• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.99-113
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• 2005

In this article, we propose a chi-squared test of spherical symmetry. The advantage of this test is that the test statistic and its asymptotic p-value are easy to compute. The limiting distribution of the test statistic is derived under spherical symmetry and its accuracy, in finite samples, is studied via simulation. Also, a simulation study is conducted in which the power of our test is compared with those of other tests for spherical symmetry in various alternative distributions. Finally, an illustrative example of application to a real data is provided.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2001

We are interested in the conditional independence in sparse $2\tims2\tims$K tables with very rare cell counts. The most popular test is Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic when sample sizes are moderately large enough to guarantee the chi-square approximation. We will consider jackknifing the CMH test and also suggest an approximate normal distribution for the standardized jackknifed CMH statistic. The main focus of this paper is to improve the chi-squared approximation to the CMH test by using the asymptotic normality of the jackknifed CMH test when sample sizes are very sparse but K and N$\infty$. The performance of the proposed jackknifed test, in the sense of significance level control and power, will be compared with that of the CMH test through a Monte Carlo study.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.28-39
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• 2002

Objective. The 12 forms of Sun-style Tai Chi exercise has been developed specifically for arthritis patients in order to reduce their symptoms and to improve physical functioning. This quasi-experimental study examined the changes in pain, balance, muscle strength and physical functioning in women with osteoarthritis at the completion of the 12 week Tai Chi exercise program. Methods. The patients with osteoarthritis who signed the consent form were screened by their primary physician according to the inclusion criteria and invited to the study. Total of 66 osteoarthritis women with an average age of 63 years were participated in the Tai Chi exercise. At the completion of 12 weeks, 34 patients completed both pretest and posttest measures with 48% of overall dropout rate. Outcome measures were physical symptoms, balance, muscle strength, physical functioning, and depression. Paired t-test was utilized to examine differences between pre and post-measures. Results. After participating in the Tai Chi exercise program, the women with osteoarthritis showed significant improvements in their physical fitness measures, and consequently in their physical functioning. In physical fitness test, there were significant improvements in balance, flexibility, muscle strengths of knee, grip, and back muscles after the Tai Chi exercise. However, No significant differences were found in pain and stiffness of their knee joints and depression measure. Conclusion. The 12 forms of Tai Chi exercise has been found safely applicable to the older women with osteoarthritis for 12 weeks, and effective in improving balance, flexibility, and muscle strengths, and consequently lessening difficulties of performing their activities of daily life.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 2008

Purpose: There has been a need to integrating the self-help program for arthritis with the Tai Chi for arthritis(SHTCA). The purpose of this study was to develop and to examine the effect of SHTCA for arthritis applying the nine movement Tai Chi. Method: This study was designed the pre-post test, quasi-experimental design. A total 47 participants were recruited in W-city in Korea, an experimental group(26) and a control group(21) at pre-test, but after the eight weeks the composition of the groups were changed to 22 experimental group and 15 control group. The experimental group participated in the SHTCA once a week for eight weeks. SHTCA program consisted of understanding of the arthritis, contracting of the promise, exercise for muscle strength and joint flexibility and the nine movements of Tai Chi exercise. The measures used to examine the effect of the SHTCA were shoulder flexibility, back flexibility, grasping power, balance, abdominal obesity rates, perception of health status, and EQ-5D standardized five dimensions, mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Results: At The completion of the eight weeks of SHTCA applying the nine movement Tai Chi, the experimental group reported a significance in a number of variables compared to those of the control group: the right shoulder flexibility(p=.018), left shoulder flexibility(p=.031), right grasping power(p=.014), left grasping power(p=.024), the perception of health status(p=.005) and abdominal obesity rates(p=.027). Conclusion: This SHTCA applying the nine movement Tai Chi would be helpful on right shoulder flexibility, left shoulder flexibility, right grasping power, left grasping power, abdominal obesity rates and the perception of health status for arthritis patients.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the effects of Tai Chi Self-help program for Hemophilic Arthritis Patients. Method: A quasi-experimental design was used. The subjects were 48 patients who underwent orthopedic surgery (24 experimental group, 24 control group). The subjects of experimental group were participated in the Tai Chi self-help group program in which 16 times for 8 weeks. The program consisted of health education on hemophilia, Tai Chi exercise, and workshop and its outcomes have been evaluated on WOMAC(Western Ontario and McMaster scale), mobility, pain, fatigue, muscle strength, depression, and quality of life(SF-36). The obtained data were analyzed by using the t-test or Fisher's exact test of PASW 18.0. Results: 1) The score of WOMAC, pain, fatigue, and depression decreased significantly in the experimental group as compared to the control group. 2) The score of mobility, muscle strength, and quality of life increased significantly in the experimental group as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Considering these research results, the program could be useful to improve joint movement, strength and psychological condition for patient with hemophilic arthritis, particularly in those who underwent orthopedic surgery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.158-168
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV and intention for vaccination in Korean soldiers on active duty. Methods: Participants were 494 army men aged 18 to 26 serving in D area. Knowledge of cervical cancer was measured using the 8 item scale developed by Han et al. (2007) and knowledge of HPV was measured using the 13 item scale developed by Pitts et al. (2009). Collected data were analyzed with t-test, $x^2$-test, and ANOVA. Results: Mean scores for cervical cancer and HPV knowledge were $6.03{\pm}1.52$ and $8.15{\pm}1.75$ respectively and vaccination intention was 75.6%. HPV vaccination intention had significant differences depending on knowledge about cervical cancer (${\chi}^2=12.76$, p=.001), and HPV (${\chi}^2=9.00$, p=.003), education (${\chi}^2=12.24$, p=.002), sexual intercourse after first meeting (${\chi}^2=11.79$, p=.003), and sexual education in the military service (${\chi}^2=12.27$, p=.001). Conclusion: When planning education program for men in military service, it is necessary to consider include content to increase knowledge of cervical cancer and HPV.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of 12 weeks of Tai Chi exercise on physical function, stress and depression in middle aged women with osteoarthritis. Method: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Forty two participants were assigned to either the experimental group (21) or control group (21). Frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviations, $X^2$-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and repeated measured ANOVA with SPSS 12.0/PC program were used to analyzed the collected data. Results: For physical function the physical fitness of the experimental group improved significantly more than the control group: Leg strength, balance, flexibility and grip strength. Difficulty of performing activity had a tendency of decrease. Stress showed a tendency of as time passed but the decrease was not significant. Depression decreased and the change was significant. Conclusion: The Tai Chi exercise was effective in improving physical function and reducing the stress and depression of middle aged women with osteoarthritis. Therefore the Tai Chi exercise could be used as a nursing intervention for osteoarthritis in middle aged women.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.495-500
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• 2012

