• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.538-542
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• 2011

The research was purposed production of oligosaccharide from alginate hydrolysis the main composition in cell walls of sea weed. We was isolated 252 strains from sea water and mud flat, the highest alginate lyase activity was selected, and identified as Sanguibacter keddieii NC9 by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. In this study was select the sodium alginate concentration, pH, temperature for the production of alginate lyase activity. Alginate lyase activity was confirmed from plate assay with 10% cetylpyridinium chloride. The optimum culture conditions for the production of alginate lyase were sodium alginate 10 g/L, peptone 5 g/L, $40^{\circ}C$, pH 9 and 36 hours incubation time. Sanguibacter keddieii NC9, its alginate lyase would be useful for the production of bioenergy and biofunctional oligosaccharides from sea weed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.260-264
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• 1999

The combined activities of dextranase and amylase(DXAMase) from Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 produced from starch fermentation inhibited or prevented dental plaque formation. The activities were stable in commercial mouthwash products; DXAMase activity retained over 93％ of original activity after 6 months at 23℃. We examined the effects of enzyme inhibitors and active ingredients in mouthwash on DXAMase activity. The DXAMase was stable with 0.29％(w/v) EDTA, 20％ (v/v) ethanol, 0.05％ (w/v) fluoride, and 0.05％ (w/v) SDS. Among the active ingredients of mouthwash, sodium benzoate (up to 1 ％, w/v) had no inhibitory effect on either dextranase or amylase activity. In the case of cetylpyridinium chloride, the addition of 0.05％ (w/v) inhibited 6％ of dextranase activity and 13％ of amylase activity. Propylene glycol (up to 1％, w/v) showed no inhibitory effect on either enzyme activity. DXAMase (5 IU/㎖) in mouthwash could remove pre-formed films of glucan-bound S. mutans cells. The addition of 0.1 IU/㎖ DXAMase in mouthwash prevented the formation of insoluble-glucan. These in vitro properties of L. starkeyi KSM 22 DXAMase are desirable for its application as a dental plaque control agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1207-1215
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• 2008

To investigate the occurrence and species diversity of mycobacteria in waters, surface water samples were collected monthly from the Han River and tap water samples at the terminal sites of the distribution system. Mycobacteria in each water sample were isolated by decontamination using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cultivation on Middlebrook 7H10 agar, and then identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA) and sequencing of the 65-kDa heat-shock protein gene (hsp65 gene). Mycobacteria were detected in 59% of the surface water samples and 26% of the tap water samples. Over half of the 158 isolates could not be identified by hsp65 PRA and gene sequencing, and several identification discrepancies were observed between the two methods. The most frequently isolated species was Mycobacterium gordonae in surface water and M. lentiflavum in tap water. M. avium complex (MAC), the most important pathogen among environmental mycobacteria, was detected in the surface water samples but not found in the tap water samples. The result demonstrated that water is an important environmental source of mycobacteria and the combined application of hsp65 PRA and sequencing was more reliable than hsp65 PRA alone to accurately identify mycobacteria present in water.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate that the effect of Citrex and CPC on the growth of oral microorganism such as Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3065, Candida albicans KCTC 7122, and Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1916 which were cariogenic, candidiasis(bleeding gum, dry mouth and tongue, thrush) and angular cheilitis inducing bacteria, respectively. The efficacy of complex of Citrex and CPC was determined in assays measuring Halo Test. The gargle containing Citrex(0.02%) and CPC(0.02%) demonstrated broad-spectrum anti-microbial properties, with activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative and a yeast(Candida albicans).

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2015

Streptococcus mutans is frequently associated with dental caries. Bacterial fermentation of food debris generates an acidic environment on the tooth surface, ultimately resulting in tooth deterioration. Therefore, various mouthwashes have been used to reduce and prevent Streptococcus mutans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of 4 commercial mouthwashes and those of 10% and 20% ethanol solutions (formula A, B, C, D, E and F) against Streptococcus mutans using biofilm and planktonic methods. The range of reduction in the viable cell count of Streptococcus mutans as estimated by the biofilm and planktonic methods was 0.05-5.51 log ($P{\leq}0.01$) and 1.23-7.51 log ($P{\leq}0.001$) compared with the negative control, respectively, indicating that the planktonic method had a stronger antibacterial effect against S. mutans. Among the tested formulations, formula A (Garglin $regular^{(R)}$ mouthwash) was the most effective against Streptococcus mutans ($P{\leq}0.001$).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.554-560
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• 1998

