• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4 s.46
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• pp.180-193
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• 2006

The Gilan area in the central-northern part of Uiseong Block of Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin is composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks, Triassic Cheongsong granite, Early Cretaceous Hayans Group, and Late Cretaceous-Paleocene igneous rocks. In this area, the faults of various directions are developed: Oksan fault of $NS{\sim}NNW$ trend, Gilan fault of NW trend, Hwanghaksan fault of WNW trend, and Imbongsan fault of EW trend. Several fracture sets with various geometric indicators, which determine their relative timing (sequence and coexistence relationships) and shear sense, we well observed in the Cheongsong granite, the basement of Gyeongsang Basin. The aim of this study is to determine the development sequence of extension fractures and the movement sense of shear fractures in the Gitan area on the basis of detailed analysis of their geometric indicators (connection, termination, intersection patterns, and cross-cutting relations). This study suggests that the fracture system of the Gilan area was formed at least through seven different fracturing events, named as Pre-Dn to Dn +5 phases. The orientations of fracture sets show (W) NW, NNW, NNE, EW, NE in descending order of frequency. The orientation and frequency patterns are concordant with those of faults around and in the Gilan area on a geological map scale. The development sequence and movement sense of fracture sets are summarized as follows. (1) Pre-Dn phase: extension fracturing event of $NS{\sim}NNW$ and/or $WNW{\sim}ENE$ trend. The joint sets of $NS{\sim}NNW$ trend and of $WNW{\sim}ENE$ trend underwent the reactivation histories of sinistral ${\rightarrow}$dextral${\rightarrow}$sinistral shearing and of (dextral${\rightarrow}$) sinistral shearing with the change of stress field afterward, respectively. (2) Dn phase: that of NW trend. The joint set experienced the reactivations of sinistral${\rightarrow}$dextral shearing. (3) Dn + 1 phase: that of $NNE{\sim}NE$ trend. The joint set was reactivated as a sinistral shear fracture afterward. (4) Dn +2 phase: that of $ENE{\sim}EW$ trend. (5) Dn +3 phase: that of $WNW{\sim}NW$ trend. (6) Dn+4 phase: that of NNW trend. The joint set underwent a dextral shearing after this. (7) The last Dn +5 phase: that of NNE trend.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-124
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• 2015

The 'Imjin System' (or Rimjin System) was established in 1962 as a new stratigraphic unit separated from the Upper Paleozoic Pyeongan System based on the discovery of brachiopods and echinoderms of possible Devonian age. Subsequent discoveries of the Middle Devonian charophytes confirmed the Devonian age of the system. The Imjin System is distributed in the Imjingang Belt between the Pyongnam Basin and the Gyeonggi Massif, spans from the eastern areas including Cholwon-gun of the Gangwon Province, Gumchon-gun, Phanmun-gun, and Tosan-gun of the Hwanghaebuk Province, to the western areas of Gangryong-gun and Ongjin-gun of the Hwanghaenam Province, and includes the Yeoncheon Group (metamorphic complex) to the south. Unlike the lower Paleozoic strata in the Pyongnam Basin which solely produce marine invertebrate fossils, the Imjin System yields diverse non-marine plant and algal fossils. Brachiopods of the system are similar to those from the Devonian of the South China Block and include taxa endemic to the platform, implying a close paleogeographic affinity to the South China Block. The Imjin System is generally considered as of Middle to Late Devonian in age, although there have been suggestions that the system is of the Middle Devonian to Carboniferous in age. North Korean workers postulated that the Imjin System was deposited in the current geographic position, where the "Imjin Sea" (an extension of the South China Platform) was located during the Devonian. The Imjin System displays strong local variations in stratigraphy and its thickness. It has recently been reported that the strata are repeated and overturned by thrust faults in many exposures. The Yeoncheon Group a southward extension of the Imjin System, also experienced intense tight folding and contractional deformation. Northward decrease in metamorphic grade within the system suggests that the northern part of the Gyeonggi Massif and the Imjingang Belt are probably an extension of the Dabie-Sulu Belt between the South China and Sino-Korean blocks, and the Imjin System is an remnant of accretion resulted from the collision between the two blocks. In order to understand tectonic evolution and Paleozoic paleogeography of eastern Asia, further studies on stratigraphic, sedimentologic and tectonic evolution of the Imjin System involving scientists from the two Koreas are urgently needed.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.116
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• pp.155-180
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• 2010

