• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.195-205
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary ME on growth performance and carcass characteristics in two different strains of broiler chicken. A total of one thousand, 1-day-old A strain and R strain male chicks were randomly assigned into 8 treatments in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement. They were fed iso-nitrogenic (CP 21%) crumbled diets formulated to contain metabolizable energy (ME) 2,950 to 3,250 kcal/kg in increment of 100 kcal/kg in the starter phase (1 to 21d) and iso-nitrogenic (CP 19%) pelleted diets containing same ME levels as in the finishing phase (22 to 38d). The body weight (BW) gain of chicks fed the lower ME diets (2,950 or 3,050 kcal/kg) were higher than those of the higher ME groups. The dietary energy level showed significant effects on feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) from 1 to 38 days of age (p<0.05). With the increment of dietary energy, feed intake tended to be reduced, whereas FCR was improved in the two strains of broiler chickens. The lowest FCR was observed at 3,250 kcal/kg diet groups in both of the two strains from 1 to 38 days of age. Feed intake and BW gain during 38 days were significantly affected by the strain factor. Increasing dietary energy up to 3,250 kcal/kg had no effect on the relative weights of breast meat and abdominal fat. The dietary energy and strains showed significant effects on the dressing percentage. There were no significant differences in various blood profiles except for GPT activity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2012

This work was carried out to investigate the performance of growing period of two-way crossed of Korean native chickens parental stocks. A total of four hundred eighty female 2-crossbred chicks were used in this study and they were from National Institute of Animal Science. Groups were four crossbreds (4 replications/crossbred, 30 birds/replication) as A) C strain ${\times}$ Y strain, B) C strain ${\times}$ L strain, C) C strain ${\times}$ G strain and D) C strain ${\times}$ W strain. Body weight of A crossbred was the highest at the age of 8 week (P<0.05) and that of D strain was the lowest for growing period (P<0.05). Body weights of A and B crossbreds were higher than those of C and D crossbreds at the 12 and 16 weeks (P<0.05). Weekly body weights of A and B crossbreds were higher than C and D crossbreds (P<0.05), and weekly body weight of B crossbred was higher compared to other crossbreds at 0~20 weeks old. Weekly feed intake of D crossbred was the lowest among all crossbreds at 0~12, 0~16 and 0~20 weeks old (P<0.05). Weekly feed conversion ratio of C crossbred was the highest among crossbreds (P<0.05). These results can give the basic information for growth related data in 2-way crossbreed Korean Native Chickens, which can be used for the parental stocks for the laying-type of Korean native commercial chickens.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2008

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is recognized as key to the emergence of pandemic influenza for humans; there are growing concerns that AIV H9N2 may become more efficient to transmit to humans in the near future, since the infection of poultry with AIV H9N2 has been common in recent years. In this study, we aimed to produce antisera recognizing the HA and NA proteins of AIV H9N2. Initially, coding sequences corresponding to the N-terminal regions of the HA and NA proteins of the Korean AIV H9N2 (A/Ck/Kr/MS96/96) isolated from a domestic chicken were amplified from the genomic RNA. Following cloning of the amplified cDNA fragments into pGEX4T-1 vector, two GST-fusion proteins (GST-HAln and GST-NAn) were expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified with glutathione sepharose columns; the recombinant GST-HAln and GST-NAn proteins were both used as immunogens in rabbits. The antigenicity of the rabbit antisera was analyzed by immunoblotting of the cell lysates prepared from AIV H9N2-infected MDCK cells. Overall, the recombinant HAln and NAn proteins fused to the C-terminus of GST and the rabbit antisera raised against the corresponding recombinant proteins would provide a valuable reagent for AIV diagnosis and basic research.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2004

