• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.177-207
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• 2012

문화예술상품은 일반 소비재와 달리 소비자의 가치인식에 따라 중요한 소비의 대상이 되기도 하고 그렇지 못할 수도 있는 특별한 상품이다. 물질적 소비재나 서비스 상품은 상품속성이 주는 물질적 및 비물질적 혜택을 상정하여 상품을 개발하고 그에 따른 마케팅전략을 수립하는 것이 효과적일 수 있다. 그러나 문화예술상품 소비는 소비자의 경험과 교육 등에 의해 형성된 문화예술에 대한 가치인식에 따라 소비추구혜택이 달라질 수 있고, 가치인식과 추구혜택은 문화예술상품의 속성을 선택하는 기준에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 '문화예술상품에 대한 가치인식과 추구혜택에 관한 질적 연구'의 후속연구로서 질적 연구에서 나타난 개념구조를 바탕으로 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식 및 추구혜택과 상품속성의 하위차원을 규명하고, 수단-목적 사슬이론을 역으로 적용하여 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 추구혜택과 상품속성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 그리하여 문화예술상품 생산 및 문화예술 정책기관과 문화예술을 활용하는 기업의 문화마케팅의 효율성을 제고하기 위한 실무적 시사점을 제시하고자 실시되었다. 10대 이상 50대 남녀 662명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하고 요인분석과 경로분석을 실시하였다. 예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식과 추구혜택의 하위차원은 질적 연구 결과와 유사하게 나타났으며, 가치인식은 대부분 추구혜택을 매개로 하여 상품속성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 질적 연구결과와 마찬가지로 수단-목적사슬을 역방향으로 적용하는 것이 타당함을 입증하였다. 즉, 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 실제적 편익으로 구체화되고, 소비자는 이러한 추구혜택에 따라 상품속성의 중요도를 고려하여 구매의사를 결정하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식을 긍정적으로 형성·강화시키는 것이 가장 중요한 소비 촉진 요인임을 입증하였으며, 문화예술상품 생산기관에서 소비자 중심의 상품개발과 기업의 효율적인 문화예술마케팅 전략을 개발하기 위한 소비자 정보와 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다. 또한 본 연구 결과는 국민의 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 하는 국가기관의 정책 수립을 위한 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 심성연구
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-44
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• 2023

수지비괘(水地比 ䷇ 8)는 하나의 양효와 다섯 음효의 구성으로 이루어진 일양오음괘 중의 하나이다. 그리고 일양오음괘는 하나의 양을 의미하는 의식과 다섯 음으로 나타나는 무의식의 관계와 역동을 상징한다. 일양오음괘는 초효에서 시작하여 상효에 이르기까지 그 양효의 위치에 따라 여섯 개의 다른 괘의 모습을 갖는다. 심리적인 측면에서 이것은 의식의 자리에 따라 정신의 내용이 정해진다는 것을 의미한다. 더불어 양효의 움직이는 그 진행 과정을 통해 정신적 에너지의 흐름도 살펴볼 수 있다. 즉, 일양오음괘의 시작인 첫 번째 지뢰복괘(地雷復 ䷗ 24)의 정신적 내용이 순차적으로 진행하다가 그 최적의 자리인 다섯 번째 수지비괘(水地比 ䷇ 8)를 거쳐 마지막 여섯 번째인 산지박괘(山地剝 ䷖ 23)의 과정을 거쳐 가게 된다. 다시 말해 양효 하나의 위치에 따라 결정되는 괘와 해당 효사의 내용은 일정한 정신적인 흐름을 보여준다고 할 수 있다. 그 결과 회복하여 처음 시작하는 복괘는 의식의 시작이며, 이후 이효, 삼효, 사효 등으로 진행되는 과정은 의식의 흐름을 나타낸다고 여겨진다. 그리고 다섯 번째 자리인 비괘 오효에서는 그 정점에 이르게 되어 의식의 최적 상태에 놓이게 된다. 자연과 동일하게 정신도 최고의 상태에서 점차 하락의 길로 들어서는데 그것이 마지막 여섯 번째인 박괘 상효에 이른다. 그런데 모든 것이 떨어져나가는 박괘의 상효는 효사에 다시 시작하는 내용을 담고 있다. 