• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.85-114
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze Russia-Central Asia relations since the launch of the EAEU in 2015 and forecast the future from a structural realism perspective. Bilateral relations have both elements of close cooperation and elements of conflict. Russia and Central Asia, which have the characteristics of an authoritarian alliance, also have a symbiotic relationship in which they have no choice but to cooperate with each other to maintain the regime. Based on this, Russia has made various efforts to reunify Central Asia. Central Asia also has no choice but to cooperate with Russia for its survival, but at the same time, it has expanded its scope of cooperation in the international community to avoid being subjugated to Russia again. However, as China's power expands, Russia's relative weakness, and wariness toward Russia increases after the Ukraine War, the gap in bilateral relations is widening. In particular, as China's influence grows, Russia's nervousness also increases. This is why Putin visits Central Asia and holds active summit talks even during the war in Ukraine. If competition between Russia and China surfaces, there is a high possibility that the international order in Central Asia will become unstable. However, it is still unlikely that the power of Russia and China will reverse in Central Asia. Above all, the security, historical, and cultural connections between Russia and Central Asia are areas that are difficult for China to catch up with. Therefore, a weakening of Russia's influence compared to the past is inevitable, but its superiority is expected to continue. If Russia breaks away from belligerence and transforms into an attractive cooperative partner, there is a possibility that bilateral relations will take an upward turn again. However, it seems unlikely that such changes and innovations will occur under the Putin regime. Therefore, the biggest obstacle to realizing Putin's goal of reunifying Central Asia is Putin himself.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

From the central East China Sea, a solenocerid shrimp (Haliporoides sibogae sibogae) and a nephropid lobster (Metanephrops armatus) are newly recorded into the Korean fauna. The former is the only member of the genus recorded in Korea. The latter extends its range from Tai Nan, northward to the central East China Sea. Brief comments on to fisheries interests and coloration are given for the two species.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

The time, yield, and related genes expression of PHB accumulation of Acidiphilium cryptum DX1-1 were investigated under four different initial C/N ratios, 1.2, 2.4, 7.5, and 24. The results of time and yield of poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation show that the initial C/N ratio of 2.4 was optimum for strain DX1-1 to accumulate PHB, but both higher and lower initial C/N ratios did not favor that process. Based on the genome of Acidiphilium cryptum JF-5, 13 PHB accumulation related genes in strain JF-5 were chosen and successfully cloned from strain DX1-1. The differential expressions of the 13 functional genes, in different C/N ratios as cited above, were then studied by real-time PCR. The results show that all the 13 genes were most upregulated when the initial C/N ratio was 2.4, and among which the gene Acry_3030 encoding poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate polymerase and Aery_0626 encoding acetyl-CoA synthetase were much more upregulated than the other genes, which proved that they play the most important role for PHB accumulation, and acetate is the main initial substance for PHB accumulation for strain DX1-1. Potential regulatory motifs analysis showed that the genes related to PHB accumulation are regulated by different promoters and that the motif had weak similarity to the model promoters, suggesting that PHB metabolism in Acidiphilium cryptum may be mediated by a different mechanism.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.3204-3217
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• 2023

In this paper, the downlink of the multicast based spatial modulation systems is investigated. Specifically, physical layer multicasting is introduced to increase the number of access users and to improve the communication rate of the spatial modulation system in which only single radio frequency chain is activated in each transmission. To minimize the bit error rate (BER) of the multicast based spatial modulation system, a joint optimizing algorithm of antenna selection and multicast precoding is proposed. Firstly, the joint optimization is transformed into a mixed-integer non-linear program based on single-stage reformulation. Then, a novel iterative algorithm based on the idea of branch and bound is proposed to obtain the quasioptimal solution. Furthermore, in order to balance the performance and time complexity, a low-complexity deflation algorithm based on the successive convex approximation is proposed which can obtain a sub-optimal solution. Finally, numerical results are showed that the convergence of our proposed iterative algorithm is between 10 and 15 iterations and the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the iterative algorithm is 1-2dB lower than the exhaustive search based algorithm under the same BER accuracy conditions.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.84 no.5
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• pp.591-604
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• 2022

A gravity wall combined with an anchoring lattice frame (a combined retaining structure) is adopted at a typical engineering site at Dali-Ruili Railway Line China. Where, the combined retaining structure supports a soil deposit covering on different inclined rock slopes. With an aim to investigate and compare the effects of inclined rock slopes on the response of combined retaining structure under seismic excitation, three groups of shaking table tests are conducted. The rock slopes are shaped as planar surfaces inclined at angles of 20°, 30°, and 40° with the horizontal, respectively. The shaking table tests are supplemented by dynamic numerical simulations. The results regarding the horizontal acceleration response, vertical acceleration response, permanent displacement mode, and axial anchor force are comparatively examined. The acceleration response is more susceptible to outer structural profile of combined retaining structure than to inclined angle of rock slope. The permanent displacement decreases when the inclined angle of the rock slope increases within a range of 20°-40°. A critical inclined angle of rock slope exists within a range of 20°-40°, and induces the largest axial anchor force in the combined retaining structure.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.18-38
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• 2023

