• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2003

A cecostomy technique (surgery for inserted tube into ceca) was developed to quantify urine backflow into the ceca of fed and feed-deprived chickens. Two days post-surgery, cecostomised chickens were flushed with 20ml of warm saline solution every other day for 10 days. Excreta were collected daily from cecal tubing and cloaca by surgical attachment of polyethylene collection vessels to the chickens. Uric acid excretion was significantly increased in fed compared to feed-deprived chickens (P<0.05). Amount of determined uric acid from the ceca was 7.74% and 5.31% of total excretion for fed and ffeed-deprived chickens, respectively. Post-mortem examinations ascertained that the caeca were intact around the Latex tubing. The results of the study indicated that at least 5% of daily urine production flow retrograde into the ceca of roosters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1043-1047
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• 2009

Three experiments were conducted to determine the conversion rate of formic and acetic acids into methane in the gastrointestinal tracts of geese. In experiment I, two sets of two 4-month-old male White Roman geese were allocated to one of two treatment groups. Each set of geese was inoculated either with formic acid or with phosphate buffer solution (PBS). After the acid or the PBS was inoculated into the esophagi of the geese, two birds from each treatment were placed in a respiratory chamber as a measurement unit for 4 h in order to determine methane production rate. In experiment II and III, 6- and 7-wk-old male White Roman goslings were used, respectively. Birds were allocated to receive either formic acid or PBS solution injected into the ceca in experiment II. Acetic acid or PBS solution injected into the cecum were used for experiment III. After either the acids or the PBS solution were injected into the cecum, two birds from each treatment were placed in a respiratory chamber as a measurement unit for 3 h; each treatment was repeated 3 times. The results indicated that formic acid inoculated into the oesophagi of geese was quickly converted into methane. Compared with the PBS-injected group, methane production increased by 5.02 times in the formic acid injected group (4.32 vs. 0.86 mg/kg BW/d; p<0.05). Acetic acid injected into the ceca did not increase methane production; conversely, it tended to decrease methane production. The present study suggests that formic acid may be converted to methane in the ceca, and that acetic acid may not be a precursor of methane in the ceca of geese.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.235-238
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• 1992

The diseased Chuckar partridges that were raised at the wild bird-raising farms located in Ockchun, Chungbuk province, were submitted for diagnosis in the laboratory in July. 1990. The diseased partridges aged 3~4 weeks old were shown clinical signs such as anorexia, depression, white-colored or transparent-watery diarrhea and dropping of the head and wings. At necropsy, major gross lesions were found in the livers, ceca and lungs. Histopathologically, numerous histomonads were observed in the necrotic tissues of the livers and ceca. In the cecal specimens, it was found that the ameboid histomonads have flagellum and the size of 10~20 micrometer. The case was confirmed as histomoniasis due to the infection of Histomonas meleagridis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used as probiotics in poultry. The present study employed in vitro and in vivo methods to select and test LAB isolated from Muscovy duck ceca as potential probiotics. In the in vitro study, 50 LAB were isolated from Muscovy duck ceca and tested for growth inhibition against Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis. Eleven isolates strongly inhibited S. Enteritidis and only 1 isolate (MD5-2) showing the strongest inhibition was selected for identification. This isolate was called as Lactobacillus (L.) reuteri MD5-2. For the in vivo investigation, 90 1-day-old Muscovy ducks were randomly assigned into three groups of 30 animals each (group 1, control; group 2, treated with $10^8$ colony-forming unit (CFU) of L. reuteri MD5-2 orally once on day 1; and group 3, treated with $10^8CFU$ of L. reuteri MD5-2 orally once daily from days 1 to 5). The ducks were housed in three large cages and raised for 50 days, after which body weight, duodenal villus height and crypt depth were measured. Both villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio were significantly greater in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2. In conclusion, further investigation of L. reuteri MD5-2 as a potential probiotic strain is warranted.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.259-263
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• 2002