If doubtlessly contributes much to agriculture and rural development. The roles can be summarized as; 1. to activate rural areas and to provide more comfortable and safe rural life with equivalent services to those in urban areas, facilitating distance education, tole-medicine, remote public services, remote entertainment etc. 2. To initiate new agricultural and rural business such as e-commerce, real estate business for satellite officies, rural tourism and virtual corporation of small-scale farms. 3. To support policy-making and evaluation on optimal farm production, disaster management, effective agro-environmental resource management etc., providing tools such as GIS. 4. To improve farm management and farming technologies by efficient farm management, risk management, effective information or knowledge transfer etc., realizing competitive and sustainable farming with safe products. 5. To provide systems and tools to secure food traceability and reliability that has been an emerging issue concerning farm products since serious contamination such as BSE and chicken flu was detected. 6. To take an important and key role for industrialization of farming or lam business enterprise, combining the above roles.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2007

In this study, we constructed and tested retrovirus vectors designed to express the human thrombopoietin gene under the control of the tetracycline-inducible promoters. To increase the hTPO gene expression at him-on state, WPRE sequence was also introduced into retrovirus vector at downstream region of either the hTPO gene or the sequence encoding reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (rtTA). Primary culture cells (PFF, porcine fetal fibroblast; CEF, chicken embryonic fibroblast) infected with the recombinant retrovirus were cultured in the medium supplemented with or without doxycycline for 48hr, and induction efficiency was measured by comparing the hTPO gene expression level using RT-PCR, western blot and ELISA. Higher hPTO expression and tighter expression control were observed from the vector in which the WPRE sequence was placed at downstream of the hTPO (in CEF) or rtTA(in PFF) gene. This resulting tetracycline inducible vector system may be helpful in solving serious physiological disturbance problems which have been a major obstacle in successful production of transgenic animals.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.419-428
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• 2011

This study was conducted to test the efficacy of Ulva pertusa kjellman as immunomodulators under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in broilers by investigating their effects on serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) like ability, immunoglobulin concentration, and splenic cytokine mRNA expression. A total of ninety six1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates of 3 birds in each group. NC (negative control, no immune substances), PC (positive control, ${\beta}$-glucan 25 ppm), Ulva P (Ulva pertusa kjellman Powder 3%), and Ulva E (Extract form Ulva pertusa kjellman 0.3%) were added in feed with respective substance. Heparinized venous blood and spleens were collected from five birds per dietary treatment at 5 wk of age. The SOD like activities in Ulva P and Ulva E were significantly increased in comparison with other groups (P<0.05). The immunoglobulin M content was lower in the Ulva E than other groups (P<0.05). Expression patterns of splenic cytokine mRNA in the IL-$1{\beeta}$, IL-2 and IL-6 were similar. Expression rate of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2 and IL-6 in Ulva pertusa kjellman (Ulva P, Ulva E) were decreased (P<0.05) in comparison to other groups. Expression rate of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly lower in groups treated with Ulva E than Ulva P. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Ulva pertusa kjellman improved SOD like activity and affect immune system by inhibiting inflammatory response in broiler chicks. In addition, it is more effective to use Ulva pertusa kjellman extract than powder for immunomodulatory function. These results suggest the possibility that Ulva pertusa kjellman could be used as the immunomodulator for inflammatory response in broiler chicks.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2010

Consumer perception of processed food and restaurant food's nutrient labelling was surveyed. The subjects of this survey consisted of 1,507 parents, whose ages were 20-59 years old. The ratio of the respondents that have known nutrition labelling on processed foods was 89.8% and the ratio of whom have checked the nutrition labelling at their point of purchase was 72.3%. The nutrients which were considered important for nutrition labelling were fat (57.1%), calorie (56.3%) and sodium (49.0%). Also nutrient which were able to be recognized at a glance by the subjects were in the order of trans fat (62.1%), cholesterol (26.9%), calorie (23.9%) and sodium (21.0%). If restaurant menu's nutrient labelling be enacted, the answer rate that the menu's nutrition labelling may affect their menu choice is 90.6% of the respondents. Besides of the Fastfoods that are enforcement, restaurants of that customers want the menu to be labeled were 'pizza and chicken restaurants'. Nutrients that customers preferred to be labelled were calorie (62.0%), fat (60.3%) and sodium (50.9%).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2016

