• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1106-1109
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted with 30 adult wool producing Angora rabbits of either sex, to evaluate the effect of replacing soyflakes (SF), on equal protein basis, with low gossypol containing cottonseed meal (CSM) either alone or in combination with lysine and methionine; on the biological performance, total wool yield, wool yield per shearing, wool characteristics and mortality. Three experimental mash diets were prepared by incorporating SF (6%) as standard / control protein source $(T_1)$ and CSM (9%) as test protein source ($T_2$ and $T_3$). In $T_3$, amino acids-lysine and methionine (0.1 % each) were added. Animals were given the experimental diets about $150g{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}head^{-1}$, for a period of 225 d or three shearing, and ad libitum Kudzu-vines. No significant effect of $T_2$ or $T_3$, on the body weight gain, total wool yield, wool yield per shearing and wool characteristics, was observed compared to $T_1$. However, the digestibility of dry matter, crude fibers, ether extract, acid detergent fibers, neutral detergent fibers, cellulose and hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.05) depressed in CSM based diets. Mortality of about 20% was recorded in $T_2$ and $T_3$, but not related to the addition of CSM or gossypol toxicity. More studies are needed to standardize the safe level of CSM, duration of safe feeding of CSM, and level of amino acids supplementation in CSM based diets.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2010

In this research, an effective method for reducing the fibrillation of lyocell fibers, which are spun from a solution of cellulose in N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide(NMMO), through consecutive chemical treatments. Undried solution-spun cellulosic fiber was firstly treated with 10 to 30 wt% of multifunctional crosslinking agents, such as ethylene glycol poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) ether, and then dipped into alkaline solution to introduce epoxy functions. Finally steam condition was applied to occur a chemical crosslinking in order to reduce the fibrillation on the surface of fibers. Fibrillation was also reduced significantly by adding extra $Na_2SO_4$ in NaOH solution. In addition, Antifibrilllated lyocell fibers show the slightly higher dyeability(4 %) to Cibacron Blue without serious reduction of mechanical properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.673-679
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• 2004

A microbial cryoprotectant formulation using a W/O/W multiple emulsion system was developed. The psychrotolerant microorganism, B4, isolated from soil in South Korea, was observed by the drop freezing method, in which the microorganism sample inhibited ice nucleation activity. The antifreeze activity was eliminated when the microorganism sample was treated with protease, indicating that the antifreeze activity was due to the presence of antifreeze protein. The result of the l6S rDNA sequencing indicated the B4 strain was most closely related to a species of the genus Bacillus. Culture broth of B4 strain (Bacillus sp.) and rapeseed oil containing 1 % polyglycerine polyricinolate (PGPR) were used as core and wall material, respectively. The most stable W/O emulsion was prepared at a core/oil ratio of 1:2. The highest W/O/W emulsion stability was achieved when the primary emulsion to external aqueous phase containing 0.5% caster oil polyoxyethylene ether $(COG25^{TM})$ ratio was 1:1. Microcrystalline cellulose showed better W/O/W emulsion stability than other polymer types. The viability of cells in a W/O/W emulsion was higher than free cells during storage at $37^\circ{C}$. An acidic pH and UV exposure decreased the viability of free cells, but cells in W/O/W emulsion were more stable under these conditions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction of progesterone with various cyclodextrins (CDs) in the aqueous solution and in solid state, and finally to formulate a parenteral aqueous formulation. CDs used were ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, and ${\gamma}-CD$, $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-CD$ (HPCD), sulfobutyl $ether-{\beta}-CD$ (SBCD), $dimethyl-{\beta}-CD$ (DMCD) and $trimethyl-{\beta}-CD$ (TMCD). The solubility studies of progesterone were performed in the presence of various CDs as a function of concentration or temperature. The solubility of progesterone increased in the rank order of ${\alpha}-CD$ < ${\beta}-CD$ < ${\gamma}-CD$ < TMCD$ < HPCD < DMCD < SBCD. Addition of SBCD (200 mg/ml) in water increased the aqueous solubility $(9.36\;{\mu}g/ml)$ about 3,200 times, and lowering the temperature facilitated the solubilization of progesterone. However, the addition of HPCD and SBCD in 20:80 (v/v) polyethylene glycol 300-water and propylene glycol-water cosolvents markedly decreased the solubility of progesterone, compared with solubilizing effects in water. Physical mixtures and solid dispersions of progesterone with HPCD or SBCD were prepared, and evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), near IR spectroscopy and dissolution studies. By DSC and IR studies, it was found that progesterone was dispersed in HPCD in monotectic state and dissolved rapidly from both solid dispersions. Based on solubility studies, new aqueous progesterone fonnulations (5 mg/ml) containing SBCD (200 mg/ml) could be prepared and did not form precipitates even after 2 months at $4^{\circ}C$. The solution was transparent when mixed with normal saline and 5% dextrose injection at 1: 1, 1:10 and 1:20 (v/v) even after 7 days. Permeation rates of progesterone through a cellulose membrane from 20% PEG 300 solution $(50\;{\mu}g/ml)$ containing HPCD or SBCD were compared with oily formulation. Permeation of progesterone from oily formulation did not occur up to 8 hr, but aqueous formulations showed fast permeation rates from early stage of permeation study. The addition of HPCD or SBCD retarded the permeation rates of progesterone with the increase of CD concentrations, suggesting the possibility of a controlled absorption from the site administered intramuscularly. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to develop a new progesterone parenteral aqueous injection (5 mg/ml) using SBCD.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.203-218
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• 1975