이것을 이어받는 것이 복괘의 초효이다. 이것은 심리적으로 힘든 우울의 상태에서 회복의 단계로 바뀌는 정신의 순환(circumambulation)을 의미한다. 이런 순환 과정에서 지나가야하는 단계가 있는데 그것이 중지곤괘(重地坤 ䷁ 2)이다. 절기상 음력 9월인 박괘와 11월인 복괘 사이에 10월의 곤괘가 놓여있다. 이것은 회복과 치유의 흐름에는 반드시 곤괘의 모성적 과정을 거쳐야함을 뜻한다. 정신의 재생에 심리적 자궁으로의 후퇴는 필연적인데 박괘, 곤괘, 복괘로 이어지는 흐름이 그것을 보여주는데 곤괘가 절대적인 역할을 한다. 더불어 비괘를 비롯한 일양오음괘는 그 본체 역시 여섯 음효로 이루어진 곤괘이다. 즉, 여섯 개의 일양오음괘는 모두 곤괘와 일정한 관계를 맺고 있는데, 일양오음괘 양효들과 그에 상응하는 곤괘 음효와의 상관성을 살펴봄이 의미가 있을 것이다. 이것은 여섯 개의 모습으로 나타나는 의식의 상태와 연결되는 모성적 무의식의 역동이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 일양오음괘는 각각 모성 원형과 의식의 통합에 대한 표현을 상징한다. 이것을 잘 드러내는 것이 일양오음괘의 괘상의 의미이다. 그것의 괘상은 어머니를 상징하는 곤(坤 ☷)과 아들을 의미하는 장남의 뇌(雷 ☳), 중남의 감(坎 ☵), 차남의 간(艮 ☶)의 결합으로 이루어진다. 그 결과 양효의 차례대로 순차적으로 지뢰복(䷗), 지수사(䷆), 지산겸(䷠), 뇌지예(䷏), 수지비(䷇), 산지박(䷖)이 만들어진다. 이것은 상징적으로 의식의 진화 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 이렇게 어머니와 아들의 결합을 의미하는 일양오음괘들은 모성적 무의식과 의식의 진전되는 관계를 표상한다. 또한 아들의 위치에 따른 어머니와의 관계는 의식의 태도에 대한 모성의 역동과 연관이 된다. 이런 일양오음괘 여섯 괘의 흐름에서 심리적인 의미를 연역해낼 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 그 의식의 활성화가 가장 정점인 상태가 비괘 오효에 해당하고 마땅히 이에 상응하는 곤괘 오효의 내용을 비교하면 의식과 모성적 무의식의 통합의 상태와 의미를 찾을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 이러한 흐름 전체가 개성화 과정에 비유될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.58-71
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• 1981

충남(忠南) 전북지방(全北地方) 적송림(赤松林)의 천이과정(遷移過程)을 연구(研究)하기 위하여 솔잎혹파리의 피해지속기간(被害持續期間)에 따라 피해극기지(被害極基地) (5년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))인 공주(公州)(A), 피해지속지(被害持續地)(10년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))인 부여(扶餘)(B), 피해회복지(被害回復地)(20년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))로서 고창지역(高敞地域)(C)을 조사지역(調査地域)으로 설정(設定)하고, 각(各) 조사지역별(調査地域別)로 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生狀態)를 調査하여, 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生狀態), 삼림군집(森林群集)의 비교(比較), 식물상(植物相)의 변화(変化) 등(等)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다 1. 임분(林分)이 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)로 부터 회복(回復)되어 감에 따라 식생구성(植生構成)에 변화(変化)가 오고 대상수종(代償樹種)으로 발달(発達)된 참나무류(類)의 상대우점치(相対優点値)가 감소(減小)되었다. 그러나 본(本) 조사지역내(調査地域內)에서는 상수리나무의 상대우점치(相対優点値)가 다른 참나무류(類) 보다 높았다. 2. 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)가 지속(持續)됨에 따라 삼림군집(森林群集)의 종구성상태(種構成狀態)가 점차 다양(多樣)하여진다. 