• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.596-608
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical leakage and adaptation to the dentinal wall of a glass ionomer root canal cement(Ketac-Endo) with those of AH-26 and Tubli-Seal. 102 single-rooted teeth were insrumented with step-back technique and randomly divided into four groups according to kinds of root canal cements: Ketac-Endo, AH-26, Tubli-Seal, and no root canal cement. Four experimental groups were as follows; Group 1 : Filling with gutta-percha and Ketac-Endo Group 2 : Filling with gutta-percha and AH-26 Group 3 : Filling with gutta-percha and Tubli-Seal Group 4 : Filling with gutta-percha without root canal cement All the specimens were obturated with lateral condensation technique, and stored in 100% humidity for 4 days. 20 teeth in each group were placed in centrifuge tube filled with India ink, and then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 3,000 rpm. And they were evaluated for linear dye leakage using a stereoscope and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. 22 teeth were split longitudinally and evaluated the adaptation to the dentinal wall using scanning electron microscope(4 teeth in each group) and stereoscope(2 teeth in 1, 2, 3 group). The obtained results were as follows ; 1. In case of not used root canal cement(Group 4), there was showed much degree of dye penetration comparerd with used root canal cements (Group 1, 2, 3)(P<0.01). 2. In the case of used root canal cements(Group 1, 2, 3), there was no significant difference in linear leakage in groups(P>0.01). 3. In the case of used root canal cements(Group 1, 2, 3), there was showed intimate adaptation to the dentinal wall independent on kinds of root canal cements. 4. Fractured surfaces indicated failure of cohesion in Ketac-Endo, and failure of adhesion to dentine in AH-26 and Tubli-Seal. 5. According to similar apical leakage and adaptability to the dentinal wall to another root canal cements, it is possible to be used glass-ionomer cement as root canal cement.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The effects of four different self-adhesive resin cement materials on cell viability and apoptosis after direct and indirect exposure were evaluated using different cell culture techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Self-adhesive cements were applied to NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts by the extract test method, cell culture inserts, and dentin barrier test method. After exposure periods of 24 h and 72 h, the cytotoxicity of these self-adhesive materials was evaluated using the MTT assay (viability) and the Annexin-V-FITC/PI staining (apoptosis). RESULTS. The lowest cell viability was found in cells exposed to BeautiCem SA for 24 h in the extract test method. Cell viability was reduced to 70.6% compared to negative controls. After the 72 h exposure period, viability rate of cell cultures exposed to BeautiCem SA decreased more than 2- fold (29.5%) while cells exposed to RelyX U200 showed the highest viability rate of 71.4%. In the dentin barrier test method, BeautiCem SA induced the highest number of cells in apoptosis after a 24 h exposure (4.1%). Panavia SA Cement Plus was the material that caused the lowest number of cells in apoptosis (1.5%). CONCLUSION. The used self-adhesive cements have showed different cytotoxic effects based on the evaluation method. As exposure time increased, the materials showed more cytotoxic and apoptotic effects. BeautiCem SA caused significantly more severe cytotoxic and apoptotic effects than other cements tested. Moreover, cements other than BeautiCem SA have caused necrotic cell death rather than apoptotic cell death.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.504-516
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• 1997

Ultrasonic instruments transfer electrical energy to mechanical energy resulting in vibration used for various dental treatments. If we could know the effect of ultrasonic instruments on the dental cements within the cast crown, we could take care when conducting periodontal surgery and when using the ultrasonic instrument to remove cast crown, it would be much more convenient. The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strength of several dental cements according to ultrasonic instrumentation time. In this study 4 types of cements were used to cement the specimens. they were treated with ultrasonic instrumentation for 0-5 minutes and the change in bond strength were statistically compared. The results were as followed. 1. The tensile bond strength of zinc phosphate cement decreased according to the increase in time of ultrasonic instrument and showed significant difference between 0 minutes and the others and between 1 minute and 2,3,4,5 minutes (p<0.05). 2. The tensile bond strength of polycarboxylate cement decreased according to the increase in time of ultrasonic instrument and showed significant difference between 5 minutes and the others and between 4 minutes and 0 minutes (p<0.05). 3. The tensile bond strength of zinc phosphate cement decreased according to the increase in time of ultrasonic instrument and showed significant difference between 5 minutes and the others (p<0.05). 4. The tensile strength of resin cements showed no statistically differences according to the ultrasonic instrumentation time. In conclusion, it is considered that zinc phosphate cements is most affected by ultrasonic instrumentations and resin cement is the least affected. When using ultrasonic instruments the result avove should be used as an index.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release of conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs) and resin-modified GICs. Materials and Methods: The cements were grouped as follows: G1 (Vidrion R, SS White), G2 (Vitro Fil, DFL), G3 (Vitro Molar, DFL), G4 (Bioglass R, Biodinamica), and G5 (Ketac Fil, 3M ESPE), as conventional GICs, and G6 (Vitremer, 3M ESPE), G7 (Vitro Fil LC, DFL), and G8 (Resiglass, Biodinamica) as resin-modified GICs. Six specimens (8.60 mm in diameter; 1.65 mm in thickness) of each material were prepared using a stainless steel mold. The specimens were immersed in a demineralizing solution (pH 4.3) for 6 hr and a remineralizing solution (pH 7.0) for 18 hr a day. The fluoride ions were measured for 15 days. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test with 5% significance were applied. Results: The highest amounts of fluoride release were found during the first 24 hr for all cements, decreasing abruptly on day 2, and reaching gradually decreasing levels on day 7. Based on these results, the decreasing scale of fluoride release was as follows: G2 > G3 > G8 = G4 = G7 > G6 = G1 > G5 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There were wide variations among the materials in terms of the cumulative amount of fluoride ion released, and the amount of fluoride release could not be attributed to the category of cement, that is, conventional GICs or resin-modified GICs.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.40.1-40.10
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• 2018