This paper examines the Chinese government's response to four epidemic crises, including COVID-19, and analyzes the similarities and differences in these responses. It argues that while the Chinese government learned from previous epidemics and improved its handling of subsequent outbreaks, a significant variation occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a detrimental impact globally. Existing scholarly research on China's epidemic responses has often been limited in scope, focusing on individual crises and neglecting the central-local government relationship in crisis decision-making. By adopting a comprehensive approach, this paper delves into the nuanced dynamics of China's responses to these epidemics. It highlights the variations in responses, attributing them to the Chinese government's fear of undermined legitimacy and its consideration of its international image. The government's recognition of the importance of public perception and trust, both domestically and globally, has shaped its crisis management strategies. Through a detailed analysis of these factors, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the variations observed in China's epidemic responses. It emphasizes the significance of the central-local government relationship and the government's international image in determining its actions during epidemics. Recognizing these factors can provide policymakers and researchers with insights to shape future epidemic response strategies and foster effective global health governance.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2006

China became the largest costume industry and export country since 1994. The fashion market in China has been changed from seller's market to buyer's market. During this period, brand has taken an important part. The fashion industry in China is developing on outlook, function, materials and categories. I want to do this brief research on the ten years of China Fashion Week to review the development of China Fashion Week, which is the symbol of China fashion industry. I hope it can be reference for being comprehended by Chinese and other foreign countries. In 1997, China Fashion Week was called Fashion Design exhibition. The title was modified to be China Fashion Week in 2000. In 2003. the title was developed to China Fashion Week (Spring/Summer Collection) and China Fashion Week (Autumn/Winter Collection). In the past ten years, there have been 300 fashion collections, with 600 fashion designers who joined in the competitions, and thousands of models, reporters and photographers, who took part in China Fashion Week. Recently 200 login fashion brands, 300 fashion designers, more than 500 reporters and 50 model management companies have made a relationship with China Fashion Week. The first moment of China Fashion Week- "famous designer project": paying attention to the relationship between the level of fashion designers and the style of brands. Quite a good deal of fashion design became more practical. The second moment of China Fashion Week- "improving Chinese fashion brands ": fashion show was not a kind of stage art but the business dealing for brand during that period. The situation of China Fashion Week now: Chinese Haute Couture is showed wonderfully during China Fashion Week. Fashion contest became the character of China Fashion Week. The contests were for adult fashion designers, new designers, models, and photographers. According to the development between different countries on fashion, the international communication of China Fashion Week became more and more popular and wide. Fashion designers from France, Italy, New York, Korea and Japan had fashion shows in China Fashion Week. The Chinese top fashion designers were showing their work during Paris, Milan and New York fashion shows.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.537-548
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• 2010

As the rapid development of economy in China, the problem in income gaps become a tough and sensitive social problem. Under this social background, this research try to find the main reasons of the income gap among the East China, West China, and the central China, basing on the analysis of its actuality and forming, and then put forward some solution plans. The research shows that in different development levels of China influencing factor of urban-rural income gap is also different. Take East China for example, the education support plays an important part of narrowing income gap. The influence of education support on urban-rural income gaps more significant than industrialization, what is more, its influence has the more reinforce trend, while in the less developed central and western part in China, what can narrowing income gap significantly is industrialization and the support for agriculture. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas in China radically, it is not enough to perform medical insurance reform and social insurance reform in the whole county. Besides this, we should perform other kinds of reformation countermeasures which have their regional characteristics. For example, in eastern, the regional governments should reinforce the education system; in central china, they should focus on developing industry; in western, the regional governments should increase the expense to support the agricultural development, and so on. With these countermeasures, they could not only relieve the gap between urban and rural areas in China, but also ensure to develop economy substantially and stably in the whole country.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7333-7336
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• 2014

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated as a causative of cervical cancer. In the present study, a total of 578 samples from females attending the gynecological outpatient clinic in Henan province, China, were collected and the HPV genotypes were detected by gene chip and flow-through hybridization. Overall, 44.5% (257/578) females were found to be HPV DNA positive, and the high risk HPV (HR-HPV) rate was 35.1% (203/578). The first peak of HR-HPV infection appeared in the >60 year-old group (55.0%), and the second was within the 51-55 year-old group (50.0%) (${\chi}^2$=19.497, p<0.05). HPV 16 was the most prevalent genotype (9.2%), followed by HPV 52 (7.8%), HPV 6 (6.9%), HPV 11 (5.9%) and HPV 42 (5.0%). The single type HPV infection was 30.4%, with the five majority prevalent genotype HPV 16 (16.5%), HPV 52 (14.3%), HPV 6 (12.6%), HPV 42 (8.6%), HPV 31 (5.1%). The multiple-type HPV infections were 14.0%, and HPV 16 was the most prevalent type (29.6%), followed by HPV 52 (24.7%), HPV 6 (22.2%), HPV 11 (22.2%), HPV 42 (17.3%) and HPV 39 (17.3%).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.319-321
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• 2001

In general, it is difficult to control weeds, diseases and insects with no chemical material in large scaled cultivation. Particularly, it is nearly impossible for a temperate country with a lot of rain such as Japan or Korea, to make organic agriculture on a large scale. Are there any possibilities to develop a large scaled organic agriculture in the world\ulcorner In Xinjang where is located in the central Asia, established Shihezi Agricultural and Environmental Institute for Arid Area of Central Asia three years ago in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China, for improving crop production in arid area. One of the main objectives is to establish organic agriculture in Xinjiang, with using suitable conditions for agriculture.