• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1986

The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids extracted from leaves and leaf mitochondria, which were sampled from several horicultural plants grown under blue color-deficient sunlight (BCDS), were determined and compared with those from plants grown under natural white colored sunlight(WCS). It was found that the mitochondria isolated from plants grown under BCDS contained phospholipid whose degree of unsaturation in unit of number of double bonds per lipid molecule was remarkably higher than that from plants grown under WCS, the relative increment being $8{\sim}49%$. This was significantly larger than the relative increment, $4{\sim}8%$ for total phospholipid extracted from whole leaves grown under BCDS campared to WCS. This observation demonstrated that the blue light effect of sunlight on the chemical property of cellular membranes, as long as it was concerned with fatty acid composition, arose mainly at the mitochondrial membrane. Also observing that the degree of unsaturation of mitochondrial phospholipid was much lower than that of total phospholipid, it was interpreted that this was the consequence of rather active oxidative destruction of lipid-fatty acid components occuring in mitochondrial membrane by the reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide($O_2-$), which was known to be produced in mitochondrial inner membrane through the side reactions of the respiratory electron transport chain and also probably through the photosensitized reaction involving oxygen induced by blue colored light. Thus, it may be tentatively concluded that the extent of photosensitization in mitochondrial membrane could be considerably reduced under BCDS resulting in lowering of the $O_2-$ level in the respirating organelle The possible involvement of photodynamic action in membrane oxidation was also indicated by the fact that the typical fat-soluble antioxidant, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, was found to be contained on a higher level in leaves under BCDS than those under WCS.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) disease group are fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting a wide range of hosts. The group includes kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep and goats and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. The exact nature of the infectious agent involved in the transmission of these diseases remains controversial. However, a central event in their pathogenesis is the accumulation in infected tissues of an abnormal form of a host-encoded protein, the prion protein (PrP). Whereas the normal cellular protein is fully sensitive to protease ($PrP^{sen}$), the disease-associated prion protein ($PrP^d$) is only partly degraded ($PrP^{res}$), its amino-terminal end being removed. BSE was first reported in the mid-80s in the UK. Ten years later, a new form of human prion disease, variant CJD (vCJD) developed in the wake of the BSE epidemic, and there is now strong scientific evidence that vCJD was initiated by the exposure of humans to BSE-infected tissues, thus indicating a zoonotic disease. However, the ban on the feeding of animal-derived proteins to ruminants, and the apparent lack of vertical transmission of BSE, have led to a decline in the incidence of the disease within cattle herd and therefore, an assumed decreased risk for human contacting vCJD. The origin of the original case(s) of BSE still remains an enigma even though three hypotheses have been raised. Hypotheses are i) sheep- or goat-derived scrapie-infected tissues included in meat and bone meal fed to cattle, ii) a previously undetected sporadic or genetic bovine TSE contaminating cattle feed or iii) originating from a human TSE through animal feed contaminated with human remains. A host cellular membrane protein ($PrP^C$), which is abundant in central nervous system tissue, appear to be conformationally altered in the diseased host into a prion protein ($PrP^{Sc}$). This $PrP^{Sc}$ is detergent insoluble and partially protease-resistant ($PrP^{res}$). The term $PrP^{res}$ is normally used to describe the protein detected after protease treatment, in techniques such as Western immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay using fresh/frozen tissue. Immunohistochemistry may performed with formalin-fixed tissues. Also, clinical signs of the BSE are one of the major diagnostic indicators. Recently, atypical forms (known as H- and L-type) of BSE have appeared in several European countries, Japan, Canada and the United States. An unusual case was also reported in a miniature zebu. The atypical BSE fall into two groups based on the relative molecular mass (Mm) of the unglycosylated $PrP^{res}$ band relative to that of classical BSE, one of the higher Mm (H-type) and the other lower (L-type). Both types have been detected worldwide as rare cases in older animals, at a low prevalence consistent with the possibility of sporadic forms of prion diseases in cattle. This raises the unwelcome possibility that vCJD could increase in the human population. Now, active surveillance program against BSE is going on in Korea. In regional veterinary service lab, ELISA is applied to screen the BSE in slaughter and confirmatory tests by Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemisty are carried out if there are positive or suspect in the screening test. Also, the ruminant feed ban is rigorously enforced. Removal of specified risk materials such as brain and spinal cord from cattle is mandatory process at slaughter to prevent the infected material from entering the human food chain.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.773-780
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• 2015

