• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1586-1590
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• 2004

An experiment was carried out with day-old "Sonali" (♂RIR$\times$♀Fayoumi) chicks to investigate the efficacy of locally made low cost brooders for brooding chicks in rural areas. Three types of indigenous brooders viz. charcoal, haricane and sawdust brooders were used for brooding chicks throughout the experimental period of 28 days. The efficiency of the brooders was observed in respect of their ability to maintain temperature, fluctuation in temperature during operation and cost effectiveness. Following initial trial of temperature maintenance for 48 h, the chicks were put under the brooder stoves and brooded up to 28 days. The experimental birds were fed on chick starter diet. Maintenance of temperature with sawdust brooders was found satisfactory and optimum for brooding the chicks at different stages of brooding and at the same time involved least cost for brooding in comparison with charcoal and haricane brooders which did not perform well in generating heat necessary for brooding and were not economically feasible for poor farmers. On the other hand, performance of charcoal brooders was better in respect of temperature maintenance during initial stage (when the brooder was started) but the temperature fluctuated rapidly, whereas fluctuation of temperature was gradual in sawdust brooders. Body weight gain and feed conversion were best in sawdust brooders. Survivability was highest in sawdust brooders and lowest in haricane brooders. Sawdust brooders may be appropriate for brooding chicks in rural areas, where electricity is not available.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1994

Teratogenic effects of diazinon were assessed on morphology of chick embryos cholinergic blocking agents. Diazinon at doses ranging from 25 to $2000{\mu}g/egg$, was injected on Day 3 of incubation. $TD_{50S}$, were different for the various teratogenic sings such as wry neck, micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak and curled claws. The threshold dose for wry neck was higher than the threshold dose for other signs; $40{\mu}g/egg$ produced substantial micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak and curled claws, but gave no sings of wry neck. In contrast to the teratogenic doses, the $LD_{50}$ of diazinon was very high(above $2000{\mu}g/egg$). One of the characteristics of diazinon-induced teratogenesis was reduction of body weight(78.8%) and body length(73.8%). Maximal teratogenic effects, scored as sings of retarded growth, wry neck, micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak, and curled claws, were produced when the insectcide was administered on the third or fourth day. The threshold dose for type II teratogenic sings including wry neck and short neck was higher than for type I including micromelia and abnormal feathering. Morphorlogical studies, using atropine and gallamine, suggested that nicotinc but not muscarinic receptors may be involved in the mechanism of diazinon-induced type II malformations.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.341-347
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on broiler chick performance, pathogenic bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella) counts in caecal contents and amount of $NH_3$ in excreta. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), 3) T2 (3% FVM), and T3 (5% FVM), and rose for 7 weeks. In results, there were no significant differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass yield. However, giblets were significantly increased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p<0.05). The number of Salmonella in caecum was significantly decreased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p<0.05). The number of E. coli was decreased in T2 but increased in T1 and T3 compared with control group. The emission of fecal $NH_3$ gas was significantly decreased in accordance with increasing the feeding level of FVM (p<0.05). In conclusion, our data indicated that the supplementation of high level of FVM could inhibit the Salmonella in caecum and reduce the emission of fecal $NH_3$ gas. Therefore, FVM at 5% level could be added in the diet of broiler chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.388-394
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• 1999

Two experiments were conducted to subdivide isoleucine (exp. 1) and valine (exp. 2) requirements for maintenance from the requirements for growth of broilers aged 1 to 3 weeks. Purified diets were used, containing five graded levels of isoleucine and valine. Based on weight gain response, the isoleucine requirement for growth was 7.50 mg/g weight gain and the daily isoleucine need for maintenance (mg) was 0.044 per unit metabolic body size ($(Wg^{0.75})$). Based on the N gain response, the isoleucine requirement for growth was 0.317 mg/mg N gain and the daily isoleucine need for maintenance (mg) was 0.040 per unit metabolic body size $(Wg^{0.75})$. Based on weight gain and N gain response, the total isoleucine requirement was calculated 244 mg/day or 0.59% of the diet, 274 mg/day or 0.66% of the diet, respectively. From the relationship of weight gain and N gain, 5.07% of the retained protein was comprised of isoleucine; the reported isoleucine content of chick muscle was 4.42%. The valine requirement for growth was 9.84 mg/g weight gain and 0.36 mg/mg N gain whereas the maintenance requirement was 0.046 or 0.052 mg per unit of metabolic body size (Wgo.11. According to the model developed to estimate valine requirement, the total requirement was 319 mg/day or 0.77% of the diet, 315 mg/day or 0.76% of the diet, respectively. Previous reported valine requirements for growing chicks of 7~24 days old were in close agreement with these estimates. As a percentage of retained protein, valine was calculated to be 5.81% ; the reported valine concentration of crude protein of chicks' body including feathers was 6.72%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2000

This work was designed to investigate the performances of broiler breeder hens upon the addition were vitamin and mineral supplements in feeds. Animals were divided into for feed groups such as control, T$_1$,T$_2$and T$_3$, and each treatment has four replications. All broiler breeder hens were housed individually, and were fed with identical iso-metaboilic energy and iso-protein, except for vitamins and minerals. Different sources and levels of vitamins and minerals were added to the basic feeds according to the treatments. At the end of the experiments, general laying rate(hen days), average egg weight, hatching egg laying rate(Hen day) every day. Hatching egg weight, sterility, embryo mortality, hatching rate and chick weight were examined. Although, early laying rate in all treatment groups were reduced during cold term management, general egg laying rate was increased only T$_3$group which was contanining vitamin C. However, similar results were obtained in the rates of general and hatching egg laying. General egg laying rate were somewhat higher of Control, T$_2$and T$_3$ groups than that of T$_1$group. In addition, the laying rates of general and hatching eggs slightly improved in the T$_3$group rather than those of Control group. Egg weight was reduced with the increasing of laying rate, showing the highest in the T$_3$group. The laying rate showed significantly lower value than those of any other groups. Egg weight was about 65g in T$_3$group. The results of hatching performance for production ability of Broiler breeder hens were fed experimental diet, although the rates of non-hatched and hatched eggs increased in order of Control, T$_1$T$_2$and T$_3$groups. However, the rate of embryo mortality was declined in order Control, T$_1$T$_2$and T$_3$groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 1991

