential/non-essential amino acid ratios. In addition, 817C were noted to have highest content of microelements whereas AAB have highest content of potassium. Besides, 817C birds had particularly higher proportions of desirable fatty acids, essential fatty acids, polyunsaturated/saturated and (18:0+18:1)/16:0 ratios. The present study also revealed that there were significant differences on breast meat and thigh meat for the physicochemical and nutritional properties, regardless of chicken breeds. In conclusion, meat of crossbred chickens has some unique features and exhibited more advantages over commercial broilers and spent hens. Therefore, the current investigation would provide valuable information for the chicken meat product processing, and influence the consumption of different chicken meat.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.307-313
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• 2001

본 연구는 일본 동경지역에서 시판되고 있는 한국산과 각국산 계육의 미생물학적, 물리화학적 품질특성을 비교분석하였다. 시료는 일본 동경 지역 판매점에서 냉동저장(-2$0^{\circ}C$$\pm$1) 상태에서 시판되고 있는 각국산 계육의 가슴육과 다리육을 각각 구입하여 일본 낙농학원대학 식품과학과 연구실에서 실험이 진행되었다. 가슴육은 한국산과 일본산, 중국산이 비교분석되었고, 다리육은 한국산 일본산, 중국산, 미국산, 태국산이 각각 비교분석되었다. 가슴육의 일반성분의 경우 조지방의 함량은 한국산 계육의 경우 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었고, 조단백질과 조회분(P<0.01)은 중국산 닭고기가 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었으나, 수분 함량은 가장 높은 수준을 보였으며 P<0.001수준에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 가슴육의 물리화학적 특성에서는 보수성의 경우 일본산 닭고기가 가장 높게 나타났으나, 지방의 산화정도를 나타내는 TBA값이 한국산과 중국산에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 가슴육의 미생물수준은 각 국산간에 총균수, 대장균군 모두 고도의 유의적인 차이를 나타내었으며(P<0.001), 총균수의 경우 중국산이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 한국산 닭고기 가슴육은 가장 높은 대장균군을 나타내었다. 다리육의 일반성분 경우 수분은 미국산과 태국산이 높게 나타났으며(P<0.001), 조지방 함량은 미국산 닭고기 다리육에서 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.001). 닭고기 다리육의 명도(L value)와 황색도(b value)는 모두 고도의 유의적인 차이를 나타내었으며(P<0.001), 명도의 경우 태국산과 일본산이 가장 높은 수준을 나타내는 반면 황색도에서는 일본산의 경우 가장 낮은 수준을 나타내었다. 닭고기는 다리육의 미생물수준은 총균수와 대장균군 모두 고도의 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(O<0.001). 총 균수는 태국산이 $10^{5}$ 이상의 수준으로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 외 다른 나라들의 경우는 $10^{4}$이상의 수준으로 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 대장균군의 경우 미국산과 한국산, 중국산이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다.다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1957-1966
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the difference in the thigh meat quality of Ross 308 broiler from conventional and welfare farms. Methods: Thigh meat samples of Ross 308 broilers (age, 35 d; carcass weight, 1.1 kg) from conventional farm (RCF, n = 60) and animal welfare farms (RAWF, n = 60) were analyzed. Proximate composition, pH, color (lightness, redness, and yellowness), water-holding capacity (WHC), shear force, total aerobic bacteria (TAB), and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) were measured and the levels of bioactive compounds such as dipeptides (anserine and carnosine), creatine, creatinine, and their anti-oxidation activity were determined. Results: The RCF and RAWF did not differ significantly in their proximate composition, WHC, color, and creatine and carnosine levels. The pH value was significantly lower in RAWF than in RCF on day 7. The shear force value was significantly higher in RAWF than in RCF throughout the storage duration. TAB in RCF on day 9 were significantly higher than those in RAWF. The VBN content of RAWF was significantly lower than that of RCF after 5 days of storage. Creatinine content was significantly higher in RAWF (3.50 mg/100 g) than in RCF (3.08 mg/100 g) on day 1. Along with higher carnosine and anserine contents of RAWF, it had significantly higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities than those of RCF. Conclusion: These results imply that the animal welfare farming system beneficially affects the overall oxidative stability of Ross 308 thigh meat.