그후 피해(被害)가 회복(回復)됨에 따라 임분(林分)의 종구성상태(種構成狀態)는 단순화(单純化)되는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 상대밀도(相対密度) 및 상대우점치(相対優点値)의 상대치(相対値)에 의(依)한 식생천이(植生遷移)를 종합분석(綜合分析)한 결과(結果) 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)의 극심(極甚)에서 우점종(優点種)을 이루던 참나무류(類)가 피해(被害)로부터 회복(回復)되어감에 따라 그 값이 감소(減少)되고, 싸리류(類), 진달래류(類) 등(等)이 하층식생(下層植生)을 형성(形成)하는 삼림군집(森林群集)으로 변화(変化)하여 갔다. 4. 식생(植生)에 미친 토심(土深), 토양함수량(土壤含水量), 유기물함량(有機物含量), 그리고 유기물층(有機物層)의 두께는 본(本) 조사대상지(調査対象地)의 범위내에 있어서는 거의 같은 것으로 사료(思料)되었고 연평균강수량(年平均降水量)과 온도(温度)도 유사(類似)하였다고 본다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.81-92
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• 1974

감자를 탁주(濁灌) 원료(原料)로 사용(使用)하기 위(爲)하여 증자(蒸煮), 건조(乾燥) 분쇄(粉碎)하고 이들의 화학성분(化學成分)을 분석(分析)하였으며 서분(薯粉)을 이용(利用)한 입국제조조건(粒麴製造條件), 담금조건(條件) 및 원료(原料)를 달리하였을 때에 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)함과아울러 술덧 숙성중(熱成中) 및 제성주(製成酒)의 보존중(保存中)에 있어서의 화학성분(化學成分) 및 microflora의 변화(變化) 기타(其他) 시험양조주(試驗釀造酒)의 관능검사(官能檢査) 등(等)을 행(行)하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 1. 증서(蒸著)와 서분(薯粉)의 화학성분(化學成分)은 각각(各各) 수분(水分) 76.2, 10.8%, 총당(總糖) 16.1, 69.8%, 환원당(還元糖) 3.45, 13.4% 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 2.1, 11.3% 총산(總酸) 0.012, 0.023%, 휘발산(揮發酸) 0.0012, 0.0025%이었다. 2. 서분(薯粉)을 이용(利用)한 이북제조(粒麴製造) 조건(條件)이 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 원료분(原料紛)에 대하여 $40{\sim}50%$의 물을 혼화(混和)하여 상법(常法)에 의(依)해서 48시간(時間) 배양(培養)하는것이 효과적(效果的)이었으며 이와같은 조건하(條件下)에서 제조(製造)한 입국(粒麴)의 액화형(液化型) 및 당화형(糖化型) amylase의 역가(力價)는 각각(各各) D $40^{\circ}$30‘, 128 W.V., 13.2A.U.이었다. 3. Table I에서 표시(表示)한 기본(基本) 담금비율중(比率中) 여러가지 조건(條件)을 변화(變化)시켰을 때에 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. (1) 1단(段) 담금 할 때에는 원료입국(原料粒麴) 60g에 대(對)하여 140ml의 물을, 2단(段) 담금 할 때에는 원료(原料) 140g에 대(對)하여 260ml의 물을 첨가(添加)하는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다. (2) 1단(段)을 $25^{\circ}C$, 2단(段)을 $30^{\circ}C$에서 발효(醱酵)시킬 때 1, 2단(段) 모두 48시간(時間)씩 발효(醱酵)시키는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다. (3) 분국(粉麴)은 1단(段)에 0.5%, 2단(段)에 1.0%를 첨가(添加)하는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었고 입국(粒麴)은 20${\sim}$30% 사용시(使用時)에 술덧 성분상(成分上)에 큰 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았다. (4) 증서분(蒸薯努)과 생서분(生薯粉)을 사용(使用)하여 탁주(濁酒)를 제조(製造)하였을때 술덧중(中)의 methanol 함량(含量)은 각각(各各) 0.03%, 및 0.06%이었다. (5) 서분(薯粉)을 원료(原料)로 양조(釀造)하였을 때는 소맥분(小麥粉)을 원료(原料)로 사용(使用)하였을 때에 비(比)하여 주도(酒度), fusel oil 및 Formol-N의 함량(含量)이 낮고 methanol의 함량(含量) 및 산도(酸度)는 높았다. 4. 