We consider a Bayesian test of independence in a two-way contingency table that has some zero cells. To do this, we take a three-stage hierarchical Bayesian model under each hypothesis. For prior, we use Dirichlet density to model the marginal cell and each cell probabilities. Our method does not require complicated computation such as a Metropolis-Hastings algorithm to draw samples from each posterior density of parameters. We draw samples using a Gibbs sampler with a grid method. For complicated posterior formulas, we apply the Monte-Carlo integration and the sampling important resampling algorithm. We compare the values of the Bayes factor with the results of a chi-square test and the likelihood ratio test.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.134-144
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of delirium prevention program in patients after hip joint surgey. A non equivalent control group post-test only design was utilized. Sixty four patients aged 65 and older who admitted to a surgical intensive care unit after hip joint surgery were assigned to either a experimental group (n=33) or a control group (n=31). The experimental group was provided with delirium prevention program consisting of orientation intervention, activity intervention, physiological intervention, nutritional intervention, sleep intervention, environmental intervention. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2-test$ and independent t-test. The experimental group showed lower incidence of delirium than the control group(${\chi}^2=7.048$, p=.008). The experimental group showed lower ICU stay and length of hospitalization than the control group although the difference was not statistically significant. Findings indicate that the dilirium prevention program is effective in reducing incidence of delirium in patients after hip joint surgery and delirium prevention program is recommended as a guide for the prevention of delirium.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2005

Arthritis is one of the most common chronic degenerative joint disease in elderly. Osteoarthritis is a widespread, slowly developing disease, with a high prevalence increasing with age in women. The large joints mostly involved by the disease are the knees. But there are no treatments available that cure the underlying process of osteoarthritis diseases. Physical exercise helps in increasing cartilage nutrition and remodeling, increases the synovial blood flow, decrease swelling, and improves muscle strength. Thus, exercise has been suggested as an important nursing strategy in osteoarthritis. Purpose: The purpose of this study were to compare muscle strength between Tai-Chi exercise and aquatic exercise for women with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest measures was used. The study subjects were those who had been enrolled in a community health center, and agreed to participate in the study for eight weeks, signed the consent form, and obtained the physicians approval. The study dropout rates were 13.2% with the final study subjects of 17 on Tai-Chi exercise, 16 on aquatic exercise program. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS for Window (version 12.0). Independent sample t-test and paired t-test was performed to compare of muscle strength for women with osteoarthritis after 8-week Tai-Chi exercise and aquatic Exercise. Results: The homogeneity tests of demographic characteristics and study variables at the pretest data revealed no significant differences between two groups. After 8-week Tai-Chi and aquatic exercise, there was significant result in pre-post test comparison on muscle strength on Tai-Chi group, but no significant in aquatic group. There were no significant differences of knee extensor (p=.078), and hand grip(p=.118) in group comparisons on muscle strengths. But there were significant differences of knee flexor(p=.024). Conclusion: Tai-chi exercise was effective in improving knee flexor. So, it seems that Tai-chi exercise may be more suitable for aquatic exercise in osteoarthritis exercise programs. Further studies with other comparisons in physical and psycho social outcomes are necessary to confirm the more effects of exercise.