3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a recombinant monoclonal antibody with nuclease activity that was originally isolated from autoimmune-prone MRL mice. In a previous study, we analyzed the nuclease activity of 3D8 scFv and determined that a HeLa cell line expressing 3D8 scFv conferred resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). In this study, we demonstrate that 3D8 scFv could be delivered to target tissues and cells where it exerted a therapeutic effect against PRV. PRV was inoculated via intramuscular injection, and 3D8 scFv was injected intraperitoneally. The observed therapeutic effect of 3D8 scFv against PRV was also supported by results from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, southern hybridization, and immunohistochemical assays. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 and $10{\mu}g$ 3D8 scFv resulted in no detectable toxicity. The survival rate in C57BL/6 mice was 9% after intramuscular injection of 10 $LD_{50}$ PRV. In contrast, the 3D8 scFv-injected C57BL/6 mice showed survival rates of 57% ($5{\mu}g$) and 47% ($10{\mu}g$). The results indicate that 3D8 scFv could be utilized as an effective antiviral agent in several animal models.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 1999

A bacterium producing the extracellular cellulase was isolated from cattle feces and screened as cellulase activity was excellent upon congo red straining method and activity measurements. Isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis CH-10 on the basis of morphological and biochemical properties as well as cellular fatty acids composition. The enzyme which the isolate secretes had the optimum initial pH and temperature for its induction was 7.5 and 50${\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum CMCase activity in crude enzyme solution was observed at pH 7.5 and 75${\circ}C$ and was stable for pH 7.5 to 9.0 to maintain 70% activity. When the isolate was cultured in CMC media at 37${\circ}C$ for 24 hrs, CMCase and FPase activity was 1.13 U/㎖and 0.16U/㎖, respectively whereas Avicelase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity was not detected. When crude supernatant was used for zymogram, three major bands, cel 1, cel 2 and cel 3, were detected approximately 39, 41 and 57 KDa, respectively on CMC-SDS-PAGE.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2000

The chloroform and methanol (2;1, v/v) extract from an edible plant, Actinidia arguta Planchon, appeared to possess antitumor activity against human leukemias Jurkat T and U937 cells through inducing apoptosis. The substance in the solvent extract was purified by silica gel column chromatography, preparative TLC, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Characteristics of the substance analyzed by UV scanning analysis, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra suggested that the substance belongs to the chlorophyll derivatives-like group. The $IC_{50}$ value of the chlorophyll derivative (Cp-D) determined by MTT assay was $15\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for Jurkat, $10\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for U937, and $11.4\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for HL-60m and was more toxic to these leukemias than to solid tumors or normal fibroblast. In order to elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity, the effect of the Cp-D on Jurkat T cells was investigated. When cells were treated with the Cp-D at a concentration of $15\mu\textrm{g}/ml$, [3H]thymidine incorporation declined rapidly and wa undetectable in 1h. However, no significant changes were made in the cell cycle distribution of the cells by 24h. The sub-Gl peak representing apoptotic cells began to be detectable in 36h, at which time apoptotic DNA fragmentation was also detected on agarose gel electrophoresis, demonstrating that the cytotoxic effect of the Cp-D is attributable to the induced apoptosis. Under the same conditions, although the protein level of cyclin-dependent kinases such as cdc4, csk6, cdk2, and cdc2 was not significantly changed until 24h, the kinase activity of all c안 rapidly declined and reached a minimum level within 1-6h and then recovered to the initial level by 12h and sustained until 24h. These results suggest that inactivation of cdks at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle progression in jurkat T cells following a treatment with the Cp-D leads to induction of apoptotic cell death.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.386-390
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• 1997

The characteristics of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1, alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase) of thermotolerant alcohol-producing yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae RA-74-2 and Kluyveromyces marxianus RA-912, were compared with that of mesophilic S. cerevisiae D, an industrial strain. Under anaerobic culture condition, both S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 and D had similar level of ADH activity at 30$\circ$C, and the activity of S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 at 37$\circ$C was the same level at 30$\circ$C. However, the level of ADH activity of S. cerevisiae D at 37$\circ$C decreased about 70% of that at 30$\circ$C. The level of enzyme activity of K. marxianus RA-912, which showed lower alcohol productivity than S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 and D, was about 43% of those strains at 30$\circ$C, and decreased somewhat at 37$\circ$C. The results showed a good correlation between the alcohol productivities and the level of ADH activities of these strains grown at 30$\circ$C and 37$\circ$C. And the higher heat stability of ADH of S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 than that of S. cerevisiae D seemed to reflect the ability of high temperature fermentation. Despite of its fermentation ability even at 45$\circ$C, however, the ADH of K. marxianus RA-912 showed lower heat stability than that of S. cerevisiae D. Both S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 and D showed similar patterns of two bands of ADH isozyme, and the low band of S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 moved slightly faster than that of S. cerevisiae D. The staining intensity of the bands of S. cerevisiae D at 37$\circ$C was weaker than those at 30$\circ$C. However, S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 showed no differences in total intensity of the bands of 30$\circ$C and 37$\circ$C. As the patterns of cellular proteins and ADH isozyme of K. marxianus RA-912 were different from S. cerevisiae RA-74-2 and D, K. marxianus might have its own characteristic ADH system.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.197-201
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• 1988