서분(薯粉)을 원료(原料)로하여 1단(段)에서 24시간(時間), 2단(段)에서 96시간(時間)까지 발효(醱酵)시키면서 발효기간중(醱酵期間中)의 화학성분(化學成分) 및 microfora의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)한 결과 (1) Alcohol 함량(含量)은 72시간(時間)까지 계속(繼續) 증가(增加)하여 11.9%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干) 감소(減少)하였다. (2) 총당량(總糖量)은 $48{\sim}72$시간(時間)까지 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하여 72시간(時間)에 2.62%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 서서(徐徐)히 감소(減少)되었다. (3) 환원당량(還元糖量)도 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였으며 48시간(時間)에 0.29%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干)의 증감(增減)을 나타내었다. (4) 총산도(總酸度), 휘발산도(揮發酸度) 및 Formol-N의 함량(含量)은 점차(漸次) 증가(增加)하여 48시간(時間) 후(後)에는각각(各各) 7.30, 0.20, 2.55에 달(達)하고 그 후(後)에도 약간(若干)씩 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. (5) 총효모수(總酵母數)는 72시간(時間)에 최고(最高)($2.1{\times}10^8$)에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 점차(漸次) 감소(滅少)하였다. (6) 총세균수(總細菌數)는 48시간(時間)에 최고(最高)($2.4{\times}10^8$)에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干)의 증감현상(增減現象)을 나타내였다. 5. 서분(薯粉)으로 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)를 alcohol 함량(含量) 6%가 되도록 제성(製咸)하여 $30^{\circ}C$에 72시간(時間) 보존(保存)하면서 주도(酒度), 산도(酸度), 총효모수(總酵母數) 및 총세균수(總細菌數)의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)한 결과(結果) (1) alcohol 함량(含量)은 24시간(時間)에 약간(若干) 증가(增加)(6.2%) 하였다가 그 후(後)에는 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였다. (2) 총산도(總酸度)는 제성직후(製成直後) 3.8이었든것이 72시간(時間)에 6.1에 달(達)하도록 증가(增加)하였다. (3) 총효모수(總酵母數) 및 총세균수(總細菌數)는 48시간(時間)에 최고(最高)에 달(達)하여 각각(各各) $1.5{\times}10^8$ 및 $2.3{\times}10^8$이 되었으며 그 후(後)에는 점차감소(漸次減少)하였다. 6. 서분국(薯粉麴) 및 소맥분국(小麥粉麴)을 사용(使用)하여 1단(段) 담금하고 2단(段)에 이들의 5배량(倍量)의 증서(蒸薯)를 담금하여 발효(醱酵)시킨 결과(結果) alcohol함량(含量) 9.8${\sim}$11.3%, 총산도(總酸度) 5.8${\sim}$7.4 Formol-N 2.5${\sim}$3.3의 색택양호(色澤良好)한 술덧을 얻었다. 7. 서분(薯粉), 소맥분(小麥粉) 및 증서(蒸薯)를 여러가지 비율(比率)이 되도록 시험양조(試驗讓造)하여 alcohol함량(含量) 6%가 되도록 제성(製成)한 후(後) 관능시험(官能試驗)을 행(行)한 결과(結果) 소맥분(小麥粉)과 증서(蒸蓄)의 비율(比率)을 4 : 5 또는 3.5 : 7.5가 되도록하여 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)는 소맥분(小麥粉) 전용탁주(專用濁酒)와 관능면(官能面)에서 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았으여 소맥분(小麥粉)과 서분(薯紛)의 비율(比率)을 1 : 1 또는 3 : 7의 비율(比率)이 되도록하여 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)는 상기(上記) 3종류(種類)의 탁주(濁酒)와 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.67-81
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• 1974

