• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1983

This study was conducted to observe the nutritoinal effect of the diets supplemented with the leaf or trunk of ginseng in rats. The male albino rats (110 heads), Sprague-Dowley strain weighing 75g to 79g, were used as the experimental animals. And twelve kinds of animal diets were prepared. The animals were divided into twelve diet groups and maintained with corresponding diet for 40 days, and then sacrificed. After sacrificing the animals, the contents of some chemical components in some organs and serum were analyzed. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1) The lipid contents of the liver in the experimental diet groups added ginseng steamed leaf or trunk were significantly lower than those in the control group. And the cholesterol contents of liver in the diet groups supplemented with ginseng steamed 4% leaf and 2% trunk were very significantly lower than those in the control group. 2) The total protein contents of serum in each experimental diet group supplemented with ginseng steamed leaf or trunk were lower than those in the control group, but not significant. 3) The glucose contents of serum in each experimental diet group supplemented with ginseng steamed leaf or trunk were lower than those in the control group, especially, those in experimental group added ginseng steamed 4% trunk were significantly lower than those in the control group. 4) The lipid contents of serum in the experimental diet groups added ginseng steamed 4% leaf and 2% trunk were significantly lower than those in the control group. The cholesterol of serum in the experimental diet groups added ginseng steamed leaf and 2% trunk were significantly lower those in the control group. 5) The ratios of ${\alpha}$-lipoprotein fraction in each experimental diet group were over than those in the group. but not significant.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 2008

Objective&Methods: The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of HK-1000 Herbal-acupuncture solution at GB34(Yangleungchean) on hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis in rats. The author performed several experimental items to analyze the levels of various components and enzymes in serum, urine and liver, as well as the histological change of liver and aorta. Results: 1. HK-1000 herbal-acupuncture infusion increased the cell viability rate, DPPH radical scavenging activity and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition rate in rat liver cells. 2. The levels of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, phospholipid in serum and AI(atherogenic index) were decreased, and the ratio of HDL to TCL(HDL/TCL) and the level of TG in serum were increased as compared with those of the control group. 3. In the HK-1000 group, serum AST and ALT were significantly lower than those of the HG group and saline group. 4. Hepatic GSH and catalase activities were significantly increased as compared with those of the saline group. Conclusions: From the above results, it is suggested that HK-1000 herbal-acupuncture at GB34 has a therapeutic effect on hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1988

Ten college women were divided into 5 groups and treated in randomized block design for 5 weeks with 1 interval between treatments and subjects serving as their own controls. The experimental diets were corn oil diet as a source of n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil diet as a source of n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid, and fish oil diet as a source of n-3 EPA and DHA. Dietary fat was supplied at 30% Cal and modified to give the total amount of saturated fatty acids and monoenoic acids at constant level. There was no significant effect on serum cholesterol level by different PUFA. However, on a gram-for-gram basis, there was a trend that the decrease in serum cholesterol was proportionate to the degree of fat unsaturation. On the other hand, only fish oil diet significantly decreased TG level but no significant effect on the relative proportion of TG in VLDL. The degree of hypotriglyceridemia did not corrleate with the degree of unsaturation. The relative proportion of CE in LDL was reduced by all PUFA diets but significant only by perilla oil diet. The relative amount of apoprotein in LDL was significantly reduced by n-3 PUFA. HDL-Chol content was significantly increased only in fish oil diet but no change in the relative proportion of its chemical components of HDL.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 1983

In order to establish tissue lipid status in animal on feeding of various dietary fat and oils, each group of rats was fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10%(w/w) mackerel oil (MO), eel oil (EO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO) or beef tallow (BT) for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, After each feeding period, levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid were measured in serum. Fatty acid ${\leftarrow}$ composition was also investigated in serum and tissue lipids. Levels of total serum cholesterol were lower but HDL-cholesterol were higher in fish oil groups, which resulted in significantly higher ratio of HDL to total cholesterol in the fish oil groups. Fish oil groups, in general, also had lower levels of serum triglyceride and phospholipid than other groups, but S0 group maintained as low phospholipid levrl as fish oil groups. Fatty acid composition of dietary fat was reflected in all the tissues investigated but with varying degrees. Very long chain fatty acids, specific components exclusively found in fish oils were most well reflected in liver and relatively well in serum, whereas linoleic acid and erucic acid of SO and RO in the diet were better shown up in heart and adipose tissue. It attracted a particular attention that major proportions of long chain monoenoic acids $(C_{22:1})$ occurring both in MO and RO were detected separately in liver and heart plus adipose tissue, the result of which strongly indicates that there is a significant difference in metabolism between isomers $(C_{22:1}\;w\;11\;and\;C_{22:1}\;w\;9,\;respectively)$. It is suggested from this study that differences in lipid status as well as in the levels of serum lipids result from uniqueness in metabolism of each different fatty acid and give rise to distinguishable change in serum lipoprotein pattern, followed by diet with different fat sources.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.75-83
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• 1999

