• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.524-552
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• 1998

Purgation therapy has played an important role as a influential remedy from the begining of the Chinese medicine. Especially purgation therapy is raised as the effective remedy on the acute infectious disease in the book of 'Treatise on Febrile Disease'. But It was inclined to cold-nature and available only in the excess syndrome. Nevertheless it is evident that the book has showed an example of this therapy. During the middle age, purgation therapy is classified into several subtype; hydrogogue therapy, laxation with lubricants, purgation with cold-natured drugs and purgation with warm-natured drugs. Comparing with the ancient times, it must be a progression. It was investigated earnestly by a school leaded by Zhang Congzheng. They were not restricted to several diseases, but applied it to the wide range of diseases. They thought as following. 'One is ill from pathogenic factor so that you should eliminate it from the human body'. Hence, they frequently used three major remedies such as diaphoresis, emesis and purgation. In this process, purgation therapy had showed eye-opening progress. But opposition to it was not little. Li Gao was a representative man on the opposite side. He expressed a critical opinion and placed great importance on the genuine energy, the natural healing force. Under his influence, a large number of doctors evaded purgation and put it under taboo. On account of these trend, purgation therapy had took a backward step and retrograded. Therefore cathartics such as Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Rharbitidis Semen, cold drugs such as Gypsum Fibrosum, etc. had been excluded for preservation of the genuine energy, and came about an obnoxious custom to value only 'tonity deficiency', or 'warm and tonify'. As it had came into fashion to approach most disease from the point of view, purgation therapy was merely fall into a remedy of constipation. After the eighteenth century purgation therapy encountered the new period of rivival. It was introduced by them who strived for the study of Epidemics to the new current of thought, so called '增水行舟'. It was because 온병 was apt to dissipate one's Yin fluid. Therefore purgation therapy of this period was characterized by establishing nourishment Yin and body fluid with or without use of timely purgation of accumulation of heat. From the time of Zhang Congzheng, it was accomplished by Lee Je-ma to the most epoch-making change. He caused an improvement in the use of purgation therapy by regarding innate constitutional contradiction as importance than representing clinical symptoms. He warned that existing remedies that depend only upon symptoms and signs, not upon individual characteristics including constitutional features didn't bring round to but kill them. And he understood all the pathologic processes in his constitutional theory, investigated specific drugs on four constitution, made indications of each prescriptions clear. For giving to differentiation of constition before differentiation of syndrom, his new slant on the pathologic phenomena overcome the limitations of 변증시치, and revaluate purgation therapy from remedy impaire the genuine energy to that restore it by recover the balance between the internal organ. It is the product of him to fundamentally upset the cause to be in disregard of purgation therapy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.256-265
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• 2013

With economic development and ever-changing technology, human has entered the era of "Product-as-a-Service". At the same time, the update of the product gradually accelerated. The demand of consumers for products are slowly changed, they pay more attention to convenience, comfort and reliable quality and safety of the product. That is the humanized design problem that often mentioned in the product design. This also put forward new requirements for the design and development of product modeling. So how to reflect the humanized ideas in the product design has also become common focus of attention of product designers, users and producers of a new era. The paper is based on the principles of ergonomics to investigate and improve the daily life utensil - flashlight. Firstly, make a sample survey of the flashlight in Beijing market and analyze the characteristics and problems of flashlight products. Secondly, explore the use of the flashlight and proposed Flashlight curved grip design to reduce the occurrence of wrist discomfort and damage to the body caused by poor posture of the operation of users. Finally, determine the range of the length and width of the body of the flashlight according to the length and width measurement data of the Chinese palm. Wishing that the improvements of flashlight products in ergonomics can improve use of feelings of these products and give a theoretical guidance for solving similar problems.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2017