양송이 재배중(栽培中) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 성분변화(成分變化)를 파악(把握)하기 위하여 양송이의 대규모(大規模) 생산(生産) 조건하(條件下)에서 퇴비입상후(堆肥入床後) 수확(收穫)이 끝나는 폐상시기(廢床時期)까지의 재배상퇴비(栽培床堆肥) 및 양송이 자실체(子實體)의 여러가지 성분(成分)을 분석(分析)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었으며 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 숙성기작(熟成機作)을 제시(提示)하였다. 1) 재배상(栽培床) 및 배양실(培養室)의 온도변화(溫度變化)와 양송이의 수량(收量)을 주기별(週期別)로 조사(調査)하였고 전체수량(全體收量)은 $15.6kg/m^2$이었다. 2) 입상직후(入床直後)의 퇴비(堆肥)는 pH8.2이었으나 복토시기(覆土時期)부터 pH 6.4로 떨어져 폐상시(廢床時)까지 유지(維持)되었다. 3) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 일반성분(一般成分)을 고형물(固形物) 기준(基準)으로 볼 때 회분(灰分)은 증가(增加)하였으나 전실소(全實素), 에텔 추출물(抽出物), 조섬유(粗纖維)는 계속으로 감소하였으며 결국 유기물(有機物)의 감소하였으며 결국 유기물(有機物)의 감소를 초래하였다. 4) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 전실소(全實素)는 계속적으로 감소하였으며 부용성(不溶性) 실소(室素)의 감소량(減少量)이 수용성(水溶性) 실소(實素)보다 더 컸고, C/N율(率)은 최초(最初) 21이던것이 16으로까지 점차적으로 감소하였다. 5) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 탄수화물(炭水化物)중 ${\alpha}-cellulose$, pentosan, lignin은 각각 87%, 75%, 60%씩 소실되었으며 특히 ${\alpha}-cellulose$는 복토직후(覆土直後)에 크게 감소(減少)하였다. 6) 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 유리환원당(遊離還元糖)은 계속적으로 증가(增加)하였고, 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸)을 수확초기(收穫初期)까지 증가(增加)하다가 폐상시(廢床時)에는 다시 감소하였다. 입상시(入床時)의 퇴비(堆肥)에는 alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, serine이 검출(檢出)되었으나 양송이 재배(栽培)에 따라 glycine은 크게 감소하는 반면(反面) proline이 크게 증가(增加)하였다. 7) 재배상퇴비(栽培床堆肥)의 무기원소(無機元素) 중 P, Zn은 감소하는 경향이 있고, Cu은 증가(增加)하는 경향이있으며 K, Na은 큰 변화(變化)가 없었다. 8) 수확주기(收穫週期)가 다른 양송이의 일반성분(一般成分), 무기성분(無機成分), 유리환원당(遊離還元糖) 및 아미노산(酸)을 분석(分析) 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 큰 차이가 없었으나 조지방(粗脂肪), 환원당(還元糖), Na함량(含量)은 초기수확(初期收穫)의 것에서, 아미노산(酸) P은 후기수확(後期收穫)의 것에서 약간 높았다. 양송이중의 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸)으로는 alanine, serine, threonine glutamic acid를 위시(爲始)하여 12종(種)이 검출(檢出)되었다. 9) 본실험(本實驗)으로 재배상(栽培床) 퇴비(堆肥)의 숙성(熟成) 과정은 중온균(中溫菌)에 의한 암모니아의 생성(生成)과 탄수물화(炭水物化)의 분해에 이어 고온균(高溫菌)에 의한 단백질합성(蛋白質合成), 균경형성(菌經形成) 그리고 다실소(多室素) lignin 부식복합기(腐植複合畿)를 형성(形成)하고 이들 성분(成分)이 잔류(殘留)하는 탄수화물(炭水化物)과 함께 양송이의 영양원(營養源)을 이루게 되는 숙성기작(熟成機作)을 뒷받침 할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.693-701
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the nutritive value of the forage plants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 266 samples (61 grasses and 65 legumes grown in the dry season, 60 grasses and 80 legumes grown in the rainy season) were collected from the highland and lowland in 1998 to 2000, and were subjected to the determination of chemical composition and digestibility. The least-squares analysis of variance demonstrated that the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of grasses was not significantly affected by season or altitude. On the other hand, the some proximate components and cell wall components were significantly affected by season and altitude including the season${\times}$altitude interaction. For the legumes, the in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) and cellulose content were significantly affected by season. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) content was significantly affected by season and altitude. The interaction of the season${\times}$altitude for IVDMD, of the year${\times}$season for some proximate components and of the year${\times}$season and the season${\times}$altitude for some cell wall components were significant. These results indicate that the forages grown at highland in dry season have a relatively high quality. The means of the total digestible nutrient (TDN) content estimated from IVDMD in grasses and in legumes were 50.3% and 57.4%, respectively, and the crude protein contents were 7.7% and 17.6%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between IVDMD and the contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were relatively high in all of forage plants, suggesting that these components would provide an accurate prediction of digestibility or TDN content. A close relationship between IVNDFD and lignin content indicates that the lignin would be the most accurate predictor of cell wall digestibility.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2006