감자를 탁주(濁酒) 원료(原料)로 사용(使用)하기 위(爲)하여 증자건조분쇄(蒸煮乾燥粉碎)하고 이들의 화학성분(化學成分)을 분석(分析)하였으며 서분(薯粉)을 이용(利用)한 입국제조조건(粒麴製造條件), 담금조건(條件) 및 원료(原料)를 달리하였을 때에 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)함과 아울러 술덧 숙성중(熟成中) 제성주(製成酒)의 보존중(保存中)에 있어서의 화학성분(化學成分) 및 microfiora의 변화(變化) 기타(其他) 시험양조주(試驗釀造酒)의 관능검사등(官能檢査等)을 행(行)하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 증서(蒸薯)와 서분(薯粉)의 화학성분(化學成分)은 각각(各各) 수분(水分) 76.2, 10.8%, 총당(總糖) 16.1, 69.8%, 환원당(還元糖) 3.45, 13.4%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 2.1, 11.3%, 총산(總酸) 0.012, 0.023%, 휘발산(揮發酸) 0.0012, 0.0025%이었다. 2. 서분(薯粉)을 이용(利用)한 입국제조(粒麴製造) 조건(條件)이 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 원료분(原料粉)에 대하여 40~50%의 물을 혼화(混和)하여 상법(常法)에 의(依)해서 48시간(時間) 배양(培養)하는 것이 효과적(效果的)이었으며 이와같은 조건하(條件下)하에서 제조(製造)한 입국(粒麴)의 액화형(液化型) 및 당화형(糖化型) amylase의 역가(力價)는 각각(各各) $D40^{\circ}$30', 128 W.V., 13.2A.U.이었다. 3. Table 1에서 표시(表示)한 기본(基本) 담금비율중(比率中) 여러 가지 조건(條件)을 변화(變化)시켰을 때에 술덧 성분(成分)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. (1) 1단(段) 담금 할 때에는 원료입국(原料粒麴) 60g에 대(對)하여 140ml의 물을, 2단(段) 담금 할 때에는 원료(原料) 140g에 대(對)하여 260ml의 물을 첨가(添加)하는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다. (2) 1단(段)을 $25^{\circ}C$, 2단(段)을 $30^{\circ}C$에서 산효(酸酵)시킬 때 1, 2단(段) 모두 48시간(時間)씩 발효(醱酵)시키는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었다. (3) 분국(粉麴)은 1단(段)에 0.5%, 2단(段)에 1.0%를 첨가(添加)하는 것이 가장 효과적(效果的)이었고 입국(粒麴)은 20~30% 사용시(使用時)에 술덧 성분상(成分上)에 큰 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았다. (4) 증서분(蒸薯粉)과 생서분(生薯粉)을 사용(使用)하여 탁주(濁酒)를 제조(製造)하였을 때 술덧중(中)의 methanol 함량(含量)은 각각(各各) 0.03% 및 0.06%이었다. (5) 서분(薯粉)을 원료(原料)로 양조(釀造)하였을 때는 소맥분(小麥粉)을 원료(原料)로 사용(使用)하였을 때에 비(比)하여 주도(酒度), fusel oil 및 Formol-N의 함량(含量)이 낮고 methanol의 함량(含量) 및 산도(酸度)는 높았다. 4. 서분(薯粉)을 원료(原料)로하여 1단(段)에서 24시간(時間), 2단(段)에서 96시간(時間)까지 발효(醱酵)시키면서 발효기간중(醱酵期間中)의 화학성분(化學成分) 및 microfora의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)한 결과 (1) Alcohol 함량(含量)은 72시간(時間)까지 계속증가(繼續增加)하여 11.9%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干) 감소(減少)하였다. (2) 총당량(總糖量)은 48~72시간(時間)까지 급격(急激)히 감소(減少)하여 72시간(時間)에 2.62%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 서서(徐徐)히 감소(減少)되었다. (3) 환원당량(還元糖量)도 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였으며 48시간(時間)에 0.29%에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干)의 증감(增減)을 나타내었다. (4) 총산도(總酸度), 휘발산도(揮發酸度) 및 Formol-N의 함량(含量)은 점차(漸次) 증가(增加)하여 48시간(時間) 후(後)에는 각각(各各) 7.30, 0.20, 2.55에 달(達)하고 그 후(後)에도 약간(若干)씩 증가(增加)하는 傾向)을 나타내었다. (5) 총효모수(總酵母數)는 72시간(時間)에 최고(最高)($2.1{\times}10^8$)에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였다. (6) 총세균수(總細菌數)는 48시간(時間)에 최고(最高)($2.4{\times}10^8$)에 달(達)하였으며 그 후(後)에는 약간(若干)의 증감현상(增減現象)을 나타내었다. 