Objectives: Children may be more exposed to certain environmental contaminants because they react with greater sensitivity and have different food intakes and breathing rate per unit of body weight compared to adults. The aim of this study was to determine general exposure factors such as skin surface area, period and frequency of exposure, and others among Korean children aged ${\leq}18$ years old. This study was carried out as the first of its kind in Korea. Methods: We developed 23 recommended exposure factors for Korean children aged 0 to 18 years by reclassifying raw data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Statistical Information Service, as well as through investigation by experiments in the absence of related data. Results: Reflecting the activity patterns of about 9,000 children, the daily inhalation rates for long-term exposure ranged from $9.49m^3/day$ for children from birth to <2 years to $14.98m^3/day$ for children aged 16 to <18 years. The research found that Korean children spent an average of 22.21 hours indoors, 0.67 hours outdoors, and 1.12 hours in-transit every day. Young children (${\leq}2$ years old) spent approximately 34 more minutes outdoors on weekends than they did on weekdays. Conclusion: Various physiological variables in the human body reflect characteristics of children that can directly influence risk exposure. Therefore, the identification of general exposure factors based on Korean children is required for appropriate risk assessment.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between bone mineral density and nutrient intake among normal and obese elementary students. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal (n = 69) and obese groups (n = 94) according to their obesity indices. And they were asked for general characteristics, dietary habits and nutrient intakes using questionnaires and 24-hr recall method. They measured the sound of speed (SOS) of calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound. The averages age of the subjects were 10.6 years in normal and 10.7 years in obese group. The averages weight (p < 0.001) and obesity index (p < 0.001) of the normal group were significantly lower than those of the obese group. In dietary habits, the obese group in boys was the higher skipped breakfast than normal group (p < 0.01). The plant calcium intake of obesity in girls was lower than those of normal group (p < 0.05). The SOS in the calcaneus was 1697.6 m/s in the obese group and 1763.7 m/s in the normal group (p < 0.01). The SOS in the calcaneus was negatively correlated to weight (p < 0.01), obesity index (p < 0.001) and percent of body fat (p < 0.01). Also the SOS in the calcaneus was positively correlated plant calcium intake (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the excessive increase of weight and percent of body fat in elementary students appeared to have negative impact to bone health. And based on these results, further studies on the effects on bone mineral density of obese and nutrient intakes in needed for proper bone health.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 1990

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rH IL-2) wre studied in the rat. First, different doses of rH IL-2 ranging from 6,400 to 1,600,000 U/kg were injected intravenously and the effect of dose size on the pharmacokinetics was examined. There was no dose dependency in the pharmacokinetics of rHIL-2 in the dose range of 6,400-40,000 U/kg. But at the dose of 1,600,000 U/kg, there was a severe hemolysis throughout the experiment and the pharmacokinetic parameters such as Vdss and CLt were significantly increased compared to those obtained from lower doses. It also showed that this drug is hardly distributed to the peripheral tissues and hardly eliminated from the body, since the valume of distribution (Vdss) and total body clearance (CLt) were 45-75 ml/kg and 1-2 ml/min/kg, respectively. The Vdss is close to the actual plasma volume and the CLt is less than glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Therefore it seemed that rH IL-2 is distributed only in the plasma pool and hardly filtered in the kidney due to its very large molecular weight. Second, rH IL-2 was administered to the rat via several routes such as hepatic portal vein (PV), intraperitoneal (IP), peroral (PO) and intranasal (IN) routes. The bioavailabilities (BA) of PV, IP, PO and IN routes were 96.8, 4.9, 0 and 0.1%, respectively. The addition of some nasal absorption enhancers such as taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, glycocholate and glycodeoxycholate did not increase the BA of intranasaly administered rH IL-2. The result is contrast to the effect of these bile salts on the nasal absorption of ${\alpha}-inteferon$. Considering it together with the pharmacokinetic parameters, very large molecular weight of rH IL-2 seemed again to be the cause to very poor membrane permeability.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.47-56
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to clarify how modern formative art reflects surrealism and propose a Art Make-up expressed based on the trend. The study also aims at demonstrating the part that the Make-up based on surrealism is also an artistic being keeping pace with the trend of art. For the purpose, the study reviewed related theoretical backgrounds and works as manufactured. Based on these theoretical backgrounds, the author anufactured works of his own, realizing the combination between theoretical and practical aspects. Those works were motivated from existing surrealistic paintings or otherwise made surrealistically through creation by the author for himself. The works included , (Work 2-MAGRITTE's Expression>, , , and . Results of the study, which were obtained through manufacturing the works, can be described as follows. First, senses of modern formation and line were emerged by applying the materials and images frequently shown in surrealistic paintings to human bodies. Second, characteristics of the Art Make-up for artistic image were revealed, not limited to colors, expressions, subjects, techniques and materials. Third, an unlimited, interesting expression of the Make-up using a variety of materials became possible by applying extremely subjective, surrealistic paintings and images in various ways. This paper proposed that the Make-up should be a artistic image itself, not as a secondary means for an obvious expression of personal beauty which has been maintained since the ancient times. The researcher tried to put the Art Make-up into our daily life by making creative works which viewed and psychologically enjoyed by people and by proposing the works as sort of image theme to the spectators.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.181-189
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• 2011