This study was conducted to extract the factors affecting the microbial safety of leaf and stem vegetables in the high school foodservice and to provide information for supplying the safe foodservice menu. The lunch and dinner menu (1,945 data) of the total 6 high schools at the Central and the South Region in March, June, September, and December were collected. The frequency analysis and the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) based on the 3 factors (potentially hazardous food (PHF), leafy and stem vegetables in the menu, the cooking methods) were conducted. The most frequent PHF was the menu of blanched vegetables, salads, seaweeds and fried chicken. The most frequent consumed leaf and stem vegetables were spinach, chive, lettuce, Western cabbage, perilla leaf, iceberg lettuce, chicory, leek and broccoli. MCA based on the leaf and stem vegetables, the region, and the cooking method (cooked/non-cooked) showed that garlic stem and spinach were more used in the Central Region, while water drop-wort were more used in the South Region. Iceberg lettuce, Bok choy and leek were included frequently in the PHF menu. Plant products frequently used in PHF menu requires the food safety system such as Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) to reduce the microbial risk. The menu database according to raw materials based on cooking methods (heating or mixing) as well as the development and verification of menu based on the microbial safety will be contributed to provide the safer foodservice menu.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 2012

In order to determine an authenticity of food ingredient, we used DNA barcode method by universal primers. For identification of animal food ingredients, LCO1490/HCO2198 and VF2/FISH R2 designed for amplifying cytochrome c oxidase subunit1 (CO1) region and L14724/H15915 for cytochrome b (cyt b) region on mitochondrial DNA were used. Livestock (cow, pig, goat, sheep, a horse and deer) was amplified by LCO1490/HCO 2198, VF2/FISH R2 and L14724/H15915 primers. Poultry (chicken, duck, turkey and ostrich) was amplified by LCO1490/HCO 2198 and VF2/FISH R2 primers. But, Fishes (walleye pollack, herring, codfish, blue codfish, trout, tuna and rockfish) were only amplified by VF2/FISH R2 primers. For plant food ingredients, 3 types of primers (trnH/psbA, rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R) have been used an intergenic spacer, a RNA polymerase beta subunit and a ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase region on plastid, respectively. Garlic, onion, radish, green tea and spinach were amplified by trnH/psbA, rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R. The PCR product sizes were same by rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R but, the PCR product size using trnH/psbA primer was different with others for plants each. We established PCR condition and universal primer selection for 17 item's raw materials for foods and determine base sequences aim to PCR products in this study. This study can apply to determine an authenticity of foods through making an comparison between databases and base sequences in gene bank. Therefore, DNA barcode method using universal primers can be a useful for species identification techniques not only raw materials but also processed foods that are difficult to analyze by chemical analysis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.176-184
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• 2018

The aim of the present work was to develop simultaneous methods of quantification of carazolol, azaperone, and azaperol residues in livestock and fishery products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted from beef, pork, chicken, egg, milk and shrimp using acetonitrile (ACN); while flat fish and eel were extracted using 80% ACN. For purification, ACN saturated n-hexane was used to remove fat composition. The standard calibration curves showed good linearity as correlation coefficients; $r^2$ was > 0.99. Average recoveries expressed were within the range of 67.9-105% for samples fortified at three different levels ($0.5{\times}MRL$, $1{\times}MRL$ and $2{\times}MRL$). The correlation coefficient expressed as precision was within the range of 0.55-7.93%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0002-0.002 mg/kg. The proposed analytical method showed high accuracy and acceptable sensitivity based on Codex guideline requirements (CAC/GL71-2009). This method can be used to analyze the residue of carazolol, azaperone, and azaperol in livestock and fishery products.