Purecell, hydroxyethyl-cellulose-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride ether, was developed as a thickener and evaluated its functions for stability and safety when it was added in the cosmetic composition. Compared with a commercially available thickener Natrasol, Purecell have a basic chemical backbone of hydroxyethylcellulose which has been widely used in the cosmetic industry. pH and viscosity of Purecell was lower than those of Natrasol, however, a similar pH value to was shown when the Purecell was added into a shampoo or cream. The Purecell was stable to temperature and light. When 0.5% of the Purcell was added to a shampoo having cationic surfactant, a separation occurred due to the same cationic surfactant of the Purecell and shampoo. However, the shampoo and cream made with Purecell improved a smoothness and adaptability of hair. It also showed a negative response for Patch test of human, indicating the Purecell was safe for use.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1979

인삼엽(人蔘葉)을 ether, benzene-butanol 혼합용매등으로 색소류(色素類)기타 지용성물질(脂溶性物質)등을 제거하고, methanol과 n-butanol로 연속추출하여 n-butanol soluble saponin을 얻고 계속해서 liquid chromotography 를 행하여 분획별(身劃別)로 인삼엽(人蔘葉) saponin을 분리 정제하였고, 그 화학적(化學的)및 분자구조학적(分子構造學的) 특성(特性)을 인삼근(人蔘根) saponin과 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인삼근(人蔘根)과 엽(葉) saponin의 2차원(차원) TLC pattern은 다소(多少) 차이(差異)차가 있으나, 다수(多數)의 spot들이 일치(一致)하였다. 인삼엽(人蔘葉)에는 ginsenoside Rd가 존재하지 않고, ginsenoside Rc는 엽(葉)에, ginsenoside $Re_1$ 및 $Rg_1$는 근부(根部)에 더 많이 분포(分布)되어 있었다. 2. 인삼엽(人蔘葉)에는 인삼근(人蔘根)에 비하여, panaxadiol 계(系) saponin이 panaxatriol 계(系) saponin보다 더높은 함량을 보였다. 3. n-butanol soluble saponin으로 liquid chromatography를 행하여 인삼근(人蔘根)에서는 Fr. 1.과 Fr. 2.를 얻었고, 인삼엽(人襲葉)에서는 Fr. 1, Fr. 2. 및 Fr. 3.의 분획(分劃)을 얻을 수 있었다. 인삼근(人蔘根)의 Fr. 1 및 엽(葉)의 Fr. 1.과 Fr. 2.등 3매의 분획(分劃)은 saponin test반응(反應)에 양성(陽性)을 보이고, 그 IR spectra는 동일(同一)한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1986