5. 서분(薯粉)으로 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)를 alcohol 함량(含量) 6%가 되도록 제성(製成)하여 $30^{\circ}C$에 72시간(時間) 보존(保存)하면서 주도(酒度), 산도(酸度), 총효모수(總酵母數) 및 총세균수(總細菌數)의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)한 결과(結果) (1) alcohol 함량(含量)은 24시간(時間)에 약간(若干) 증가(增加)(6.2%)하였다가 그 후(後)에는 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하였다. (2) 총산도(總酸度)는 제성직후(製成直後) 3.8이었든 것이 72시간에 6.1에 달(達)하도록 증가(增加)하였다. (3) 총효모수(總酵母數) 및 총세균수(總細菌數)는 48시간(時間)에 최고(最高)에 달(達)하여 각각(各各) $1.5{\times}10^8$ 및 $2.3{\times}10^8$이 되었으며 그 후(後)에는 점차감소(漸次減少)하였다. 6. 서분국(薯粉麴) 및 소맥분국(小麥粉麴)을 사용(使用)하여 1단(段) 담금하고 2단(段)에 이들의 5배량(倍量)의 증서(蒸薯)를 담금하여 발효(醱酵)시킨 결과(結果) alcohol함량(含量) 9.8~11.3%, 총산도(總酸度) 5.8~7.4, Formol-N 2.5~3.3의 색택양호(色澤良好)한 술덧을 얻었다. 7. 서분(薯粉), 소맥분(小麥粉) 및 증서(蒸薯)를 여러가지 비율(比率)이 되도록 시험양조(試驗釀造)하여 alcohol 함량(含量) 6%가 되도록 제성(製成)한 후(後) 관능시험(官能試驗)을 행(行)한 결과(結果) 소맥분(小麥粉)과 증서(蒸薯)의 비율(比率)을 4:5 또는 3.5:7.5가 되도록하여 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)는 소맥분(小麥粉) 전용탁주(專用濁酒)와 관능면(官能面)에서 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았으며, 소맥분(小麥粉)과 서분(薯粉)의 비율(比率)을 1:1 또는 3:7의 비율(比率)이 되도록하여 양조(釀造)한 탁주(濁酒)는 상기(上記) 3종류(種類)의 탁주(濁酒)와 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.71-110
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 항공권 예약 발권 웹사이트의 서비스 품질을 측정 뿐만 아니라 서비스 회복도 측정하고자 하였다. 또한 서비스 품질과 서비스 회복이 고객만족 및 충성의도에 미치는 영향관계를 실증하고자 하였다. 온라인 서비스 품질과 온라인 서비스 회복의 측정을 위해 Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Malhotra(2005)가 개발한 E-S-QUAL과 E-RecS-QUAL을 사용했으며, 했다. E-S-QUAL은 온라인 서비스 품질을 측정하는 도구로써, 효율성, 시스템 이용가능성, 이행성, 프라이버시의 4개 차원 22개 항목으로 구성된다. E-RecS-QUAL은 온라인 서비스 회복을 측정하는 도구로써, 반응, 보상, 접촉의 3개 차원 11개 항목으로 구성된다. 실증분석을 위한 설문조사는 항공사나 여행사의 웹사이트를 통해 국내 외 항공권을 구입해 본 경험이 있는 소비자를 대상으로 실시하였는데, 총 400부가 회수되었고, 이 중 342부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 실증분석을 위해 AMOS 7.0과 SPSS 15.0을 사용하였다. 먼저, SPSS 15.0을 사용하여, 요인점수를 이용한 회귀분석으로 가설검증을 한 결과, <가설 I-1, 2, 3, 4, II-1, 2, 3, III-1, IV-1>이 전부 채택되었다. 온라인 서비스 품질과 온라인 서비스 회복의 각 차원은 모두 전반적인 서비스 품질에 유의한 영향을 보였고, 전반적인 서비스 품질은 고객만족에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 마지막으로 고객만족 역시 충성의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 AMOS 7.0을 사용하여 모형 분석을 하였는데, 모형의 적합도는 가설검증을 하기에 합당한 수치가 나왔다. 이를 토대로 가설검증을 한 결과, <가설 I-1, 3, II-1, 3, III-1, IV-1>은 채택되었고, <가설 I-2, 4, II-2>는 기각되었다. 이 결과는 Parasuraman et al.(2005)이 주장한 것처럼 E-S-QUAL을 나타내는 데는 요인점수를 이용한 회귀분석이 더 적합하다는 것을 보여주는 것이라고 판단된다. 이를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점을 정리하였다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.172-205
