• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.506-513
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• 2020

Due to climate change, there is an increasing risk of complex (hybrid) disasters, comprising rising sea-levels, typhoons, and torrential rains. This study focuses on Marine City, Busan, a new residential city built on a former landfill site in Suyeong Bay, which recently suffered massive flood damage following a combination of typhoons, storm surges, and wave overtopping and run-up. Preparations for similar complex disasters in future will depend on risk impact assessment and prioritization to establish appropriate countermeasures. A framework was first developed for this study, followed by the collection of data on flood prediction and socioeconomic risk factors. Five socioeconomic risk factors were identified: (1) population density, (2) basement accommodation, (3) building density and design, (4) design of sidewalks, and (5) design of roads. For each factor, absolute criteria were determined with which to assess their level of risk, while expert surveys were consulted to weight each factor. The results were classified into four levels and the risk level was calculated according to the sea-level rise predictions for the year 2100 and a 100-year return period for storm surge and rainfall: Attention 43 %, Caution 24 %, Alert 21 %, and Danger 11 %. Finally, each level, indicated by a different color, was depicted on a complex disaster risk map.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.310-318
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate changes in the quality characteristics and chemical compounds in garlic shoots by blanching for different time (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 min). The color (L, a, and b values), texture profile (hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, and cohesiveness), total vitamin C, total sugar, total polyphenol and flavonoid, chlorophyll a and b contents, total pyruvate and thiosulfinate contents of the blanched garlic shoots were examined. As the blanching time increased, the L and b values decreased, while the a value increased. Hardness, chewiness, springiness and gumminess of the blanched shoots were significantly lowered with the increasing blanching time. Vitamin C content of raw garlic shoot was 1.62 mg/100 g while that of the blanched garlic shoots was 0.16~0.24 mg/100 g, implying vitamin C loss into blanching water and destruction by heat. The total sugar and polyphenol contents were fluctuated during blanching, but over 75% of their initial levels were retained under all blanching conditions. The total flavonoid contents increased as the blanching time increased. The chlorophyll a content did not show significant change with blanching time, but the chlorophyll b content significantly decreased. These results suggest that blanching for 2 min could be the best for retaining beneficial compounds and desirable quality of garlic shoot.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.642-647
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• 2008

This study investigated the microbiological and sensory characteristics of Kongnamul muchim stored with gamma-irradiated red pepper powder at $4^{\circ}C$. Total aerobic microbes in raw Kongnamul muchim were 5.72 log CFU/g in the red pepper powder and 2.40 log CFU/g in the garlic used during storage, but were not detected n other raw materials. Coliform bacteria and fungi were found, at 3.11 and 3.48 log CFU/g respectively, only n the red pepper powder. Microorganisms in Kongnamul muchim stored with gamma-irradiated (10 kGy) red pepper owder were not detected over 3 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The pH, Hunter's color value, and sensory characteristics id not change significantly on storage. These results suggest that the addition of gamma-irradiated (less than 10 Gy) red pepper powder could improve the microbiological safety of Kongnamul muchim without changing desirable ensory characteristics.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.328-334
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• 2010

Recently the enhancement and development of makgeolli processing to extend shelf life are constantly accomplished. However, the standardization to restrict microorganisms including cold chain system and sterilizing system has not been established yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the storage stability of makgeolli using quick freezing (QF) and slow freezing (SF) storage methods. The storage period was 40 days. Every 10 days, the samples were taken from the quick and slow freezing storage chamber. And then the samples were put into a $10^{\circ}C$ refrigerator for 24 hr to thaw them. The final samples were evaluated for chemical experiments and microbial cell counts. As a result, reducing sugar content was dramatically increased after 10 days for all of the samples. In titratable acidity and color values case, these values did not significantly change by storage time. In case of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts for all the samples, there was a decreasing tendency with storage time. Especially, in case of lactic acid bacteria, the changes from the beginning microbial cell counts ($4.1{\times}10^7$ CFU/mL) for QF and SF after 20 days were $3.6{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL and $1.8{\times}10^4$ CFU/mL, respectively. This result showed that the freezing methods could restrict the microbial growth in makgeolli.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.3 s.71
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• pp.85-96
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• 2007

In Korea, with a dramatic growth of Super Supermarket (SSM) in the wake of opening up the retail market and diversifying distribution, the consumer's purchase behavior about food and consumer goods changed. In order to investigate this change, this study was carried out through collecting and analyzing questionnaires from 190 men and women consumers at ages between twenties and sixties, living in Ulsan and Pusan. The result suggested that in overall features, men were mainly affected by design factors such as packaging design, color, and product design, whereas women were mainly affected by cost factors such as price and configuration. As for product properties, it was suggested that women put importance on the price concerning ail products, but men didn't. In addition, it was identified that women were impressed by advertisements on TV, and men and women both often purchased the product after confirming its information among the displayed products. Considering these results, we concluded that for a product whose main target is men in particular, the product development should focus on design. Moreover, as the packaging design and display affect on both men and women as important factors, hereafter a complementary study on the effects of the packaging design and display of manufacturers related to the products in this study is to be proceeded with greater interest.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2005