제지(製紙)슬러지가 논 토양(土壤)의 화학성(化學性)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)코자 슬러지를 600 ㎏/10a시용(施用)하여 pot시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)함으로써 토양중(土壤中) 유기물(有機物) 및 부식(腐植)의 형태변화(形態變化)와 부식산(腐植酸)의 자외부(紫外部) 및 가시부령역(可視部領域)에서의 흡수(吸收) spectra, infrared spectra 및 작용기함량(作用基含量)을 경시적(經時的)으로 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 토양중(土壤中) ether 가용물질(可溶物質), resins, 수용성(水溶性) polysaccharides, hemicellulose, cellulose, ligno-protein, 부식산(腐植酸) 및 폴보산의 함량(含量)은 3요소구(要素區)에 비(比)하여 슬러지구(區)가 높았다. 2) 부식산(腐植酸)의 자외부(紫外部) 및 가시부령역(可視部領域)에서의 흡수(吸收) spectra는 모든 처리구(處理區)가 극대(極大)나 극소(極少)가 없는 일정(一定)한 흡수곡선(吸收曲線)을 나타내면서 파장(波長)이 길어질수록 optical density는 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 부식산(腐植酸)의 작용기중(作用基中) phenolic-OH/alcoholic-OH는 슬러지구(區)가 3요소구(要素區)에 비(比)하여 약간 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 부식산(腐植酸)의 형태(形態)는 모든 처리구(處理區)가 주로 P형(型) 및 Rp형(型)이었다. 3) 부식산(腐植酸)의 infrared spectra의 공통적(共通的)인 주요(主要) 흡수(吸收) band는 $3,400cm^{-1}$, $2,900cm^{-1}$, $1,600cm^{-1}$ 및 $1,050cm^{-1}$부근(附近)이었으며 $3,400cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 넓은 흡수(吸收) band는 hydrogen-bonded OH에 기인(基因)되었고 $2,900cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 흡수(吸收)는 aliphatic C-H stretching에 의한 것이었으며 $1,630cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 흡수(吸收)는 aromatic C=C외에 hydrogen-bonded C=O로 추측(推測)되었으며 $1,050cm^{-1}$부근(附近)의 강(强)한 흡수(吸收) band는 규산(珪酸) 부순물(不純物)의 Si-O결합(結合)에 기인(基因)된 것으로 해석(解釋)되었다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.55-69
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• 2001

수산가공폐수슬러지를 이용한 고품질의 퇴비생산을 위하여 현장 퇴비화공장에서 슬러지와 가축분의 혼합 비율에 따른 퇴비화 과정중의 온도는 모든 처리에서 퇴비화 3~5일간 급격히 상승하여 최고온도에 도달하였으며 그후 서서히 감소하는 경향이었다. 퇴비화 19일후 하강온도가 $40{\sim}50^{\circ}C$되었을 때를 1차 퇴비화 종료시점으로 판단하고 1차 뒤집기를 실시하고 후숙을 시켰으며 그후 퇴비화조내의 온도가 다시 상승하였다. 그후 2차 및 3차 뒤집기를 실시하였으나 온도의 상승폭이 작아 퇴비화가 완료된 것으로 판단하였다. 그리고 퇴비화과정중 온도는 슬러지 첨가율이 높을수록 높았다. 퇴비화 종료시점에서의 퇴비중 총 탄소함량은 퇴비화 초기에 비해 약 4.5~8.0% 감소하였고, 그 감소폭은 수산가공폐수슬러지의 첨가율이 높을수록 증가하였다. 퇴비화과정 중 유기물중 ether추출물질, resins 및 hemicellulose함량은 각각 약 35~77%, 32~69% 및 19~30%감소하였으나, 수용성 polysaccharides함량은 별 변화가 없었고, cellulose, lignins 및 미동정태 유기물함량은 약간 증가하였다. 퇴비화 종료시점에서의 총 질소, amino sugar태 및 amino acid태 질소함량은 퇴비화재료에 비해 각각 약 20~42%, 11~40% 및 23~65% 감소하였다. 퇴비화과정 중 humic acid함량은 별 변화가 없었으나, fulvic acid함량은 퇴비화가 진행될수록 감소하여 전체 humus 중 humic acid가 차지하는 비율이 증가하였다. 수산가공폐수 슬러지의 퇴비화과정 중 시기별 무우, 배추 및 오이의 발아율 및 뿌리 생장율을 조사한 결과 모든 처리에서 발아율은 퇴비화 30일 이후에는 90%이상으로서 완숙퇴비기준치 이상이었고, 뿌리생장율도 30일 이후에는 대조구와 비슷하였으며 퇴비화 30일 이후에는 각 처리 조건 및 시기별 별 영향이 없었다.