• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 1986

The effects of varying concentrations and durations of butachlor [N-(bytoxymethyl)-2-chlor-2', 6';-diethylacetanilide] treatment on oat (Avena sativa L.) root cell division were studied. Oats were treated from 0 to 48h with concentration ranging from 1$\times$10-6M to 1$\times$10-3M of butachlor. The highest concentration (1$\times$10-3M) of butachlor caused significant inhibition of cell division after 6h treatment. After 18h treatment, 49% and 66% inhibition of cell division occurred at 1$\times$10-5M and 1$\times$10-4M, respectively, while 16% inhibition of cell division occurred at 1$\times$10-6M concentration at same exposure period. Oat treated with 1$\times$10-5M and 1$\times$10-6M showed 69% and 38% inhibition of cell division after 36h. Increasing herbicide concentration at a specific time increased inhibition of cell division, and increasing the duration of treatment at a specific concentration also increased inhibition of cell division. In most instances the greatest inhibition of cell division occurred between 0 to 18h during 48h treatment. A range of concentration of 1$\times$10-5M to 1$\times$10-3M reduced cell enlargement significantly during 24h incubation period. The 1$\times$10-5M and 1$\times$10-3M caused 34% and 75% inhibition of cell enlargement. It was concluded that butachlor caused the growth inhibition of oats by inhibiting both cell division and cell enlargement.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.37-42
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• 2009

The performance of an OLED(organic luminescent emitting device) fabrication system strongly depends on the design of the evaporation cell-source. Trends in display sizes have hauled the enlargement of mother glass substrates. The enlargement of substrates requires the improvement and the enlargement of the effusion cell-source for OLED evaporation process. The deposited layers should be as uniform as possible, and therefore it is important to know the effusion profile of the molecules emitted from the cell-source. Conventional 2D DSMC algorithm cannot be used for simulating the new concept cell-source design, such as a linear source. This work concerns the development of 3D DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo) analysis for simulating the behavior of the evaporation cell-sources. In this paper, the 3D DSMC algorithm was developed and the film thickness profiles were obtained by the numerical analysis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.174-176
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• 1994

Castleman`s disease is characterized by lymph node enlargement. There are two distinct histologic subtypes, which are hyaline vascular and plasma cell type. We experienced one case of localized Castleman`s disease of plasma cell type, which located in hilum of the left lung.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 1992

Many herbicides that are applied at the soil before weed emergence inhibit plant growth soon after weed germination occurs. Plant growth has been known as an irreversible increase in size as a result of the processes of cell divison and cell enlargement. Herbicides can influence primary growth in which most new plant tissues emerges from meristmatic region by affecting either or both of these processes. Herbicides which have sites of action during interphase($G_1$, S, $G_2$) of cell cycle and cause a subsequent reduction in the observed frequency of mitotic figures can be classified as an inhibitor of mitotic entry. Those herbicides that affect the mitotic sequence(mitosis) by influencing the development of the spindle apparatus or by influencing new cell plate formation should be classified as causing disruption of the mitotic sequence. Sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, chloroacetamides and some others inhibit plant growth by inhibiting the entry of cell into mitosis. The carbamate herbicides asulam, carbetamide, chlorpropham and propham etc. reported to disrupt the mitotic sequence, especially affecting on spindle function, and the dinitroaniline herbicides trifluralin, nitralin, pendimethalin, dinitramine and oryzalin etc. reported to disrupt the mitotic sequence, particularly causing disappearence of microtubles from treated cells due to inhibition of polymerization process. An inhibition of cell enlargement can be made by membrane demage, metabolic changes within cells, or changes in processes necessary for cell yielding. Several herbicides such as diallate, triallate, alachlor, metolachlor and EPTC etc. reported to inhibit cell enlargement, while 2, 4-D has been known to disrupt cell enlargement. One potential danger inherent in the use of soil acting herbicides is that build-up of residues could occur from year to year. In practice, the sort of build-up that would be disastrous is unikely to occur for substances applied at the correct soil concentration. Crop injury caused by soil applied herbicides can be minimized by (1) following the guidance of safe use of herbicides, particularly correct dose at correct time in right crop, (2) by use of safeners which protect crops against injury without protecting any weed ; interactions between herbicides and safeners(antagonists) at target sites do occur probably from the following mechanisms (1) competition for binding site, (2) circumvention of the target site, and (3) compensation of target site, and another mechanism of safener action can be explained by enhancement of glutathione and glutathione related enzyme activity as shown in the protection of rice from pretilachlor injury by safener fenclorim, (3) development of herbicide resistant crops ; development of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes can be explained by either gene pool theory or selection theory which are two most accepted explanations, and on this basis it is likely to develop herbicide-resistant crops of commercial use. Carry-over problems do occur following repeated use of the same herbicide in an extended period of monocropping, and by errors in initial application which lead to accidental and irregular overdosing, and by climatic influence on rates of loss. These problems are usually related to the marked sensitivity of the particular crops to the specific herbicide residues, e.g. wheat/pronamide, barley/napropamid, sugarbeet/ chlorsulfuron, quinclorac/tomato. Relatively-short-residual product, succeeding culture of insensitive crop to specific herbicide, and greater reliance on postemergence herbicide treatments should be alternatives for farmer practices to prevent these problems.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2014

