• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.2059-2065
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• 2013

This goal of this research was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) for breast cancer in the Republic of Korea from a government expenditure perspective. In 2002-2003 (baseline), a total of 8,724,860 women aged 40 years or over were invited to attend breast cancer screening by the NCSP. Those who attended were identified using the NCSP database, and women were divided into two groups, women who attended screening at baseline (screened group) and those who did not (non-screened group). Breast cancer diagnosis in both groups at baseline, and during 5-year follow-up was identified using the Korean Central Cancer Registry. The effectiveness of the NCSP for breast cancer was estimated by comparing 5-year survival and life years saved (LYS) between the screened and the unscreened groups, measured using mortality data from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation and the National Health Statistical Office. Direct screening costs, indirect screening costs, and productivity costs were considered in different combinations in the model. When all three of these costs were considered together, the incremental cost to save one life year of a breast cancer patient was 42,305,000 Korean Won (KW) (1 USD=1,088 KW) for the screened group compared to the non-screened group. In sensitivity analyses, reducing the false-positive rate of the screening program by half was the most cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, ICER=30,110,852 KW/LYS) strategy. When the upper age limit for screening was set at 70 years, it became more cost-effective (ICER=39,641,823 KW/LYS) than when no upper age limit was set. The NCSP for breast cancer in Korea seems to be accepted as cost-effective as ICER estimates were around the Gross Domestic Product. However, cost-effectiveness could be further improved by increasing the sensitivity of breast cancer screening and by setting appropriate age limits.

• 약학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.375-383
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• 1990

The pharmacokinetics of haloperidol were determined after single oral and intravenous doses in 13 male schizophrenic patients. Plasma concentrations of haloperidol(HP) and reduced haloperidol(RH) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma concentration data obtained were analyzed by obth model dependent (one-or two exponential decay models using nonlinear regression) and model independent (AUC and first moment curve) approaches. The two methods were found to be in close results. After intravenous injections of HP in 8 patients (10 mg/man), the mean central and peripheral volume of distributions were $2.85\;{\pm}\;1.70$ and $8.09\;{\pm}\;2.10\;l/kg$, respectively, and mean steady state volume of distribution was $11.87\;{\pm}\;3.21\;l/kg$. Mean clearance, MRT and elimination half life were $12.39\;{\pm}\;3.25\;ml/min/kg$, $925.10\;{\pm}\;166.79\;min$ and $676.35\;{\pm}\;126.45\;min$, respectively. After oral administrations of HP in 5 patients, mean peak time and peak concentration were $217.63\;{\pm}\;61.60\;min$ and $9.77\;{\pm}\;2.92\;ng/ml$, respectively. Mean MRT and elimination half life were $1112.23\;{\pm}\;131.73\;min$ and $724.02\;{\pm}\;120.03\;min$, respectively, and these parameters were not significantly different from those of intravenous injection of HP. Absolute bioavailability of HP oral product was found to be about 44%. The profiles of plasma RH concentration-time curves after oral or intravenous doses of HP were similar. Also it was found that the elimination rate of RH was solwer than that of HP by comparing the slopes of plasma concentration-time curves of HP and RH.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2009

석탄의 수요증가와 소비는 석탄의 이용과정에서 생성되는 고형페기물의 처리와 관련된 문제들을 증대시켰다. 석탄 부산물의 주요한 이용은 건설과 관련돼 적용되었다. 석탄부산물의 하나인 플라이애쉬는 폐기물 재활용 생산의 일부분으로 설명될 수 있기 때문에, 과학적인 조사의 대다수는 많은 사용에서 플라이애쉬의 활용에 관하여 초점이 맞춰졌다. 반면에, 바텀애쉬의 재활용에 관해서는 관심을 기울이지 않았다. 이러한 소홀함의 결과로서, 많은 양의 바텀애쉬가 처리장에 쌓여왔다. 따라서, 바텀애쉬의 적당한 이용을 위한 안전하고 경제적인 해결을 얻기 위한 필요성이 좀 더 긴급하게 되었다. 논문에 나타낸 연구는 오토클레이브 경량기포콘크리트를 제조하기 위해 사용된 바텀애쉬의 성능 특성을 확인하기 위해 계획되었다. 실험실 측정 결과, 토버모라이트는 수열합성반응을 위한 재료로서 바텀애쉬가 사용되었을 때 생성되는 것으로 나타났다. 분산분석에 따른 결과로서, 기포슬러리의 굳지 않은 상태에서 물비는 플로우와 슬러리의 밀도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 기포비는 슬러리의 밀도에만 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 굳은 상태에서에서 기포비는 경량기포콘크리트의 절건밀도와 압축강도에 영향을 끼쳤지만 휨강도와 인장강도에는 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 반응표면분석의 결과에서, 목표성능을 얻기 위한, 바텀애쉬를 사용한 경량기포콘크리트의 최적배합조건은 물비 70$\sim$80%, 기포비 90$\sim$100%로 나타났다.

