• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate electromyographically the relationship between preferred chewing side and side of initial muscle pains. In this study, 20 normal healthy subjects were selected , and each subject chewed randomly chewing gum for 20 minutes to establish preferred chewing side. To induce initial muscle pains, biting force of 10Kg on the gnathodynamometer was maintained by the subjects. And the Bioelectric processor EM2(Myo-Ironies Research, Inc. U.S.A.) with the surface electrodes was used to record the EMG activity during all experimental procedures. The results were as follows; 1. A majority of the present subjects (60%) had a preferred chewing side, but with few exceptions, subjects were unable to explain why a given side was preferred; explanations were only 'comfort' and 'habit' 2. The chewing, or working side was determined largely by the mean voltage of the surface electromyogram (EMG); in comparison with EMG from the non-wlring (contralateral) side, the working (ipsilateral) side showed a higher amplitude. 3. After the effort, the right masseter muscle is the most frequent site of pains, followed by the left masseter muscle, the anterior part of the right temporalis muscle and tile anterior part of the left temporalis muscle. 4. After the effort, mean voltages of masseter muscles were slightly increased, but mean voltages of temporalis anterior were slightly decreased at physiologic rest position. 5. No relationships could be established between preferred chewing side and side of initial muscle pains.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 1986

Numerous studies have been reported on the movement of the jaw during chewing. However, there is still much controversy. The purposes of this study were to observe the jaw movement during mastication and to provide the information in prosthodontic treatment and diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder. The author analyzed the time and characteristics of the masticatory movement during chewing using mandibular kinesiograph in 24 subjects, 17 males 7 females, age of 22-27 without orofacial problems. The obtained results were as follows: The duration of single chewing cycle was $515{\pm}87msec.$. Comparing the three phases of the chewing cycle (opening, closing, centric pause), the closing phase had the longest duration, and the centric pause had the shortest duration. The maximal laterotrusive movement of the mandible druing chewing was $3.5{\pm}1mm$. The maximal mediotrusive movement of the mandible during chewing was $1.0{\pm}0.7mm$. The maximal vertical velocity of the mandible during chewing was $120{\pm}28mm/sec.$ in opening phase, and $109{\pm}21mm/sec.$ in closing phase.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.346-354
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• 2021

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and chewing gum for orthodontic pain relief and to assess if chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief. Methods: The study enrolled 106 patients of both sexes, aged ≥ 12 years, with body weight > 50 kg, and mild-to-moderate dental crowding in the upper arch. After randomization and allocation concealment, the intervention groups were either administered with ibuprofen (400 mg) or acetaminophen (500 mg) or chewed sugar-free chewing gum immediately after initial archwire placement and every 6 hours for 1 week if the pain persisted. The control group did not receive any pain relief. The pain was assessed on a 100-mm visual analog scale at rest and while biting down at T1 (2 hours), T2 (24 hours), T3 (2 days), T4 (3 days), T5 (7 days), and T6 (21 days). Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results: The chewing gum group experienced more pain relief than the ibuprofen group at while biting down at T3 (p = 0.04) and at rest at T4 (p < 0.001). The chewing gum group reported more pain relief than the acetaminophen and control groups while biting down at T3 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0006, respectively) and T4 (both p < 0.001). Conclusions: Chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief at 2 and 3 days after initial archwire placement.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.347-359
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pilocarpine containing chewing gum on anti-microbial components in whole saliva of xerostomic patients, The objective xerostomic patients were instructed to use 5mg-pilocarpine containing chewing gum for 20minutes three times per day, and the author measured the flow rates of unstimulated whole saliva and stimulated whole saliva at the beginning the treatment, 1,2,3, and 4 weeks after. The concentration and flow rate of anti-microbial components in whole saliva were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The obtained results were as follows: 1. There were significant increase in the unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 2. The concentrations of IgA in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed increasing pattern but, no significant changes, arid the flow rates of IgA in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 3. The concentrations of IgM in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed increasing pattern but, no significant changes, and the flow rates of IgM in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 4. The concentrations of lactoferrin in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes, and the flow rates of lactoferrin in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 5. The concentrations of lysozyme in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes, and the flow rates of lysozyme in the unstimulated whole saliva showed significant increase, but in stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.968-973
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• 2002