Effects of high concentration of KC1 and caffeine on cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ level $([Ca^{2+}]_{cyt})$, measured simultaneously with muscle tension using a fluorescent intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ indicator fura 2, were examined in isolated smooth muscle of rat aorta. High $K^+$ (72.7 mM) solution induced sustained increase in both $([Ca^{2+}]_{cyt})$ and tension. In contrast to this, caffeine (20 mM) induced a rapid increase in $([Ca^{2+}]_{cyt})$ followed by a decrease to a level which was higher than the resting level. However, muscle tension showed only a transient increase followed by a decrease below the resting level. In a $Ca^{2+}-free$ solution, high $K^+-induced$ neither $([Ca^{2+}]_{cyt})$ nor tension, whereas caffeine induced a transient increase in both $([Ca^{2+}]_{cyt})$ and muscle tension. These results suggest that high $K^+-induced$ contraction in vascular smooth muscle of rat aorta is due to $Ca^{2+}$ influx whereas caffeine-induced contraction is due to $Ca^{2+}$ release from cellular store. Further, caffeine seems to have an additional effect to decrease the sensitivity of the contractile elements to $Ca^{2+}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2000

In order to understand the effects of sex or age on cellular characteristics of adipocytes from Hanwoo and sheep, samples were obtained from omental, subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue depots of bulls, steers, heifers and cows in Hanwoo, and perirenal, omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of fetal lambs, suckling lambs and wethers in sheep. In case of Hanwoo, mean diameter, surface area and volume of adipocytes from each depot were obtained by multisizer II (Coulter Co., UK). Osmium-fixed adipocytes were sized and counted using $560{\mu}m$ aperture. For samples obtained from sheep, cellularity was measured by using microscope and MCV program of Texas Instrument. Bulls had less subcutaneous and kidney fat than steers even though their slaughter and carcass weight were heavier. The amounts of fat from cows were greater in subcutaneous, kidney and internal organs than heifers. Steers had larger adipocytes in subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissues than bulls, although the differences were significant only for the subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Adipocytes appeared to be largest in omental and smallest in intramuscular adipose tissue, although there were no significant differences among tissues. In a comparison of heifers and cows, significant site effects (p<0.05) were shown in adipocyte diameter, surface area and volume, and adipocyte appeared to be largest in omental tissue. Statistical difference (p<0.05) was only shown in cell volume of intramuscular tissue which was higher in cow than heifer. Intramuscular adipose tissue tended to have relatively greater numbers of cells per gram tissue and reflect lesser maturity of intramuscular adipose tissue relative to other adipose tissues. In sheep, regardless of adipose tissue depots, wethers had the greater adipocyte diameters than those at any other growth stage of sheep. Within adipose depots, the ranking of cell size was the greatest in the omental tissue of wether and the lowest in the renal and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots of fetal lamb. The cell size of adipocyte became larger with age, especially from fetal to suckling lamb due to a rapid hypertrophy of both perirenal and subcutaneous adipocytes during the suckling period.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2006

We employed human SK-MEL-28 cells as a model system to identify cellular proteins that accompany N-(4-methyl)phenyl-O-(4-methoxy)phenyl-thionocarbamate (MMTC)-induced apoptosis based on a proteomic approach. Cell viability tests revealed that SK-MEL-28 skin cancer cells underwent more cell death than normal HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with MMTC. Two-dimensional electrophoresis in conjunction with matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis or computer matching with a protein database further revealed that the MMTC-induced apoptosis is accompanied by increased levels of caspase-1, checkpoint suppressor-1, caspase-4, NF-kB inhibitor, AP-2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, melanoma inhibitor, granzyme K, G1/S specific cyclin D3, cystein rich protein, Ras-related protein Rab-37 or Ras-related protein Rab-13, and reduced levels of EMS (oncogene), ATP synthase, tyrosine-phosphatase, Cdc25c, 14-3-3 protein or specific structure of nuclear receptor. The migration suppressing effect of MMTC on SK-MEL-28 cell was tested. MMTC suppressed the metastasis of SK-MEL-8 cells. It was also identified that MMTC had little angiogenic effect because it did not suppress the proliferation of HUVEC cell line. These results suggest that MMTC is a novel chemotherapeutic and metastatic agents against the SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cell line.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

Remote Sensing (RS) is a technique to obtain necessary information in a non-contact and non-destructive method by using various sensors on the surface, water or atmospheric phenomena. These techniques combine elements such as sensors, and platform and information communication technology (ICT) for mounting the sensor. ICT has contributed significantly to the success of smart agriculture through quantification and measurement of environmental factors and information such as weather, crop and soil management to distribution and consumption stage, as well as the production stage by the cloud computer. Remote sensing techniques, including non-destructive non-contact bioimaging (remote imaging) is required to measure the plant function. In addition, bioimaging study in plant science is performed at the gene, cellular and individual plant level. Recently, bioimaging technology is considered the latest phenomics that identifies the relationship between the genotype and environment for distinguishing phenotypes. In this review, trends in remote sensing in plants, plants diagnostics and response to environment and status of plants phonemics research were presented.