This study was carried out to understand the physiological characteristics of early-matured 'Hanareum' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pears through anatomical structure and fruit characteristics and also the changes according to gibberellin (GA) treatment. The pericarp at full bloom consists of outer epidermis, hypodermis, parenchyma cell, and inner epidermis from the exterior and five types of vascular bundle tissues. Cork cell layer was formed at 70 days after full bloom (DAFB) in non-treated fruits and formed at 60 DAFB in GA treated fruits. Cell division period was from full bloom (FB) to 40 DAFB and then fruit enlargement was accomplished by the cell growth. Comparison of the fruit enlargement and fruit structure development by GA treatment or non-treatment showed that cell division of 'Hanaerum' fruits did not affect the GA treatment but fruit enlargement was affected cell growth. Fruit stalk of GA treatment fruits was larger than non-treated fruits from 40 DAFB which correspond to the period of the stop of cell division and 'Hanareum' was regarded GA treatment expedite of vascular bundle tissue growth and relatively increased nutrient transport to fruit. In addition to, average fruit quality between the non-treatment and GA treatment showed that fruit weight was higher in fruits treated by GA but firmness was lower and probably was effected fruit storing in 'Hanareum' pear.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1991

The effects of varying concentrations and durations of ethalfluralin (N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2, 6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) bezenmine) treated on oat(Avena sativa L.) cell division, cell enlargement, protein synthesis and histology were studied. After 6hr treatment, all concentrations(1${\times}$10^{-6}M to $1{\times}10^{-3}$) of ethalfluralin arrested completely metaphase in the cell division study. The oat coleoptile inhibition of straight-growth test were used to determine the influence of ethalfluralin on coleoptile growth. A range of all concentrations($1{\times}10^{-8}$M to $1{\times}10^{-3}$M) treatment did affect cell enlagement significantly. The $1{\times}10^{-6}$M to $1{\times}10^{-3}$ M concentrations reduced approximately over 50% cell enlargement. Protein incorporation study showed that all concentrations($1{\times}10^{-6}$M to $1{\times}10^{-3}$M) were not affected in protein synthesis. To investigate histological effects, the oats were treated for 24hr with $1{\times}10^{-7}$M. The longitudinal section cells, in the treated oat root tips were appeared to be enlarged and also showed lacking cytoplasm, multinucleate or abnormal cells compare with untreated roots.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 1986

The effects of varying concentrations and duration of fluazifop-butyl [(${\pm}$)-butyl [2- [4- [(5-(trifluoro methyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanate] treatment on cell division, cell enlargement, and protein synthesis were studied. Oat (Avena staiva L.) were treated from 0 to 48 hr with concentration ranging from $1{\times}10^{-6}M$ to $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ of fluazifop-butyl in the cell division study. There was a significant reduction in the mitotic indices of oat roots treated with $1{\times}10^{-4}M$ after 6 hr. After 18 hr treatment, All herbicide treatment inhibited cell division significantly. After 24 hr treatment almost 100% inhibition of cell division occurred at $1{\times}10^{-4}M$ to $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ while 20% inhibition of cell division occurred at $1{\times}10^{-6}M$ concentration at same exposure period. The greatest inhibition of cell division occurred between 0 to 18 hr. The avena coleoptile straight- growth test were used to determine the influence of fluazifop-butyl on eoleoptile growth. Significant inhibition of elongation of oat coleoptiles were observed at $1{\times}10^{-7}M$ to $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ after 24 hr incubation. Protein incorporation study showed that the $1{\times}10^{-4}M$ of fluazifop-butyl caused 60% inhibition of protein synthesis. It was concluded that the growth of inhibition of plants caused by fluazifop-butyl results from inhibition of cell division, cell enlargement, and protein synthesis.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.197.1-197
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• 2001

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.167-179
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• 1986

Obesity is common disease resultly accumulated excess fat. In the model for obesity induced by high fat diet contains 30% fat, administration of ginseng extract inhibited increment of body weight, epididymal fat pads and enlargement of fat cell size. This was as the result of inhibition of lipogenesis in the liver and fat accumulation in the adipose tissues.

• Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-154
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• 2002

In this experiment, three kinds of mutations(ge, re, and eml )relating to the size of embryos were used to study their generation, genetic mechanism and developmental characteristics, and the interactions between embryo and endosperm were also examined. Giant embryo mutation comprises 7 kinds including the already isolated ge, and ge-2, which share an identical gene site. The SAM and the size of radicule for the ge showed little difference compared to a normal type. The number of embryo cells did not increased as much as it would affect the size of embryo. Therefore, the enlargement of embryo was due to the enlargement of scutellum that originated from the corpulence of each cell. Both F$_1$' s of re ]and odm 49 formed reduce embryos, and other combinations of hybridization showed all wild type of embryo sizes. Accordingly, the odm 49 must have an identical gene site of re 1, while odm 48 and odm 62 have different gene sites. Their shoots and radicules also shrank by the same ratio, however no sign of physical change was noticed. The size of embryo cell showed no change, while the number of cells was the half of that of wild types. The three gene sites of re represent all of them control the size of the entire embryo forming organs. The eml 1 was defined to have temperature sensibilities that the generation of endosperms was active at a high temperature while that was hampered at a low temperature.