To evaluate the chewing activity of ruminant feeds, four Holstein steers (average body weight $742{\pm}15kg$) were employed. Experimental feeds were four roughages ($NH_3$-treated rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn silage, orchard grass hay) and four concentrate ingredients (cotton seed hull, beet pulp pellet, barley grain, oat grain). Regarding palatability for each experimental feeds which was overviewed during the adjustment period, animals were fed roughages alone, but with 50% $NH_3$-treated rice straw ($NH_3$-RS) for concentrate ingredients. Therefore, all the data for concentrate ingredients was derived by extracting the result per unit obtained from steers fed $NH_3$-RS alone. The experiment was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square designs for roughages and concentrate ingredients. Experimental feeds were fed during a 10 d adaptation and 2 d chewing data collection during each experimental period. Animals were gradually adjusted to the experimental diet. Dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted at a 1.4% of mean body weight (10.4 kg DM/d). Time spent eating and eating chews per kilogram of DMI were greatest for beet pulp pellet, and lowest for barley grain (p<0.05). Time spent rumination per kilogram of DMI was greatest for $NH_3$-RS, cotton seed hull and orchard grass, but rumination chews were greatest for cotton seed hull and orchard grass except $NH_3$-RS (p<0.05). Roughage index value (chewing time, minute/kg DMI) was 58.0 for cotton seed hull, 56.1 for beet pulp pellet, 55.5 for $NH_3$-RS, 53.1 for orchard grass hay, 45.9 for corn silage, 43.0 for alfalfa hay, 30.0 for oat grain, and 10.9 for barley grain. The ratio of rumination time to total chewing time (eating plus ruminating) was about 72% for the roughages except corn silage (66.9%), and followed by cotton seed hull (69.5%), and ranged from 49.5% to 52.9% for other feeds. Higher percentages of rumination in total chewing time may be evidently indicate the characteristics of roughage. Therefore, this indicate that the chewing activity of concentrate ingredients can be more fully reflects by the ruminating time than total chewing time (RVI), although it is reasonable to define the RVI for roughages.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aim to determine the effect of chewing gum on the reduction of postoperative ileus and recovery after surgery. Methods: The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial among 82 patients who underwent spine surgery between May 2015 and October 2015. Patients in experimental group chewed sugarless gum 3 times daily for 30 minutes each time until POD 5. Abdominal discomfort, the first defecation, and CAS score (Constipation Assessment Scale) were monitored. Results: After the experiment, abdominal discomfort was significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to that of the control group (F=2.46, p=.044). However, the first defecation occurred on postoperative hour 69.6 in the chewing gum group and on hour 60.2 in the control group (t=-1.63, p=.107). CAS was significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to that of the control group (F=3.51, p=.012). Conclusion: Chewing gum is expected to help patient recover after surgery as safe nurse intervention which can reduce abdominal discomfort and constipation during early postoperative days after spine surgery.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2016

PURPOSE. This pilot study was to find the influence of complete denture on the brain activity and cognitive function of edentulous patients measured through Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study recruited 20 patients aged from 50 to 60 years requiring complete dentures with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The brain function and cognitive function were analyzed with a mental state questionnaire and a 15-minute analysis of power spectral density of EEG alpha waves. The analysis included edentulous phase and post denture insertion adaptive phase, each done before and after chewing. The results obtained were statistically evaluated. RESULTS. Power Spectral Density (PSD) values increased from edentulous phase to post denture insertion adaption phase. The data were grouped as edentulous phase before chewing (EEG p1-0.0064), edentulous phase after chewing (EEG p2-0.0073), post denture insertion adaptive phase before chewing (EEG p3-0.0077), and post denture insertion adaptive phase after chewing (EEG p4-0.0096). The acquired values were statistically analyzed using paired t-test, which showed statistically significant results (P<.05). CONCLUSION. This pilot study showed functional improvement in brain function of edentulous patients with complete dentures rehabilitation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-119
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mandibular movements of TMD patients comparing to normal persons. Sirognathograph was used to measure five parameters of mandibular movements of twenty normal persons and eight TMD patients. Five parameters were (1) Maximum opening during maximum opening and closing, (2) Mean velocity during maximum opening and closing, (3) Maximum opening during unilateral chewing, (4) Mean velocity during unilateral chewing, (5) Consistency of mandibular movement during unilateral chewing. Based on above results, new Mandibular Movement Index(M.M.I.) was formulated and compared to Helkimo's Clinical Dysfunction Index by measuring two indices before treatment and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks after treatment. The conclusions were as follows: 1, The amounts of maximum opening and mean velocity during maximum opening and closing of TMD patients were less than those of normal persons(p<0.01). 2. The amounts of maximum opening and mean velocity during unilateral chewing of TMD patients were less than those of normal persons(p<0.05) (P<0.01). 3. Although TMD patients showed limited mandibular movements during unilateral chewing, the consistency of mandibular movements was better than that of normal persons(p<0.05). 4. Both mandibular movement index and Helkimo's Clinical Dysfunction Index, were useful in diagnosing TMD patients.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2004

Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between chewing ability and health status in order to provide basic information for the development of program which may lead to an improvement of a the elderly health status in urban areas. Materials and methods: The subjects of this study were 128 elderly urban female over the age of 65 who reside at house. The data were collected from May 21 to August 20, 2001, through questionnaires about nutrient intake status, direct measurement of anthropometrics, and oral examinations. Results: In terms of remaining teeth, there was significant negative relationship between age and number of remained teeth. The average number of remained teeth our subjects was $13.1{\pm}10.6$. About sixty five percent of the subjects were denture users (partial or full dentures) and there was positive relationship between age and the percentage of denture user. There was a significant negative correlation between age and chewing ability. The group that was able to chew had more remained teeth than the other group. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is strong positive relationship between chewing ability (remaining teeth) and elderly health status in urban areas, and the importance of preserving original teeth to improve the elderly health status in the public health program.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of denture placement on nutrition status and quality of life in the urban elderly Material and method : The first survey was conducted from 45 targeted elderly people(25 experimental group, 20 control). In the first survey, information on general characteristics, chewing ability, food intake and nutrient intake, anthropometric measurement, and degree of satisfaction in life were obtained. The second survey was conducted to evaluate the effect of denture placement with same method as the first survey. Results : Before denture placement, there are no statistical significant differences (in general characteristics, chewing ability, nutrient intake, anthropometric measurement, and degree of satisfaction in life) between experimental group and control. But after denture placement, survey shows that there is statistically significant difference in chewing ability between two groups. The experimental group have higher intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron, and vitamin C. in nutrient intake. And after denture replacement, there is significant improvement in degree of satisfaction in life. After denture placement there are significant changes in agitation and attitude toward own aging according to Lawton's factor classification. Conclusion: In short, this study shows that chewing ability improvement of the elderly has strong positive effects to their food intake, nutrient status and quality of life.