The three means of listening, reflection and meditation (${\acute{s}}raava{\d{n}}a$, manana and $nididhy{\bar{a}}sana$) which are central devices of practice in $Ved{\bar{a}}nta$ philosophy should be understood not as a continuative step but as a methodological extension on condition of having one and the same purpose. In other words, the three means should be interpreted in a listening-oriented manner, in which the process has to be methodologically extended to reflection and meditation only when the direct knowledge on the reality is not gained in listening. This kind of interpretation can be more justified by displaying significant characteristics of Indian philosophy implied in the three means. It can be easily said that $Ved{\bar{a}}nta$ belonging to the liberation-centric tradition is a project of 'regaining essential self' through which the self becomes essential self by knowing that self. In this case the listening-oriented interpretation coincides with the basic teachings of $Ved{\bar{a}}nta$, since listening alone can be a sufficient means for obtaining knowledge of the original self. Further, as the project of 'regaining essential self' is carried out by the three means, these can be called a sort of 'event' that is carried out according to the scenario of $Ved{\bar{a}}ntic$ metaphysics. In this case listening is a course of comprehending the scenario of event participated by oneself, and that participant can accomplish the project by way of listening the scenario alone judged as somewhat more effective for liberation. However, in the later $Ved{\bar{a}}nta$ there arises a meditation-oriented interpretation of which three means are regarded not as a methodological extension but as a continuative step, because of the emphasis on meditation under the lasting influence of other philosophical systems. This is a result of epistemic desire that tries to convert what is heard to what is specially perceived or what is given to what is accepted. It may be said that this interpretation emphasizing the phased transition from the indirect to the direct of knowledge is an attempt to rationalize the repetitive delay of event as the actual failure of project. Furthermore, an assertion of the later $Ved{\bar{a}}nta$ which refers the fourth means called $sam{\bar{a}}dhi$ is based on the logic that the self-realization is possible apart from and outside the text, and accordingly it is incompatible with an assertion of the early $Ved{\bar{a}}nta$ that the self-realization is a reproduction as it is of the scenario guided by the absolute text. After all, the standard interpretation on the three means in $Ved{\bar{a}}nta$ have to be the listening-oriented, but not be the meditation-oriented or the $sam{\bar{a}}dhi$-oriented.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.155-170
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• 2021

