• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1790-1797
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• 2002

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from piglets and chicken and characterized. Lactic acid bacteria showing resistance to low pH and bile, adhesion to intestinal epithelium cells, and the inhibition of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus. L. acidophilus PF01 survived for 2 h in MRS broth adjusted to pH 2. L. acidophilus CF07 was less resistant than L. acidophilus PF01 to pH 2, but survived at pH 2.5 for 2 h. Both of isolates were able to grow in MRS broth containing 0.3% (w/v) bile, with L. acidophilus CF07 being more tolerant to bile than L. acidophilus PF01. L. acidophilus PF01 and CF07 adhered specifically to the duodenal and jejunal epithelium cells of piglet, and the cecal and duodenal epithelium cells of chicken, respectively. Both of isolates did not adhere to the epithelium cells of the various animal intestines from which they were isolated. When L. acidophilus was cultured with E. coli and Salmonella spp. in MRS broth, MRS broth containing 2% skim milk powder or modified tryptic soy broth at $37^{\circ}C$, L. acidophilus PF01 and CF07 inhibited the growths of E. coli K88 and K99, and S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium, respectively. Both of isolates were found to possess the essential characteristics of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for piglet and chicken.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.631-636
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• 2004

Methanol extracts and powder of chicken bile were evaluated to determine antimicrobial, electron-donating, nitrite-scavenging, and inhibitory abilities against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). HPLC revealed taurochonodeoxycholic acid (TCDOA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) were major bile salts, at 5,893 and 395 mg/100g, respectively. Methanol extracts showed inhibitory effect on growth of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, whereas no effect on Escherichia coli. Electrondonating and nitrite-scavenging abilities increased significantly with increasing amount of bile samples. Electrondonating activity of dried powder was higher than that of methanol extracts, whereas nitrite-scavenging activity showed opposite trend. Both samples showed positive inhibitory activity of ACE. Methanol extracts showed higher activity than that of freeze-dried powder at high level of bile sample (5 and 10%).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1003-1009
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• 1999

For the isolation of probiotics which may be used for the human beings and animals, we have screened the microorganisms from chicken intestines which have acid and bile tolerance and the growth inhibition of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Among them, a strain which was identified as Lactobacillus salivarius had around 66% of survival after 2h incubation in the artificial gastric juice and 9% of survival after 24h incubation in the presence of 0.3% bile salts, and showed complete inhibition against both path ogenic E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium after 24 h coincubation. Its storage stability after lyophilization could be improved by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1209-1220
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• 2023

Objective: The use of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics in animal feed has received considerable attention in recent decades. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have remarkable functional properties promoting host health and are major microorganisms for probiotic purposes. The aim of this study was to characterize LAB strains of the chicken digestive tract and to determine their functional properties for further use as potential probiotics in poultry. Methods: A total of 2,000 colonies were isolated from the ileum and cecal contents of the chickens based on their phenotypic profiles and followed by a preliminary detection for acid and bile tolerance. The selected 200 LAB isolates with exhibited well-tolerance in acid and bile conditions were then identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA gene, followed by acid and bile tolerance, antimicrobial activity, adhesion to epithelial cells and additional characteristics on the removal of cholesterol. Then, the two probiotic strains (L. ingluviei and L. salivarious) which showed the greatest advantage in vitro testing were selected to assess their efficacy in broiler chickens. Results: It was found that 200 LAB isolates that complied with all measurement criteria belonged to five strains, including L. acidophilus (63 colonies), L. ingluviei (2 colonies), L. reuteri (58 colonies), L. salivarius (72 colonies), and L. saerimneri (5 colonies). We found that the L. ingluviei and L. salivarius can increase the population of LAB and Bifidobacterium spp. while reducing Enterobacteria spp. and Escherichia coli in the cecal content of chickens. Additionally, increased concentrations of valeric acid and short chain fatty acids were also observed. Conclusion: This study indicates that all five Lactobacillus strains isolated from gut contents of chickens are safe and possess probiotic properties, especially L. ingluviei and L. salivarius. Future studies should evaluate the potential for growth improvement in broilers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2007

To isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria for animal, we have screened the microorganisms from chicken feces, by random selection and agar well diffusion assay. Among them, CPM-7 strain showing superior inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli was selected. By examining carbohydrates utilization, morphologic property and 16S rRNA gene sequence, CPM-7 strain was identified as Lactobacillus salivarius, then named L. salivarius CPM-7. L. salivarius CPM-7 produced thirteen enzymes in the test using API ZYM kit, and showed resistance to low pH and bile salts. It survived at pH 2 for 30 min. and pH 3 for 6 hr. And, it was able to grow in MRS medium containing 0.2% (w/v) bile salts. L. salivarius CPM-7 adhered to the jejunal epithelium cells of pig. Both the supernatant of L. salivarius CPM-7 and the its neutralized one showed high inhibitory activity against E. coli K88.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.634-640
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• 2010