The mature-red tomato fruits (cv. Pinky world) were packaged with functional modified atmosphere (MA) film (0.03, 0.06 mm) and stored at 0, 5, $15^{\circ}C$. The results showed that the concentrations of $CO_2$ and $O_2$ inside MA package were about $4.21{\sim}8.17%$ and $9.78{\sim}14.45%$ under steady state during storage 29 days at 0, $5^{\circ}C$, respectively. The MA packaging(MAP) suppressed the fruits softening and the color change. The minimum lycopene content and maximum firmness were separately observed in fruits packaged with MA film (0.03 mm) at $5^{\circ}C$ storage and film(0.06 mm) at $0^{\circ}C$, which the lycopene content 6.08 mg/100 g, and firmness was 0.49 Kgf at 29 th day storage. The optimal conditions to keep high quality of tomato fruits were obtained by MAP during storage at $0^{\circ}C$ for 29 days, independently of the film thickness, in which the adequate gas composition was $CO_2$ at $4.2%{\sim}5.6%$, $O_2$ at $14.3%{\sim}14.5%$, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.690-694
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• 2010

In this study, herbal wood vinegar including Bambusoideae, Cinnamomi Cortex, Zingiberis Rhizoma was tested to see possibility for cosmetic or skin related medicine. Anti-oxidation effect of herbal wood vinegar was tested by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and showed 97% inhibition rate at $50{\mu}g/ml$. Anti-bacterial effect was tested by disc diffusion method, and it indicated strong anti-bacterial activity against normal skin flora Staphylococcus aureus. Whitening effect was measured by tyrosinase inhibition assay, and it was lower compared with vitamin C. Stability test was done by MTT assay, and cell toxicity was relatively high. Stability was also checked, and there was not significant change in color, aroma, appearance and pH during storage. Anti-atopic dermatitis test was done by hairless mouse and herbal wood vinegar recovered damaged skin to almost normal condition after 9 days of application. IgE concentration in herbal wood vinegar treated mouse was also reduced 30% compared with control. From the study, herbal wood vinegar showed good anti-oxidation, anti-bacterial and anti-atopic dermatitis effect, and had promising application in cosmetic or skin related medicine.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.651-659
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• 2017

Although the need for education on sexually-transmitted-infections (STIs) for adolescents has been increasing, a limited number of adolescents receive STI education. Importantly, the exposure of youth to an STI during their adolescence period can seriously affect their genital health. Smartphones are an innovative medium that can be used to change individual behaviors, especially useful when used to educate adolescents. Therefore, we developed a customized smartphone application for Korean adolescents. The application was based on Dick and Carey's instructional system design model. In this paper, we describe the process for development of the smartphone application, and the strategies we applied to attract adolescents to use the smartphone application. Six experts verified the educational content of the application. The application's easygoing words were chosen to help adolescents understand the topic. Strategies such as cartoon clips, secret chat rooms, buttons changing color from blue to grey, questions and answers, and a repeated-learning function were used to attract Korean adolescents to the application. The smartphone application developed in this study could be used in schools, youth centers, and hospital centers to improve STI knowledge, STI prevention, and STI coping skills.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2012

Co-(0.8 wt%) and Ce-(0.4 wt%) doped cubic zirconia ($ZrO_2$ : $Y_2O_3$ = 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40, 50 : 50 wt%) single crystals grown by a skull melting method were heat-treated in $N_2$ at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. The orange, yellowish brown and brown colored as-grown single crystals were changed into either brownish red, yellow and green color after the heat treatment. Before and after the heat treatment, the YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) single crystals were cut for wafer form (${\phi}6.5mm{\times}t2mm$). The optical and structural properties were examined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction. Absorption by $Ce^{3+}(^2F_{5/2,7/2}(4f){\rightarrow}^2T_g(5d^1))$, $Co^{2+}(^4A_2(^4F){\rightarrow}^4T_1(^4F)$ or $^4T_1(^4P))$ and $Co^{3+}$, change of ionization energy and lattice parameter were confirmed.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.514-528
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• 2004

An emotion-based video scene retrieval algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, abrupt/gradual shot boundaries are detected in the video clip representing a specific story Then, five video features such as 'average color histogram' 'average brightness', 'average edge histogram', 'average shot duration', and 'gradual change rate' are extracted from each of the videos and mapping between these features and the emotional space that user has in mind is achieved by an interactive genetic algorithm. Once the proposed algorithm has selected videos that contain the corresponding emotion from initial population of videos, feature vectors from the selected videos are regarded as chromosomes and a genetic crossover is applied over them. Next, new chromosomes after crossover and feature vectors in the database videos are compared based on the similarity function to obtain the most similar videos as solutions of the next generation. By iterating above procedures, new population of videos that user has in mind are retrieved. In order to show the validity of the proposed method, six example categories such as 'action', 'excitement', 'suspense', 'quietness', 'relaxation', 'happiness' are used as emotions for experiments. Over 300 commercial videos, retrieval results show 70% effectiveness in average.