• 공업화학
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 pH 변화에 따른 양쪽성 계면활성제 첨가가 리포좀 특성에 미치는 영향에 관하여 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 아민 옥사이드(amine oxide) 양쪽성 계면활성제를 합성하고 $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR 및 FT-IR 분석을 통하여 구조를 규명하였으며, 계면활성제의 임계 마이셀 농도(critical micelle concentration, CMC) 및 표면장력 등의 계면 물성(interfacial property)을 측정하였다. 또한 제타 전위(zeta potential) 측정을 통하여 양쪽성 계면활성제가 양이온 계면활성제(cationic surfactant)에서 음이온 계면활성제(anionic surfactant)로 작용이 전환되는 등전점(isoelectric point)을 결정하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 등전점을 중심으로 한 pH 변화 및 아민 옥사이드 계면활성제의 탄화수소 사슬 길이가 리포좀의 평균 입자 크기 변화 및 제타 전위 등과 같은 안정성에 미치는 영향에 살펴보았다. 또한 pH 및 계면활성제의 탄화수소 사슬 길이 변화에 따른 및 리포좀과 계면활성제의 결합 정도(binding degree) 및 리포좀 막의 가변형성(deformability) 등의 측정을 통하여 리포좀 막의 유동성(fluidity) 변화에 미치는 영향을 이해하고자 하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3791-3794
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• 2012

CD44v, especially splice variants containing exon v6, has been shown to be related closely to development of different tumors. High levels of CD44v6/v7 have been reported to be associated with invasiveness and metastasis of many malignancies. The objective of this study was to detect expression of CD44v6-containing variants in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and evaluate the potential of CD44v6/v7 for risk stratification. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by PCR product purification, ligation into T vectors and positive clone sequencing were used to detect CD44 v6-containing variant isoforms in 23 APL patients. Real-time quantitative PCR of the CD44v6/v7 gene was performed in patients with APL and in NB4 cells that were treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or arsenic trioxide ($As_2O_3$). Sequencing results identified four isoforms (CD44v6/v7, CD44v6/v8/v10, CD44v6/v8/v9/v10, and CD44v6/v7/v8/v9/v10) in bone marrow mononuclear cells of 23 patients with APL. The level of CD44v6/v7 in high-risk cases was significantly higher than those with low-risk. Higher levels of CD44v6/v7 were found in three patients with central nervous system relapse than in other patients inthe same risk group. Furthermore, in contrast to ATRA, only $As_2O_3$ could significantly down-regulate CD44v6/v7 expression in NB4 cells. Our data suggest that CD44v6/v7 expression may be a prognostic indicator for APL.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2013