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• 2011

본 연구는 종합적인 현황 조사 분석을 통해 국내 돌바둑판의 위치 및 형태 그리고 입지 유형을 파악하는 한편 주변 경물과 각자 그리고 인근의 전래지명과의 관련성 분석과 해석을 통해 암각바둑판의 본질적 특성 및 장소적 의미 그리고 문화재로서의 가치 등을 파악하고자 하였다. 바둑판에 나타난 '네모난 바둑판과 둥근 바둑돌'의 천원지방적(天圓地方的) 형상, 흑백 바둑돌로 표상되는 음양조화 그리고 하늘 회전을 표현한 361로 등은 '우주적 질서가 투사(投射)된 상징체'이다. 또한 영원성을 바탕으로 바둑 삼매경에 빠진 '귤중지락(橘中之樂)'과 '상산사호(商山四皓)' 그리고 '난가(爛柯)' 모티프는 속세를 벗어난 망우청락(忘憂淸樂)의 '위기선미(圍棋仙味)'를 통해 '인생과 자연'의 관계를 시공간적으로 일치하고자 했던 천인합일의 표상이자 우미와 소요를 추구한 고아한 풍류였다. 본 연구를 통해 확인된 돌바둑판은 총본 연구는 종합적인 현황 조사 분석을 통해 국내 돌바둑판의 위치 및 형태 그리고 입지 유형을 파악하는 한편 주변 경물과 각자 그리고 인근의 전래지명과의 관련성 분석과 해석을 통해 암각바둑판의 본질적 특성 및 장소적 의미 그리고 문화재로서의 가치 등을 파악하고자 하였다. 바둑판에 나타난 '네모난 바둑판과 둥근 바둑돌'의 천원지방적(天圓地方的) 형상, 흑백 바둑돌로 표상되는 음양조화 그리고 하늘 회전을 표현한 361로 등은 '우주적 질서가 투사(投射)된 상징체'이다. 또한 영원성을 바탕으로 바둑 삼매경에 빠진 '귤중지락(橘中之樂)'과 '상산사호(商山四皓)' 그리고 '난가(爛柯)' 모티프는 속세를 벗어난 망우청락(忘憂淸樂)의 '위기선미(圍棋仙味)'를 통해 '인생과 자연'의 관계를 시공간적으로 일치하고자 했던 천인합일의 표상이자 우미와 소요를 추구한 고아한 풍류였다. 본 연구를 통해 확인된 돌바둑판은 총 18개로 이중 강진 월남사지 돌바둑판, 양산 소한정 돌바둑판, 반룡대 돌바둑판 등 3개소(16.1%)는 이동이 가능한 석국으로 분류된 반면 방학동 돌바둑판을 비롯한 15개소(83.9%)는 자연 암반에 새긴, 원래 장소를 이탈하지 않은 암각바둑판으로 밝혀졌다. 돌바둑판의 입지조건을 유형화한 결과, 계류형 15개소(83.9%), 암봉형 3개소(16.1%)로 나타났으며 가장 높은 곳에 위치한 것은 소백산 신선봉 암각바둑판(1,389m)이었다. 총 15개 돌바둑판은 모두 500m 이하의 저산지에 입지하고 있는 것으로 보아 바둑판이 새겨진 입지는 속세와 멀지 않은 생활권의 일부였으며 모두 경관성이 탁월한 계곡 및 산봉에 입지하였다. 돌바둑판은 옛 선비들의 풍류와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 추찰되는바 특히 암각바둑판은 천인합일(天人合一)의 조화를 추구하며 명산대천(名山大川)을 찾아 함께 노니는 풍류도의 정신을 전승한 것으로 파악된다. 즉 궁극적으로 바둑의 전통적인 상징성인 '은일의 매개체이자 자연귀의의 도에 다다를 수 있는 선비문화의 정수'인 동시에 유선적 취향의 도구로서 자리매김 하였음을 알 수 있다. 특징적으로 암각바둑판이 새겨진 단양 소백산 신선봉을 비롯하여 괴산 선국암, 무주 사선암, 장수 신선바위 등은 신선과 관련된 지명의 일체감이 매우 높은 것으로 미루어 보아 '신선' 바위와 암각바둑판이야말로 선계에 대한 숭배와 동경의 소통방식이 가장 함축적으로 표현된 경관대상이자 조망처로 판단된다. 한편 암각바둑판이 입지하는 장소의 입지유형 등 물리적 환경과 팔경 및 동천구곡의 설정 여부, 유학자 등의 관련 여부를 중심으로 한 '인간활동' 그리고 '상산사호' 모티프 및 '난가고사' 상징의미 등 3가지를 '장소정체성 판단을 위한 해석 틀'을 기준으로 하여 고찰한 결과, 암각바둑판 주변에 각자 되어있는 동천, 동문 등의 모티프는 주자학적 '구곡팔경'의 개념 보다는 선취적 '선유동천' 개념의 공간성 모색이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 전반적으로 계류형 암각바둑판이 조성된 공간은 유가의 은둔지향적 공간이나 선도적 은일지향적 공간으로 시대추이에 따라 습합되어 온 것으로 판단되며 산봉형의 암각바둑판은 별도로 신선 강림의 숭엄지향성이 장소정체성 지배의 중요 요인으로 평가된다. 아울러 암각바둑판이 조성된 곳을 포함하여 그 주변은 동천구곡이나 팔경의 일부로 널리 알려진 승경의 요처임이 확인되었다. 