The principal objective of this study was to screen and select acid-tolerant Lactobacillus strains from chicken feces, feeds, and other sources. Fourty six strains evidencing acid tolerance (pH 3.5) were isolated in this study. Among them, nine strains exhibited marked immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, nine candidate strains were characterized for probiotic use. In order to evaluate macrophage activation, NO production was measured using RAW 264.7 cells. In particular, three strains (FC812, FC222, and FC113) evidenced the highest levels of NO production measured at $38.39{\pm}20.01,\;35.06{\pm}27.73$, and $33.88{\pm}15.99{\mu}M$, respectively, at a concentration of $10^{8}CFU/mL$. The majority of strains, with the exception of strain FC322, evidenced marked resistance to artificial gastric juice (pH 2.5 with 1%(w/v) pepsin). Additionally, strains FC222, FC421, FC511, and FC721 were highly resistant to artificial bile acid (0.1%(w/v) oxgall), whereas strains FC113, FC322, FC422, FC621, and FC812 were the least resistant to bile. All nine strains exerted antimicrobial effects against chickenrelated pathogens. Additionally, all nine strains were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. The isolated strains, except for strain FC322, were tentatively identified as Lactobacillus salivarius, using an API 50 CHL kit. These results demonstrate that some probiotic organisms may potentially probiotic properties, and thus may serve as an effective alternative to antibiotics in animal applications.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 1994

An experiment was conducted to establish a large scale production method of anti-serum against chicken IgA and to profile the developmental changes of serum IgA levels during the feeding period(from hatching to 7 weeks of age) in broiler chicks. Blood samples were taken from Hubbard chicken at the age of hatching, 3 days of age, and weekly thereafter till to 7 weeks of age. The pure IgA was isolated from ammonium sulfate treated chicken bile juice by gel filtration chromatography ( Sepharose GL-6B) - The quantitative assay of serum IgA were carried by RID method. Developmental changes of serum IgA concentrations were 0.42 mg /mL at hatching, thereafter dicreased gradually, lowest at 1 week of age(0.17 mg /mL), and gradually increased to 7 weeks of age(2.73 mg /mL). There was no sexual difference in serum IgA level, but female chicks showed higher IgA levels than male chicks during the experimental period.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains as probiotics. Two strains were isolated from healthy chicken cecum and their acid and bile tolerance, residual organic acids, antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and immunomodulation activity were measured. Identification of the isolated strains was performed using the API 50CHL system and phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolates were determined to be Lactobacillus sakei strains. The acid tolerance of strains L2 and L8 was high enough that 75% of the inoculum survived in pH 2 for 2 h. The bile tolerance of both strains was observed at a 1% Oxgall concentration in MRS broth. The production of organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid) and pH changes during growth were monitored and the maximum concentrations were obtained after 48 h of incubation. Culture supernatants of the two LAB strains showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The heat-killed LAB cells also induced high levels of immune cell proliferation compared with the control, and stimulated IL-6 and TNF-α production in mouse macrophages. Therefore, L. sakei strains L2 and L8 can be considered suitable probiotic bacteria.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1495-1500
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• 2008

In an attempt to develop a probiotic formulation for poultry feed, a number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from chicken intestinal specimens and a series of in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate their efficacy as a potential probiotic candidate. A total of 650 LAB strains were isolated and screened for their antagonistic potential against each other. Among all the isolates only three isolates (TMU121, 094 and 457) demonstrated a wide spectrum of inhibition and were thus selected for detailed investigations. All three selected isolates were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli and Salmonella species, although to variable extent. The nature of the inhibitory substance produced by the isolates TMU121 and 094 appeared to be associated with bacteriocin, as their activity was completely lost after treatment with proteolytic enzymes, while pH neutralization and catalase enzyme had no effect on the residual activity. In contrast, isolate TMU457 was able to resist the effect of proteolytic enzymes while pH neutralization completely destroyed its activity. Attempts were made to study the acid, bile tolerance and cell surface hydrophobicity of these isolates. TMU121 showed high bile salt tolerance (0.3%) and high cell surface hydrophobicity compared to the other two strains studied, while TMU094 appeared the most pH resistant strain. Based on these results, the three selected LAB isolates were considered as potential ingredients for a chicken probiotic feed formulation and were identified to species level based on their carbohydrate fermentation pattern by using API 50CH test kits. The three strains were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum TMU121, Lactobacillus rhamnosus TMU094, and Pediococcus pentosaceous TMU457.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2004

In this study, ultrastructural change of the bile duct fibroblast at infected rat with Clonorchis sinensis, and the distribution of lectin receptors and actin protein in cultured bile duct infected with Clonorchis sinensis. It explored using colloidal gold label complex with lectin WGA purified from wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris) and anti actin antibody purified actin (43 kDa) isolated from chicken back muscle. The lectin WGA with protein A gold complex labeled sections of the cultured fibroblast revealed gold particles specifically distributed on the multi vesicular form Golgi complex and cell surface of the fibroblast. The actin antibody with protein A gold complex labeled sections of the cultured fibroblast revealed gold particles specifically distributed on the cytoplasm of the fibroblast. Labeling of cultured fibroblast in rat bile duct infected with Clonorchis sinensis was then quantified and compared to that of cultured Fibroblast in Rat Bile duct. These results indicate that lectin WGA receptors are located in the multi vesicular form Golgi complex in the cytoplasm to the cytoplasmic process of the Rat bile duct fibroblast infected with Clonorchis sinensis. Therefore, the GlcNAc and NeuNac regions on the cell surface and cytoplasmic process appear to be functionally associated with cell-recognition and protection from other cell of the tissue, and linked with secretion and exocytosis of the fibroblst cytoplasm. GlcNAc and NeuNAc product in the multi vesicular form Golgi complex then it is transported to cell surface. Actin protein is many appears that infected fibroblast rather than normal fibroblast. The fibroblast of infected with Clonorchis sinensis are against of the physical and chemical stimulation. Then development of cytoplasmic process is relative some stimulation.