본 연구는 김치로부터 GABA 생성능이 우수한 젖산균을 분리 및 동정하고, 이 균주의 생리적 특성을 규명하여 상업적으로의 이용가능성을 검토하고자 실시하였다. 이를 위해 MSG 2%가 첨가된 MRS broth에 $37^{\circ}C$에서 18시간 배양한 후 GABA 함량이 $50{\mu}g/mL$ 이상 생산하는 75개의 균주를 1차로 선별하였으며, $90{\mu}g/mL$ 이상 생산하는 5 균주를 2차로 선별하였고, 선발된 5 균주를 MSG 1%, 2% 및 3% 함유된 MRS 배지에 각각 배양한 결과, K74 균주가 최종 선발되었다. K74 균주는 MSG 1%가 첨가된 MRS broth에서 GABA 함량이 $134.52{\mu}g/mL$이었고, MSG 2%와 3%가 첨가된 MRS broth에서GABA 함량이 각각 $212.27{\mu}g/mL$와 $234.63{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, 동정 결과 L. plantarum K74라고 명명되었다. L. plantarum K74의 최적 생장 온도는 $34^{\circ}C$이었으며, pH 4.4에 도달하기까지 18시간이 소요되었다. L. plantarum K74는 또한 답즙산과 산성의 pH에서 모두 우수한 생존력을 나타냈으며, 발암효소인 ${\beta}$-glucuronidase를 생성하지 않고 유당분해효소인 ${\beta}$-galactosidase를 약간 생성하는 것으로 나타났다. 항생제 내성 실험 결과 Kanamycin, Polymyxin B, Streptomycin에 내성을 Novobiocin, Bacitracin, Penicillin-G, Methicillin에감수성을나타냈으며, Escherichia coli와Salmonella typhimurium에 각각 54.9%와 46.3%의 억제 효과를 지니고 있고, Staphyloccous aureus에 대해서는 거의 억제 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루를 첨가한 쿠키 제조 조건의 최적화를 위해 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루와 버터의 양을 독립변수로 하였고, Design Expert 8(State-easy Co.)을 사용하여 실험을 계획하고 최적화하였다. 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루와 버터의 최대 및 최소범위는 예비실험을 거쳐 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루는 1~5 g, 버터는 40~70 g으로 하여 쿠키를 제조하여 이화학적, 관능적 특성 검사를 실시하였다. 1. 쿠키의 수분함량은 유의적으로 아가리쿠스 버섯과 버터의 첨가량이 증가할수록 수분함량이 증가하였고(p<0.001), 독립변수가 서로 상호작용하는 2FI model이 선정되었으며, 이는 버섯의 식이섬유소의 수분 보유 성질에 의해 수분 보유력이 증가한 것으로 판단된다. 반죽의 수분함량은 유의적인 차이는 아니지만 아가리쿠스 버섯이 증가할수록 감소하고 버터가 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 2. pH와 당도는 아가리쿠스 버섯과 버터의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였으나 유의적인 차이는 아니었다. 색도에서 명도는 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루 1 g과 버터 70 g에서 가장 높았고, 0.1%수준에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 적색도는 아가리쿠스 버섯 첨가량이 증가할수록 급격하게 증가하였으며 0.1%수준에서 유의적인 차이를 보였고 이는 버섯 특유의 색상이 영향을 준 것으로 판단된다. 황색도에서는 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 3. 퍼짐성은 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루와 버터의 양이 증가할수록 증가하였고 5% 수준에서 유의한 것으로 나타났으며, 경도는 버터의 첨가량이 증가할수록 급격하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 4. 관능적 특성에서 색, 향미, 조직감, 전체적인 기호도 항목은 5% 수준에서 유의한 것으로 나타났으며, 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루와 버터의 양이 많아질수록 기호도는 일정수준까지 증가하다가 급격히 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 관능의 모든 항목에서 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루 3.5 g 버터 55 g에서 기호도가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 5. 이상의 실험 결과를 바탕으로 아가리쿠스 버섯 쿠키의 유의적인 관능항목의 수치 최적화와 모형적 최적화를 통해 관능적 최적 배합비율은 아가리쿠스 버섯 가루 3.63g과 버터 55.37 g으로 산출되었다. 본 연구를 통해 아가리쿠스 버섯 쿠키의 영양, 기능, 품질, 기호도 측면에서 상품화를 위한 충분한 가능성이 있다고 판단되며, 아가리쿠스 버섯을 이용한 식품개발 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2010

The National Bio Resource Project-Rat (NBRP-Rat) comprises the largest bank of laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) strains in the world. Its main focus is to develop infrastructure that will facilitate the systematic collection, preservation, and provision of rat strains. To breed effectively more than 180 rat strains in living stock, we establish the genetic control system in which a systematic set of genetic diagnoses and genetic monitoring are included. Genetic monitoring is performed by using 20 polymorphic markers. Monitoring is carried out when a living animal stock is re-established by using cryopreserved embryos or sperm or when a rat strain is first introduced to the NBRP-Rat by a depositor. Additional monitoring is then carried out on each strain every two years. Genetic diagnosis is performed largely by employing the Amp-FTA method. Protocols which detail how to perform a genetic diagnosis of 11 transgenes and 24 mutations have been made. Among the mutations, nine can be detected by simple gel electrophoresis of the PCR products, 11 by restriction enzyme treatment of the PCR products, and four by direct PCR product sequencing. Using this genetic control system, the NBRP-Rat can guarantee the genetic quality of its rat strains.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2015