According to developments of digital signal processing, 3D sound come into focus on multimedia systems. Many studies on 3d sound have proposed lots of clues to create realistic sounds. But these clues are only focused on binaural systems which two ears are normal. If we make the 3d sound using those clues at monaural systems, the performance goes down dramatically. In order to use the clues for monaural systems, we have studies algorithms such as duplex theory. In duplex theory, the sounds that we listen are affected by human's body, pinna and shoulder. So, we can enhance sound localization performances using its characteristics. In this paper, we propose a new method to use psychoacoustic theory that creates realistic 3D audio at monaural systems. To improve 3d sound, we calculate the excitation energy rates of each symmetric HRTF and extract the weights in each bark range. Finally, they are applied to emphasize the characteristics related to each direction. Informal listening tests show that the proposed method improves sound localization performances much better than the conventional methods.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.661-667
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• 2023

Five commercially available edible sweeteners are used as diet products because they can replace sucrose. In studies on the effects on animals and the human body, stability has been proven by excreting-oriented studies with characteristics of animal cells, and accumulation in small amounts has been ignored. On the other hand, plants can absorb, degrade, and accumulate foreign substances, so the effect of degradability and accumulation potential can be studied using plants. Metabolic effects in plants of commercially available saccharin and acesulfame potassium (Ace K) were tested using germinated barley and bean sprouts. In germinated barley and bean sprouts, saccharin and ace K showed inhibitory effects on plant growth in all organs from low concentrations in leaves, stems and roots. In addition, it can be observed that the symptoms of death appear clearly over time, so it can be seen that they are accumulated in the body of the plant. As the accumulated amount increases, the toxic effect increases and the plant reaches a state where it is unable to metabolize, turning black from the tip of the leaf and reaching a state of death. In order to remove the accumulated artificial sweetener, recovery was attempted by culturing in distilled water, but it acts as a substance that is not degraded and dies without avoiding toxicity. Saccharin and ace K cannot be excreted from the cell. Its toxic effects are thought to be persistent, inhibiting growth and eventually leading to cell death.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.200-205
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• 2016

A drug transport carrier could be used for safe send of drugs to the affected region in a human body. The chitosan is adequate for the drug delivery carrier because of adaptable to living body. The gold, a metallic nanoparticles, tends to form a nano complex at rapidly when it combined with chitosan because of its negative charge. having energy from the other, outer gold nano-complex make heat due to its property to release the contained drugs to the target area. Silver could be also formed an useful biocompatible nano-composites with chitosan which should be used as an useful drug transfer carrier because its special ability to protect microbial contamination. Being one of the oxidized nano metals, $Fe_3O_4$ is nontoxic and has been used for its magnetic characteristics. In this study, the control of catalyst, reducing agent, and solvent amount. The chitosan-$Fe_3O_4$-gold & silver nanoshell have been changed to form about 100 nm size by ionic bond between the amine group, an end group of chitosan, and the metal. It was observed the change in order to seek for its optimum reaction condition as a drug transfer carrier.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2023

Objectives: Moroccan Arbutus unedo is an essential medicinal plant; however, little is known about the biological properties of its leaves mentioned in Moroccan traditional medicine. Methods: Various standard experiments were performed to evaluate the phytochemical, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and acute and sub-chronic toxicity characteristics of A. unedo leaves. Results: Phytochemical screening led to the identification of several phytochemical classes, including tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones, with high concentrations of polyphenols (31.83 ± 0.29 mg GAEs/g extract) and flavonoids (16.66 ± 1.47 mg REs/g extract). Further, the mineral analysis revealed high levels of calcium and potassium. A. unedo extract demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities by inhibiting α-amylase (1.350 ± 0.32 g/mL) and α-glucosidase (0.099 ± 1.21 g/mL) compared to the reference drug Acarbose. Also, the methanolic extract of the plant exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract. Precisely, three of the four examined bacterial strains exhibited substantial susceptibility to the methanolic extract . Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values indicated that A. unedo harbor abundant bactericidal compounds. For toxicological studies, mice were administered with A. unedo aqueous extract at single doses of 2,000 and 5,000 mg/kg. They did not exhibit significant abnormal behavior, toxic symptoms, or death during the 14-day acute toxicity test and the 90-day sub-chronic toxicity test periods. The general behavior, body weight, and hematological and biochemical status of the rats were assessed, revealing no toxicological symptoms or clinically significant changes in biological markers observed in the mice models, except hypoglycemia, after 90 days of daily dose administration. Conclusion: The study highlighted several biological advantages of A. unedo leaves without toxic effects in short-term application. Our findings suggest that conducting more comprehensive and extensive in vivo investigations is of utmost importance to identify molecules that can be formulated into pharmaceuticals in the future.