To investigate the effects of negative therapy at back meridian points on blood gas components and immune functions in male college students, this study was conducted on treatment types(abdomen group and back group) at three sampling times (before, post-2 wks and post-4 wks) by using $2{\times}3$ factoral design. Blood gas $components(pH,\;PCO_2,\;PO_2,\;HCO_3^-,\;O_2SAT,\;BE)$, red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cell and subsets(neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil. lymphocyte, monocyte), total T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, Th/Ts ratio, total B cells, serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE), Cytokines(Interlukin$-1{\beta}$, -2, -4, 2 receptor, -6 and ${\gamma}$-interferon), NK cells were measured. Collected with data were analyzed statistically by repealed measured ANOVA. The pattern of change between two groups for hematocrit, hemoglobin, suppressor T cells, interleukin-6, ${\gamma}-interferon$, NK cells at post-2 weeks and BE, lymphocyte, basophil at post-4 weeks was significantly different(p<0.05) And also the pattern of change over time for ${HCO_3}^-$(2 wks vs 4 wks), WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte(0 wks vs 2 wks and 2 wks vs 4 wks) was significantly different(p<0.05). In summary, these data suggest that negative therapy at back meridian points had an effect on blood gas components and immune functions in male college students because practicing negative therapy at back meridian points was not associated with changes of all blood gas components and immune factors but associated with changes of BE, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC. neutrophil, lymphocyte, interleukin-6. ${\gamma}-interferon$, NK cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.297-306
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• 1997

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine on the change of blood chemistry components in the serum of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female). The experimental groups were divided into 7 groups according to the time lapsed after a single oral administration of 100mg/kg caffeine(that is control, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hrs lapsed group) to the rats. The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The concentrations of serum glucose were significantly higher($\rho$<0.01) between 4 (143.0 mg/dl) and 8 hrs(138.0mg/dl) in comparison to the control(101.1mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). Whereas there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio in comparison to the control. 2. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were significantly higher ($\rho$<0.01) between 4(77.4mg/dl, total cholesterol) and 8 hrs(64.7mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol) in comparis to the control(62.8, 46.7mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100 mg/kg). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum were significantly lower($\rho$<0.01) after 8 hrs(38.8mg/dl) in comparison to the control(66.5mg/dl). 3. The activities of AST in serum was significantly higher($\rho$<0.05) from 2 hrs(149 U/L) to 8 hrs(178 U/L) in comparison to the control(112 U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100mg/kg). The activities of ALT in serum were significantly higher($\rho$<0.01) at 4(45.5 U/L), 24(49.3 U/L), 48(46.8 U/L) and 72 hrs(42.3 U/L) in comparison to the control (39.7 U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine (100mg/kg) On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the activities of ALP in comparison to the control.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the influence of Chlorella which effected the change of Pb contents, enzyme activity and lipid compounds on the rats fed the beverage involved Pb and the different contented Chlorella added-diets for 18weeks. The rat's weight of 200ppm Pb group was decreased 6.04% and the cause of that was Pb intake. But the rat's weight of Chlorella added-diets +200ppm Pb group was increased 4.02% (p<0.01). When feeding the different(0%, 2%, 5%, 10% ) Chlorella added-diets with the Pb contented beverage to the rats, we could know that the Pb contents accumulated on tissue were decreased to 20.70(0%), 12.88(2%), 14.83 (5%) and 19.56(10%), compared with the quantity of Pb taken in. Total-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose content and AST, ALT, ALP, LDH enzyme activity in serum were the highest on 200ppm Pb group and those were decreased by the order of different(2%∼5% >10%) Chlorella contents + 200ppmPb group. A significance was recognized on the level of 1%. Therefore, when rats were exposed to Pb, it was thought that the amount of Chlorella intake was adequate on content 2∼5% for reducing the lead toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2010