Oats (Avena sativa L.) represent a good forage crop for cultivation in regions with short growing periods and/or cool weather, such as the mountainous areas of southern Korea. In this study, using the Korean elite summer oat varieties 'High speed' and 'Dark horse', we aimed to determine the optimal time to plant and harvest forage oats seeded in spring and summer in a mountainous area. Seeds were planted three times from late February and early August at 9- or 10-days intervals, respectively, and plants were harvested three times from late May to October at 10-day intervals. The experiment was carried out in an upland field (Jangsu-gun Jeonbuk) in 2015 and 2016. We investigated the changes in forage yield (FY) and quality [crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents] based on the time of planting and harvest. Neither the forage quality nor yield of either spring and summer oats was significantly influenced by the time of planting. The CP of spring oats harvested three times at 10-day intervals from late May was 12.0%, 8.2%, and 6.5%, thereby indicating a reduction with a delay in the time of harvest. In summer oats, CP ranged from 8.4% to 8.7%, although unlike CP in spring oats, was not significantly influenced by the time of harvest. For both forage types, harvest time had no significant effect on TDN. The FY of spring oats harvested in late May and early and mid-June was 10.2, 18.7, and 19.5 ton ha^-1, respectively, with that of oats harvested on the latter two dates being significantly increased by 83% and 91%, respectively, compared with that in late May. Similarly, the FY of spring oats harvested in late October and early and mid-November was 7.1, 12.5, and 12.1 ton ha^-1, respectively, with that of oats harvested on the latter two dates being significantly increased by 75% and 71%, respectively, compared with that in late October. Taking into consideration forage yield and quality (not less than 8% CP), it would be profitable to plant spring oats in the mountainous areas of southern Korea until March 15 and harvest around June 10, whereas summer oats could be beneficially planted until August 25 and harvested from early November.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.120-128
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to establish basic data for the continuous protection management policy of domestic natural world heritage and mixed world heritage, and to examine the present situation and characteristics of the protection management according to the World Heritage Convention on the World Heritage listed Huangshan. The results of this study are as follows. First, Huangshan began to be protected by the establishment of the Huangshan Construction Committee in 1933, and after the designation of national park in 1982, laws and regulations were established in the central ministries, And various projects related to utilization have been implemented. Secondly, the establishment of the boundary for protection was actively intervened by the central government, such as the reorganization of the boundary of Huangshan through the administrative district plan. In order to protect the ecological and landscape value as well as the cultural factor, And designated a heritage designated area. Third, the protection management of Huangshan was divided into four major stages. The first phase was divided into the period when administrative measures were taken to manage the protection of Huangshan. The second phase was designated as a national park in Huangshan. The third period was the time of the protection-oriented project according to the recommendation of the international organizations after the World Heritage listed. The fourth period was the expansion of the tourism industry for the continuous use of protection of Huangshan city, My preservation business was being implemented. Fourth, Huangshan is managed by the central government and the city government. Huangshan, which is a mixed heritage, is managed jointly by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage Administration and the Ministry of Natural Heritage Administration. The protection and management of Huangshan promoted the efficiency and expertise of the heritage-related work through the establishment of the administrative unit-specific management system, and the local governments were entrusted with the authority to implement the protection management policies that meet local characteristics. Fifth, the preservation area of Huangshan has been destroyed by the development policy centered on the mountain. In addition, according to the operation of accommodation facilities, there are problems such as sewage, garbage disposal, and environmental pollution caused by tourists, and the damage caused by pests and diseases in planted plantations around the area and changes in ecosystem due to the composition of cable cars. Sixth, for the continuous protection of Huangshan, strict regulations on new construction, extension and management of accommodation are required, and it is necessary to install facilities to limit and control the number of visitors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.224-238
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to confirm the physicochemical property and hazard of thinner (012), which is a diluent of enamel paint used for floor coating for waterproofing and oil painting for the outer wall. The literatures of physicochemical property and hazard of thinner were surveyed and its physicochemical property were evaluated. And then, the inhalation toxicity of thinner affecting the central nervous system and reproductive organs in rats were examined by subchronic (6 h./day. 5 days/ week for 13 weeks) inhalation test. 1) According to the 13-week subchronic inhalation test, there were no significant changes in clinical test and body weight. However, a significant evidence of toxicity was observed in the hematological test and organ weight such as heart, kidney, liver and brain (p<0.01) in the 200 ppm and 1,000 ppm exposure groups in a dose response manner. In the histopathology analysis, there were no significant evidence of toxicity. Therefore, thinner was not classified as an organ targeted toxic agent. In case of Harmfulness, it could be classified as a chronic toxic agent 3($500 ppm/4hr, rat). 2) The reproductive toxicity such as extension of the period of estrous cycle, reduction of serum estradiol concentration and increase of frequency of the abnormal sperm was observed in the 1,000 ppm exposed animals. 3) The result of the physicochemical property of the test material showed that the specific gravity was 0.793, boiling point $155.8^{\circ}C$, steam pressure 2.1 kPa, ignition point $34.5^{\circ}C$, and spontaneous ignition point $280^{\circ}C$. The endothermic and exothermic values were 371.4 J/g and 159.1 J/g. respectively. The explosion limit was 214 mg/l. These data showed that thinner could be classified as an explosion agent level 1.2 and ignitive liquid agent 3 ($23-60^{\circ}C$) according to the notification No. 2008-1 of the Labor Ministry, "Classifying Standard of Chemical Materials."