Objectives: This study evaluated the microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$) of polymer-ceramic and indirect composite resin with 3 classes of resin cements. Materials and Methods: Two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated polymer-ceramics (Enamic [ENA; Vita] and Lava Ultimate [LAV; 3M ESPE]) and a laboratory indirect composite resin (Gradia [GRA; GC Corp.]) were equally divided into 6 groups (n = 18) with 3 classes of resin cements: Variolink N (VAR; Vivadent), RelyX U200 (RXU; 3M ESPE), and Panavia F2 (PAN; Kuraray). The ${\mu}TBS$ values were compared between groups by 2-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tamhane test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Restorative materials and resin cements significantly influenced ${\mu}TBS$ (p < 0.05). In the GRA group, the highest ${\mu}TBS$ was found with RXU ($27.40{\pm}5.39N$) and the lowest with VAR ($13.54{\pm}6.04N$) (p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed in the ENA group. In the LAV group, the highest ${\mu}TBS$ was observed with VAR ($27.45{\pm}5.84N$) and the lowest with PAN ($10.67{\pm}4.37N$) (p < 0.05). PAN had comparable results to those of ENA and GRA, whereas the ${\mu}TBS$ values were significantly lower with LAV (p = 0.001). The highest bond strength of RXU was found with GRA ($27.40{\pm}5.39N$, p = 0.001). PAN showed the lowest ${\mu}TBS$ with LAV ($10.67{\pm}4.37N$; p < 0.001). Conclusions: When applied according to the manufacturers' recommendations, the ${\mu}TBS$ of polymer-ceramic CAD/CAM materials and indirect composites is influenced by the luting cements.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.31.1-31.9
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effects of the self-adhesive resin cements RelyX U200 (3M ESPE) and seT PP (SDI Limited) on murine macrophages and the interference of the photoactivation. Materials and Methods: Cell viability assays, cell adherence, yeast phagocytosis of Saccharomyces boulardii and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed in the presence of capillaries containing the respective self-adhesive cement when photoactivated or not. Results: After long periods of contact, both types of cements, when not photoactivated, are more cytotoxic for macrophages. The seT PP cement when only chemically activated seems to interfere more negatively in the process of phagocytosis of yeasts S. boulardii. Both types of cements interfere in the cell adhesion process, independent of photoactivation. None of the types of cements tested was able to induce the production of ROS. Conclusions: Our results highlight the great importance of the photoactivation of self-adhesive resin cements in the dental clinic, since RelyX U200, when photoactivated, presented the best results within the evaluated parameters.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.26-49
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to confirm the formation of hybrid layer and resin tags in dentin tissue and the possibility of bonding between luting cements used for the prosthesis and the resinous surface coated with resin bonding agents to prevent the dentin hypersensitivity after abutment preparation. Some resin bonding agents, which may have the possibility of bonding with polyacrylic acid as a liquid ingredient of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements, were selected. All-Blond desensitizer containing NTG-GMA and BPDM, Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA, and XR-bond containing organophosphate were selected as a coating agent. Dental cements were zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and glass ionomer cement. After the exposed dentin surface of premolars was ethced with 10% phosphoric acid and coated with resin bonding agents, the morphology of treated surfaces and the resin tags and hybrid layers on sectioned surfaces were observed by SEM. Shear bond strength between the resin bonding agents and 3 kinds of cements was measured 24 hours after bonding. On the debonded surfaces of the shear bond strength tested specimens, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resin materials and cements were examined by SEM. Following conclusions were drawn : 1. Coating of dentin with resin bonding agents had no effect on the shear bond strength of zinc phosphate cement. 2. Both of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements showed the increased shear bond strength by the dentinal coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA. However, in the case of dentinal coating with some agents containing NTG-GMA and BPDM or organophosphate, polycarboxylate cement exhibited the lowered shear bond strength, and glass ionomer cement showed the unchanged shear bond strength. 3. Complete obstructions of dentinal tubules were observed on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer or XR-bond, but distinct shape of the orifices of dentinal tubules was observed consistently on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 4. The hybrid layer was thickest on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer, and the length of resin tags was longest on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 3. On the debonded specimens which had been bonded with polycarboxylate cement or glass ionomer cement after coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resinous surface and the cements could be examined.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.138-144
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• 2014