The large amount of tissue culture medium (TCM), which contains some of the active secretory components of Korean wild ginseng (KWG; Panax ginseng) such as saponins, is usually discarded after harvest of KWG. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of oral administration of the TCM-KWG on growth performance and diseases resistance in broiler chickens. A day old broiler chickens randomized in 6 groups (n = 60/groups) were administered orally with 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mL/L TCMKWG through drinking water for 5 weeks and examined the change of weight gain, feed intake and blood components. Also, five weeks old broiler chickens (n = 15/groups) were challenged orally with Salmonella (S.) gallinarum and investigated the mortality in broiler chickens. An average weight gain and feed intake significantly didn't change in TCM-KWG administration groups as compared to control group. The concentration of calcium (Ca), phosphate (Pi) and potassium (K) in serum were increase by TCM-KWG administration in broiler chickens. We also found that oral administration of TCM-KWG through drinking water significantly reduced the mortality in broiler chickens experimentally infected with virulent S. gallinarum. The results of this study indicated that TCM-KWG administration may elevate the resistance on disease and improved the skeleton formation and body homeostasis of chickens, and TCM-KWG can be used as a cost-effective and environmentally alternative additives to control of the disease and growth.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.287-291
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• 2007

The factors and mechanisms by infection of Oriental Tsutsugamushi caused disease are not well understood. The onset of tsutsugamushi disease is characterized by chilliness, fever, malaise, headache and generalized aching. Infection of tsutsugamushi is the cause of impairment of function of a major organ often complicate the picture and immediately change the prognosis for the worse. Tsutsugamushi disease is reported that this disease is characterized by the histopathogenesis of liver, kidney, heart, and lung, but the variation of biochemical components in serum of tsutsugamushi disease patient are not clear. We analyzed total protein (TP), albumin (AL), aspartic aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphotase (ALP), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (CRE), glucose (GLD), cholesterol (CHOL) and total bilirubin (TB) in sera of patients with tsutsugamushi disease. In comparison with reference, total protein and albumin were abnormally decreased in 19.6% and 39.2% of patients, respectively. AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, UN, glucose, cholesterol and total bilirubin were abnormally increased in 94.1 %, 72.5%, 25.5%, 15.7%, 9.8%, 62.7%, 25.5% and 6.0% of patients, respectively. The patients showed abnormal relative rate of protein electrophoretic fractions to total protein in serum compared to them of reference were 43.1% (albumin), 12.9% ($\alpha_1$-globulin), 58.8% ($\alpha_2$-globulin), 60.8% ($\beta$-globulin) and 70.6% ($\gamma$-globulin), respectively. These data suggest that infection of Oriental Tsutsugamushi causes impairment of function of a major organ and abnormal serum protein electrophoresis fractions to tsutsugamushi patients.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.146-164
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• 1980

In this paper it was attempted to observe the effect of defatted panax ginseng supplement of the growth rate, feed and protein efficiency ratios, and the contents of cholesterol, total lipid and protein in the serum, liver and aorta in Sprague-Dowley Albino male rat (weighing 83 ${\pm}$ 4 g). Seven kinds of experimental diets were prepared as follows : Stock (control) diet, ginseng control diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% of ginseng powder to the stock diet, and defatted ginseng Powder diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% of defatted ginseng powder to the stock diet. .All diets contained same level of lipid and protein, respectively. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The growth rate in the feeding group of 0.5% defatted ginseng powder diet for 16week were higher than other diet groups. 2. Feed and Protein efficiency in 0.5% defatted ginseng group showed similar tendency to that in body growth rate. 3. The total cholesterol contents in the serum of 0.5% defatted ginseng Powder diet$.$ group showed the tendency to decrease gradually for 4 to 12 weeks, maintaining higher level than other groups. The free cholesterol contents in the serum of defatted ginseng powder diet group in 8 the and 16th weeks were higher than all ginseng control diet group. The total and free cholesterol contents in the liver of all defatted ginseng diet groups in 16th week were higher than hose of all ginseng control groups. The total cholesterol content at 12h week and the free cholesterol content at 16th week i n the aorta of all defatted ginseng diet groups were lower than those of ginseng control groups, respectively. 4. The total lipid contents in the serum of 1.0 and 3.0% defatted ginseng diet groups at 2nd to I2th weeks were lower than other groups, and those in the liver and aorta of all defatted ginseng diet groups at 12th weeks were lower than those of ginseng control diet groups. 5. The protein contents of the serum and aorta were continuously increased throughout whole experimental period in all experimental groups. The protein content of the liver of all groups were decreased at 2nd week and after then no change was observed.