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2003

This experiment were conducted to select cheaper and more favorable compost among several kinds of composts which were produced by companies, farmers etc. instead of Yakto. Yakto was similar to Standard Yakto in the content of inorganic salts, but PL and HJ composts contained more P$_2$O$\_$5/, K$_2$O, CaO and MgO content compared with Standard Yakto and EC in Yakto was also higher than Standard Yakto did, but the phosphorus, magnesium content and EC of Mushroom compost was higher than that of Standard Yakto. On the other hands, Rice straw compost contained higher contents of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium than Yakto did. Germination rate and early growth of lettuce and C/N ratio were tested for checking decomposed degree. The compost of HJ, Mushroom and Rice straw revealed higher C/N ratio, lower germination rate and shorter shoot length than Yakto showed. It was guessed that these composts were not decomposed enough. Emergence and survival rate of ginseng seeds in Yakto were the highest, but its germination in the composts of Mushroom, PL, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased, and its survival rate in the composts of PL, Mushroom, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased. It was concluded that fully decomposed manure should be used and it needs to Investigate perfect decomposed composts of PL and Mushroom instead of Yakto.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.237-240
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• 2014

A 12-year-old, intact, female Alaskan malamute presented with severe spinal pain and hind limb lameness. On radiographs, a round, demarcated lytic lesion was identified in the central fifth lumbar vertebra. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the lesion involving the spinal cord appeared hypointense on T1 weighted, hyperintense on T2 weighted, heterogeneously enhanced on post-contrast T1 weighted, and hypointense on GE images. A focal, small, ill-defined, lytic lesion was also observed radiographically in the sixth lumbar vertebra, it appeared as a focal hyperintense lesion on T1 weighted, T2 weighted, and GE images and showed focal enhancement on post-contrast T1 weighted images. She was euthanized owing to extreme pain and severe and progressive clinical signs; a plasmacytoma was histopthologically diagnosed. This report presents an unusual type of spinal tumor, plasmacytoma. MRI is a useful modality to evaluate the anatomic location and extension of spinal lesions.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.295-299
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• 2009

Adoxophyes spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are economically important pests of fruit trees in Asia and Europe. The geographical distribution of three Adoxophyes species, A. orana, A. honmai and A. paraorana, in Korea was surveyed using species-specific sex pheromone traps for males in 2006 and 2007. The distribution of A. orana was restricted in the midwestern area, while A. honmai was found mainly in the southern area. In contrast to these two species, A. paraorana was widely distributed. Moreover, A. paraorana coexisted with A. orana in the midwestern area, and with A. honmai in the southern area. The seasonal fluctuation of male catches was monitored with pheromone traps in 2008. In the central regions, males of A. orana and A. paraorana were captured from May to September, with peak numbers in late May, middle July, and late August. A. honmai males were trapped from late April to late September, with peak catches in middle May, late June, early August, and early September in Naju.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.61-78
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• 2017

Among several policies for industrial decentralization introduced since the 1960s, business relocation grant policies put a heavy financial burden on central and local governments. This study investigates the change in the likelihood of manufacturing establishments' relocation to the non-SMA associate with the change in business relocation grant policies. Using the mining and manufacturing survey data from 1996 to 2014, manufacturing firms' relocation decision model in nested logit structure was estimated. The data showed that the proportion of movements from the SMA to the non-SMA significantly increased after the introduction of the grant policies. However, estimation results of firms' relocation decision model indicated that the likelihood of firms relocating from the SMA to the non-SMA decreased after the introduction of the grant policies. In particular, firms' likelihood to move into the rural regions is even lower in the period of the grant extension. This suggests that increasing rate of relocations toward the rural regions may have been driven by the growing advantage of rural locations, such as low land rent and improvement in market accessibility, rather than the grants per se. This implies that the alleviation of physical and environmental constraints of the rural regions and the creation of business friendly environment such as easy access to premises at reasonable prices and strengthened linkage with the SMA, rather than simple provision of business relocation grants, needed to attract businesses in the rural regions.