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of mold inhibitor in the ration which had two different protein levels (18% and 12%) and two different particle sizes (80 or 40% of the particles in the ration less than 1.19 mm). The experimental diets with ave. 12.7% moisture which were treated at the level of 0.1% mold inhibitor were stored under 85% humidity and at $29{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 10 to 40 days. In experiment 1, after 40 days of storage the $CO_2$ production in the feed treated with mold inhibitor was higher (p < 0.01) than when 40% of the ration's panicle size was 1.19 mm. Aflatoxin production in the experimental diet with mold inhibitor was affected (p<0.05) by the levels of protein and the different particle size ranges after 40 days storage. The interaction of protein levels and particle size ranges on the anatoxin and $CO_2$ production was significant (p<0.05) at 40 days storage. In experiment 2, there was a decrease in total body weight gain and total feed intake observed in chicks fed the untreated diet of 18% protein with 40% of the particles in the ration less than 1.19 mm stored for 40 days. Feed conversion was depressed (p<0.05) in the chicks fed the untreated diets of both particle sizes. Particle size X types of feed interaction in feed conversion was significant (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.284-288
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• 1997

Purified diets containing five graded levels of tryptophan were fed to growing chicks to evaluate tryptophan requirements for growth and maintenance. A model was developed to separate tryptophan requirement for maintenance from requirement for growth. From this model, the daily tryptophan requirement for growth was 2.16 mg/g gain, and the daily requirement for maintenance 0.029 times metabolic body size ($Wg^{0.75}$). Based on nitrogen gain response, the tryptophan requirement for growth was 0.078 mg/mg N gain, and the daily maintenance requirement was 0.029 times metabolic body size. The total tryptophan requirements were 71.56 mg/day or 0.173% of the diet, 69.48 mg/day or 0.168% of the diet based on the weight gain response and nitrogen gain response, respectively. Previous tryptophan requirements for growing chicks aging 1-28 days are in close agreement with these estimates. Based on the relationship of weight gain and N gain, about 1.25% of the retained CP was consisted of tryptophan; the previously reported value of tryptophan content of chick muscle CP was 1.03%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 1994

Of the 200, 000 known species of molds, only 50 or 60 are known to be harmful to humans or livestock. Certain fungi that grow on grains and grasses can produce chemical substances called mycotoxins that adversely affect performance in poultry. There are several methods of preserving feed ingredients. The list includes: drying, antioxidants, mold inhibitors, organic acids, phosphates, cooking or toasting, fat extraction, blending and fermenting. Mold inhibitors are manufactured to inhibit mold growth and prevent the production of toxic substances. They are fungistats and not fungicides, that is, they only stop the growth of molds. Practical and cost-effective methods to detoxify mycotoxin containing feedstuffs are in great demand. 0.5% hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate added to the diet protected chicks from the deleterious effects of aflatoxin-contaminated feed. The dietary addition of antioxidants and methionine also significantly diminished the negative effects on body weight in chicks toxicated with 3.0 ppm aflatoxin B1.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2002

The egg productivity of the chick is represented by the number of egg produced, egg weight, and sexual maturity, which are regulated by various endocrine factors. Although there were some reports that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-Ⅰ) affected egg production, studies on any correlation between IGFs and egg productivity were not reported in poultry. The objectives of the present study were to examine the IGFs profile and egg productivity in both KNOC and laying hen (Saver) and to investigate the relationship of IGFs with egg productivity. Whole blood was collected every 10 wk until 60 wks. (omitted)

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.577-586
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower (QS) to the diet of broiler chicks on their growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, cecal microbiota, serum lipid profiles, relative organ weight, and breast muscle quality. Methods: A total of 1,088 1-day-old broiler chicks (mixed sex) were randomly assigned to four groups based on the initial body weight (43.00±0.29 g). The experimental period was 35 days (starter, days 0 to 7; grower, days 7 to 21; finisher, days 21 to 35). There were 17 replicate cages per treatment and 16 birds per cage. Dietary treatments consisted of birds receiving basal diet without quercetin as the control group and treatment groups consisted of birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 g/kg QS. Results: With the increase of the QS dosage, body weight gain during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.021), 7 to 21 (p = 0.010), and 1 to 35 (p = 0.045), feed intake during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.037) and 1 to 35 (p = 0.025), apparent dry matter digestibility (p = 0.008), apparent energy retention (p = 0.004), cecal lactic acid bacteria counts (p = 0.023), the relative weight of breast muscle (p = 0.014), pH value from breast muscle (p<0.001), and the water holding capacity of breast muscle (p = 0.012) increased linearly, whereas the drip loss from breast muscle (p = 0.001) decreased linearly. Conclusion: The addition of QS in the diet of broiler chicks had positive effects on the breast muscle yield and breast muscle quality, and improved the dry matter digestibility and energy retention by increasing cecal beneficial bacteria counts, thus improving growth performance.