목적: 이 연구의 목적은 다양한 이원 중합 레진 시멘트의 수분 흡착도를 조사하고, 수분 흡착에 따른 미세 경도 변화를 비교해보는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 다섯 가지의 이원중합 레진시멘트를 선정하였다(Maxcem, Duo-link, Panavia F, Variolink II, Rely X Unicem). 각 그룹 당 10개씩, 총 50개의 시편을 제작하였다.각 그룹 당 5개의 시편들을 증류수에 7일 동안 보관 후 수분 흡착도를 평가하였다. 증류수에 보관한 시편과 보관하지 않은 시편들을 비교하여 결과를 얻었다. 결과: 1. 수분 흡착도에 있어서 Maxcem이 유의성 있게 가장 높았다. 2. 증류수에 보관하지 않았던 시편의 미세 경도는 Rely X Unicem의 유의성 있게 가장 높았다. 3. 증류수에 보관하였던 시편의 미세 경도는 Rely X Unicem이 유의성 있게 가장 높았다. 4. 수분 흡수에 따른 미세 경도의 변화에 있어서 Variolink II는차이가없는것으로나타났으나, Duo-link, Panavia F, 그리고 Rely X Unicem은 감소되었으며, Maxcem은 증가되었다. 결론: 임상적으로 레진시멘트 선택시 수분 흡착도가 작고, 미세 경도가 높은 재료를 선택하는 것이 추천된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

This study is carried out to make the environmentally affinitive porous planting block for revegetation and to make a effective program for greening plans. The summary is shown below. 1. In order to get stronger intensity and distribute proper porosity in the block for planting, the cements mixed with fine soil were used and the finer in soil grains gives the stronger in intensity of the cements. Use of the furnace slag cements instead of the portland cements showed relatively stronger in intensity of the block. The intensity of the block became stronger when the mixed ratio of the cements to soil is 5 : 1, but the pore space ratio was lower. The percolate pH of the portland cements after one month of treatment was 13.1 but the percolate pH of the furnace slag cements was shown lower. To mold proper porous planting blocks, the proper combination of additives such as the dehydrating agent, elastic agent and adhesives into the mixture of cements and soil gives better effectives. 2. After molding the porous planting blocks, it gave a better result when the grains of the filler made of peat moss, upland soil and compound fertilizer were smaller than 2 mm in size. Shaking of the filling materials also gave the better result, but it took more time and cost much more. Therefore, it was better when the filling materials were mixed with water first then flew down for stuffing. 3. It was necessary to cover with soil after seeding or planting on the porous planting blocks. The proper thickness of the soil to help root development and keep moisture is about 3~5 cm. 4. The plants for planting on the porous planting block were required stronger in the growth condition of their roots and their environmental adaptability. The average germination percentage and rate of Platycodon grandiflorum on the porous planting block were 88.8% and 85% accordingly and their rate is very uniform. The germination rates of Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus and Taraxacum officinale were more than 50%. These grass species, Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Lysimachia mauritiana and Scabiosa mansenensis were the suggested biennial grasses in the planting area where exchanging of the seedling or nursery plants was not necessary because their germination rates were 59.3, 45.6 and 40.3% accordingly. Viola kapsanensis, Chrysanthemum sp., Taraxacum sp. and Iris ensata var. spontanea are the grass species that could be used by seeding for greening. However, the germination rate of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Aster scaber and Lythrum anceps were lower than 10%. The coverage ratio of Ixeris stolonifera is more than 80% after 60 days seeding and the root length of most of species are more than 10 cm except Iris ensata var. spontanea and Platycodon grandiflorum because their root developed thicker than other species.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

목적: 중합방법 및 측정시기에 따른 여러 이중중합 레진 시멘트의 기계적 성질인 압축강도와 간접인장강도를 비교 평가하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 1개의 레진강화형 글래스아이오노머 시멘트인 FujiCEM 2, 2개의 전통적인 이중중합 레진 시멘트인 RelyX ARC와 Multilink N, 2개의 이중중합 자가접착 레진 시멘트인 RelyX U200과 G-CEM LinkAce를 사용하였다. 제조사의 지시에 따라 시멘트를 혼합하여 압축강도와 간접인장강도 측정을 위한 시편을 제작하였다. 중합방법 및 측정시기의 영향을 평가하기 위해 시멘트에 따라 4가지 실험 조건으로 나눴고, 만능시험기로 압축강도와 간접인장강도 측정하였다. 각각의 강도 값을 계산 후 통계처리 하였다. 결과: 압축강도에서는 RelyX ARC의 광중합과 Multilink N의 광중합, 간접인장강도에서는 RelyX ARC의 광중합을 제외하고 모든 중합방법에서 24시간 뒤 측정된 강도가 즉시 측정한 강도보다 더 높은 값을 보여주었다. FujiCEM 2는 시멘트간 비교에서 가장 낮은 강도 값을 보였다(P < 0.05). 결론: 치과용 시멘트 중에서 최근 출시된 이중중합 자가접착 레진 시멘트는 기존의 레진 시멘트와 비교시 제품별로 차이가 있었으나, 압축강도와 간접인장강도에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.