또한 선비 및 사대부 계층이 주체인 주변 각자들 중에도 신선 관련 표현어가 다수 발견됨에 따라 바둑판 조영의식의 이면에는 신선경 동경을 바탕으로 한 선도적 취향이 강하게 작용하고 있음이 확인되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 총합할 때 암각바둑판은 조선조 선비들의 은일과 운둔을 통한 자연경영의 문화 현상이 집약적으로 함축된 유산이자 전래 승경의 요처로, 명승과 같은 자연문화재로서의 가치가 탁월한 대상임이 확인되었다. 현재 남한내 17개의 돌바둑판 중에서 소백산 신선봉 암각바둑판을 비롯하여 방학동 암각바둑판, 충주 사로암 암각바둑판, 무주 사선암 암각바둑판, 양산 어곡동 반룡대 석국 등은 세월의 풍파와 사람들의 접촉으로 마모되면서 바위가 깨어지거나 바둑판 줄이 희미해지고 있다. 또한 언양 반구대 집청정 암각바둑판은 토사 매몰로 그 형체를 확인하기 어려운 상태이다. 암각바둑판은 자연과 바람의 흐름을 그대로 투영한 예술적, 문화재적 가치가 탁월한 조형물이자 선인들의 자연 사랑의 마음과 선계동경의 문화가 만나 이루어진 문화유적으로, 이에 대한 국내 분포 현황에 대한 체계적인 정밀조사와 보존관리가 시급하다고 사료된다. 18개로 이중 강진 월남사지 돌바둑판, 양산 소한정 돌바둑판, 반룡대 돌바둑판 등 3개소(16.1%)는 이동이 가능한 석국으로 분류된 반면 방학동 돌바둑판을 비롯한 15개소(83.9%)는 자연 암반에 새긴, 원래 장소를 이탈하지 않은 암각바둑판으로 밝혀졌다. 돌바둑판의 입지조건을 유형화한 결과, 계류형 15개소(83.9%), 암봉형 3개소(16.1%)로 나타났으며 가장 높은 곳에 위치한 것은 소백산 신선봉 암각바둑판(1,389m)이었다. 총 15개 돌바둑판은 모두 500m 이하의 저산지에 입지하고 있는 것으로 보아 바둑판이 새겨진 입지는 속세와 멀지 않은 생활권의 일부였으며 모두 경관성이 탁월한 계곡 및 산봉에 입지하였다. 돌바둑판은 옛 선비들의 풍류와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 추찰되는바 특히 암각바둑판은 천인합일(天人合一)의 조화를 추구하며 명산대천(名山大川)을 찾아 함께 노니는 풍류도의 정신을 전승한 것으로 파악된다. 즉 궁극적으로 바둑의 전통적인 상징성인 '은일의 매개체이자 자연귀의의 도에 다다를 수 있는 선비문화의 정수'인 동시에 유선적 취향의 도구로서 자리매김 하였음을 알 수 있다. 특징적으로 암각바둑판이 새겨진 단양 소백산 신선봉을 비롯하여 괴산 선국암, 무주 사선암, 장수 신선바위 등은 신선과 관련된 지명의 일체감이 매우 높은 것으로 미루어 보아 '신선' 바위와 암각바둑판이야말로 선계에 대한 숭배와 동경의 소통방식이 가장 함축적으로 표현된 경관대상이자 조망처로 판단된다. 한편 암각바둑판이 입지하는 장소의 입지유형 등 물리적 환경과 팔경 및 동천구곡의 설정 여부, 유학자 등의 관련 여부를 중심으로 한 '인간활동' 그리고 '상산사호' 모티프 및 '난가고사' 상징의미 등 3가지를 '장소정체성 판단을 위한 해석 틀'을 기준으로 하여 고찰한 결과, 암각바둑판 주변에 각자 되어있는 동천, 동문 등의 모티프는 주자학적 '구곡팔경'의 개념 보다는 선취적 '선유동천' 개념의 공간성 모색이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 전반적으로 계류형 암각바둑판이 조성된 공간은 유가의 은둔지향적 공간이나 선도적 은일지향적 공간으로 시대추이에 따라 습합되어 온 것으로 판단되며 산봉형의 암각바둑판은 별도로 신선 강림의 숭엄지향성이 장소정체성 지배의 중요 요인으로 평가된다. 아울러 암각바둑판이 조성된 곳을 포함하여 그 주변은 동천구곡이나 팔경의 일부로 널리 알려진 승경의 요처임이 확인되었다. 또한 선비 및 사대부 계층이 주체인 주변 각자들 중에도 신선 관련 표현어가 다수 발견됨에 따라 바둑판 조영의식의 이면에는 신선경 동경을 바탕으로 한 선도적 취향이 강하게 작용하고 있음이 확인되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 총합할 때 암각바둑판은 조선조 선비들의 은일과 운둔을 통한 자연경영의 문화 현상이 집약적으로 함축된 유산이자 전래 승경의 요처로, 명승과 같은 자연문화재로서의 가치가 탁월한 대상임이 확인되었다. 현재 남한내 17개의 돌바둑판 중에서 소백산 신선봉 암각바둑판을 비롯하여 방학동 암각바둑판, 충주 사로암 암각바둑판, 무주 사선암 암각바둑판, 양산 어곡동 반룡대 석국 등은 세월의 풍파와 사람들의 접촉으로 마모되면서 바위가 깨어지거나 바둑판 줄이 희미해지고 있다. 또한 언양 반구대 집청정 암각바둑판은 토사 매몰로 그 형체를 확인하기 어려운 상태이다. 암각바둑판은 자연과 바람의 흐름을 그대로 투영한 예술적, 문화재적 가치가 탁월한 조형물이자 선인들의 자연 사랑의 마음과 선계동경의 문화가 만나 이루어진 문화유적으로, 이에 대한 국내 분포 현황에 대한 체계적인 정밀조사와 보존관리가 시급하다고 사료된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.