Purpose - This research analyzes overseas expansion support systems for small- and medium-sized enterprises in Germany and Japan. Germany and Japan have developed overseas expansion support policies for such enterprises. The study then explores the implications for Korea and its local governments. Research design, data, and methodology - We did a comparative analysis of Japan and Germany and their support for overseas expansion of small and medium companies. Data were mainly collected from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan) and the Germany Trade and Invest (Germany) agency through statistics and literature surveys, and analysis studies. Results - First, human resources cultivation and funding support policies, which both Germany and Japan use as part of small- and medium-sized enterprise policies, should be modified to Korean circumstances and to reflect its own small- and medium-sized enterprise support needs. Second, both the German policies that support overseas expansion of small- and medium-sized enterprises and those of Japan's include the philosophy and methods that put an emphasis on these enterprises, despite the fact that there are big differences in the overseas policies in these two countries. Third, German and Japanese governments are embracing the idea that small- and medium-sized enterprises are key to their national economies and implementing policies based on the ratio occupied by these enterprises in the domestic consumption or GDP. In other words, Germany and Japan consider small- and medium-sized enterprises as central to their nation's industry, and assess them as economic industry that should definitely exist for the continued survival of big businesses, and not just as merely supplemental to big business. Fourth, whereas Germany emphasizes support to product exhibition in its overseas expansion support policies, Japan is providing integrated support containing foreign direct investment to small- and medium-sized enterprises. Fifth, there are differences in the overseas expansion support in Germany and Japan in terms of their support to big business. Whereas Germany considers support to big business unnecessary, Japan is implementing active support policies to areas corresponding to big business. Korea will have to benchmark the policies of Germany and Japan, and decide whether or not to give full support to small- and medium-sized enterprises, while excluding areas supporting big business. Conclusions - Based on this analysis of German and Japanese overseas expansion support policies, we need to choose the policies that will engender a solid outcome and derive modified policies for the circumstances of Korea. Additionally, we can use the comparison of the overseas support policies of Japan and Germany to choose small- and medium-sized enterprise overseas expansion support policies for Korea. However, we cannot provide specific overseas support policies by industry. This point will be referenced as a limitation of this study. In future research, we expect that some researchers will take an empirical approach to exploring Korean overseas expansion support through collecting cases of overseas support policies and interviewing policy authorities.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2005

The ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bulbs of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (Liliaceae) collected from Daegwallyoung (D) and Ullung Island (U) in Korea were obtained using three different extracting methods. The first extracts, DL-1 DB-1, UL-1 and UB-1, were obtained from leaves (L) and bulbs (B) dried at $90^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the second extracts, DL-2, DB-2, UL-2 and UB-2, were obtained by extracting the leaves and bulbs of fresh plant parts. The third extracts DL-3, DB-3, UL-3 and UB-3 were obtained by incubating leaves and bulbs at $36^{\circ}C$. The six extracts obtained from A. victorialis var. platyphyllum at Daegwanllyoung (cultivated site) were orally administered to examine for a possible antihepatotoxic effect in $CCl_4-induced$ rats. DL-1 exhibited the most pronounced effect. The extracts inhibited serum ALT, AST, SDH, ${\gamma}-GT$, ALP and LDH activities elevated by $CCl_4$ injection and attenuated decreased glutathione S-transferase, glutatione reductase and ${\gamma}-glutamylcysteine$ synthetase activities and a decreased hepatic glutathione. However, the extracts obtained from Ullung Is. (native site) were less active than the extracts from Daegwallyoung, suggesting that A. victorialis var. platyphyllum from the cultivated site is more useful for functional food than of native site. These results also suggest that the antihepatotoxic effect is due to a higher content of hepatic glutathione. Gas chromatography of the twelve extracts showed significantly different sulfides, disulfides or trisulfides contents belonging to volatile sulfur substances (VSS). Nine components were identified on the basis of their mass spectra, namely, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin, 3,4-dihydro-3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin, and allithiamine. Extract DL-1 had the highest VSS content. Dried plant materials contained larger amounts of the VSSs than other extracts, and the leaves contained larger amount than the bulbs. These results suggest that heat treatment increases the antiheaptotoxic ability of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum by increasing the proportion of VSSs.