Biopolymer from alkaline-tolerant Bacillus so. was purified, and its physico-chemical and structural properties were investigated. Crude biopolymer, precipitated by acetone from culture broth was fractionated into two fractions by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Among two fractions, one fraction(PS I), which an acidic biopolymer precipitated by the CPC(cetylpyridinium chloride) treatment was studied further. PS I fraction had carboxyl groups and was positive at color reaction of sugar. PS I fraction also showed UV absorbance at 190-225nm. The purified acidic biopolymer was composed of 4% glucose, 8% glucosamine and 88% glutamic acid. Sugar components of the purified acidic biopolymer seemed to be linked to PGA(polyglutamic acid) which existed in the from of ${\gamma}$-peptide bond. By the results of Smith degradation of sugar components, glucose and glucosamine was bound by 1,3 glocosidic linkage. Therefore, this biopolymer was a glycopeptide, oligosaccaride ${\gamma}$-PGA. We concluded that the equivalent weight and the molecular weight of this biopolymer were estimated as about 171 and 5x105 dalton, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.859-864
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• 1996

The rhamnan sulfat extracted from green algae seaweed, Monostroma nitidum was characterized on sugars, sulfate compositions and molecular structure. Rhamnan sulfate was extracted with boiling water, and purified with two steps of cetylpyridinium chloride and ion exchange chromatography. The yield of crude rhamnan sulfate was about 2% from raw material. Rhamnan sulfate fraction, F-4 was composed of 30% rhamnose, 0.9% arabinose, 2.5% xylose, 2% glucose and 32.6% sulfate. Rhamnan sulfate F-4-3 obtained from F-4 fraction was composed of 36.8% rhamnose, 3.6% xylose, 2.7% glucose, 1.4% galactose and 30.8% sulfate. The molecular weight of F-4-3 fraction was estimated as 10,000-10,300 dalton with Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.605-616
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• 2004

Subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) refer to concentrations below minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The antimicrobial agents may be present at relatively high concentration, at least higher than bacterial MIC and thereafter be deserted off a surface and function at sub-MICs, perhaps by interfering with bacterial metabolism. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of growth, in the presence of sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents, on the cell surface properties and virulence factors of mutans streptococci and to investigate the efficacy of a chemical approach in vitro. Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt and Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-7 were used. Eight antimicrobial agents (Sanguinaria extract;SG, Chlorhexidine digluconate;CHX, Fluoride;F, Propolis;PP, Hydrogen peroxide;HP, Triclosan;TC, Sodium dodecyl sulfate;SDS Cetylpyridinium chloride; CC) were diluted serially in broth to determine MICs and to compare the growth rate, acid production, hydrophobicity, adhesion activity to saliva coated hydroxyapatite, glucan synthesis and cellular aggregation of experiment groups (in the presence of sub-MICs) with those of control (in the absence of antimicrobial agents). Sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents affected the growth of cells, hydrophobicity, and adhesion of bacteria to saliva coated hydroxyapatite and glucan synthesis. They also resulted in a significant reduction in pH after 12 hours (p<0.05). By cells pretreated with proteinase K, either the aggregation induced by antimicrobial agents was completely inhibited or the aggregation titers were markedly increased. According to the results of the present study, each antimicrobial agent at sub-MICs could affect similar as its known action mechanism and could continually inhibit cariogenic bacteria at such concentrations. Thus, the use of these antimicrobial agents would be one of the effective methods to prevent dental caries.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety of the wet tissues. In this study, we analyzed sterilizing preservatives and the presence of harmful substances in 62 wet tissue samples in the market. The contents of preservatives, formaldehyde and methanol were analyzed by HPLC and headspace-GC, respectively. Cetylpyridinium chloride was detected as 7-13 ppm in 5 samples. Sodium benzoate was detected in 46 samples ranging from 200 ppm to 3500 ppm, and 9 ppm of methylparahydroxy benzoate was detected in 1 sample. Propylparahydroxy benzoate was not detected in any samples. 5 ppm of methylchloroisothiazolinone and 140 ppm of methylisothiazolinone were detected in 1 sample. Formaldehyde was detected as $0.0069-1.796{\mu}g/g$ in 59 samples. Methanol was detected ranging from 2 ppm to 51 ppm in 22 samples, and 4 samples showed more than 20 ppm of the legal limit. The pH of the wet tissues was 4.0 to 8.2. Continuous investigation and monitoring are necessary to ensure safe distribution of products.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 1999

The chemical and gelling properties of porphyran from Porphra yezoensis collected from Buan and Wido in Korea at different months of the year were studied. Crude porphyran was prepared by hot-water extraction and further purified by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation, Crude porphyran and porphyran were modified by alkali treatment to eliminate sulfate. The yields of alkali-modified crude porphyran (AMCP) and porphyran(AMP) were between $4.9\~10.9\%$ and $4.0\~6.7\%$ of the dried algae weight and were maximum in February for Buan and January for Wido, respectively. Gel strength of AMCP were highest in February ($790g/cm^2$) for Buan and January ($740 g/cm^2$) for Wido. Alkali modification increased 3,6-anhydro galactose content and the molar ratio of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose of AMCP and AMP showed 1 : 0,8$\~$1.1. GLC and FT-IR measurement of AMP showed that most of sulfate residues were combined to C-6 of galactose, Thus, results of this study suggest that crude porphyran extracted from Porphra yezoensis produces an agar of a reasonably good quality after alkali treatment.