It was examined whether the ceca and the back-flow of urine into the lower intestine are involved in water intake and excretion in chickens and food intake affects those. Colostomy significantly increased water intake, total water excretion and the ratio of the water intake to food intake in the ceca-ligated chickens under restrict and ad libitum feeding conditions (P<0.05), but the increases were much larger in chickens fed ad libitum than in those fed restrictedly. Cecal ligation increased water intake, total water excretion and the ratio of water intake to food intake in the colostomised chickens which were fed freely (P<0.05). but not in those fed restrictedly, None of colostomy and cecal ligation affected the resultant water balances in chickens under both feeding conditions. Colostomy increased food intake in the ceca-ligated chickens (P<0.05), but no increase by cecal ligation was observed in colostomised chickens. It is concluded that the lower intestine takes a very important role in water recovery from urine to maintain water balance in chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus cultures (mixture of Lactobacillus agilis BCRC 10436 and Lactobacillus reuteri BCRC 17476) supplements, alone or in combination, on broiler chicken performance. Methods: A total of 300, 1-d-old healthy broiler chickens were randomly divided into five treatment groups: i) basal diet (control), ii) basal diet+0.25% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (YC), iii) basal diet+0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (BA), iv) basal diet+Lactobacillus cultures (LAB), and v) basal diet +0.25% yeast with bacteriocin+Lactobacillus cultures (BA+LAB). Growth performance, cecal microbiota, cecal fermentation products, and blood biochemistry parameters were determined when chickens were 21 and 35 d old. Results: The supplementation of YC, BA, and BA+LAB resulted in a significantly better feed conversion rate (FCR) than that of the control group during 1 to 21 d (p<0.05). The LAB supplementation had a significant effect on the presence of Lactobacillus in the ceca at 35 d. None of the supplements had an effect on relative numbers of L. agilis and L. reuter at 21 d, but the BA supplementation resulted in the decrease of both Lactobacillus strains at 35 d. The BA+LAB supplementation resulted in higher short chain fatty acid (SCFA) in the ceca, but LAB supplementation significantly decreased the SCFA at 35 d (p<0.05). All treatments tended to decrease ammonia concentration in the ceca at 21 d, especially in the LAB treatment group. The BA supplementation alone decreased the triacylglycerol (TG) concentration significantly at 21 d (p<0.05), but the synergistic effect of BA and LAB supplementation was required to reduce the TG concentration at 35 d. The YC supplementation tended to increase the plasma cholesterol at 21 d and 35 d. However, the BA supplementation significantly decreased the cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level at 35 d. In conclusion, the BA+LAB supplementation was beneficial to body weight gain and FCR of broiler chickens. Conclusion: The effect of BA and LAB supplementation may be a result of the growth of lactic acid bacteria enhancement and physiological characterization of bacteriocin, and it suggests that the BA and LAB supplementation level or Lactobacillus strain selection should be integrated in future supplementation designs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.390-395
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• 2005

Reported here are the effects of added formic acid on inhibitory effect of Salmonella gallinarum in poultry feed. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the viability of S. gallinarum and pH of poultry feed using different dietary formic acid levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) on inhibitory effect of S. gallinarum in broiler feed. Experiment one was conducted to investigate the viability of S. gallinarum and pH of artificially contaminated diet at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment in vitro. Formic acid showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the viability for all treatments with time after treatment. Various formic acid levels in vitro showed a reduction in the pH of the diet depending upon the concentration of treated acid, and the diet remained acidic below the growth range of S. gallinarum. This meant that the bacterial cells were exposed to stressful conditions that made them unable to grow. Experiment two was conducted to find out the effect of dietary formic acid levels on S. gallinarum colonization and pH in the contents of crop, small intestine, large intestine and ceca and mortality rate of broiler chicks at 7, 14 and 21 days of age when fed artificially contaminated diet with S. gallinarum. The numbers of S. gallinarum re-isolated from all treated groups except in groups treated with 0.5% formic acid, decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with the control group. The treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the pH of the crop, small intestine, large intestine and ceca contents in all groups except the groups treated with 0.5% formic acid compared with the control. All treated groups showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in overall mortality rate during the experimental period (3 to 21 days) compared with the control. The results indicate that addition of formic acid in a total concentration of 1.5% to the diet of newly hatched broiler chicks significantly decreases the contamination of diet with S. gallinarum.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2011

The effect of cecal ligation on the utilization of dietary [15N]urea in chickens fed 5 % protein diet plus urea were investigated. Nitrogen balance and utilization tended (P<0.01) to increase by cecal ligation. Total uric acid excretion was significantly decrease by (P<0.01) cecal ligation in chickens from origin of diet and urea (P<0.01). Excretion of ammonia was increased in chickens from origin of diet, where as it decreased in chickens an urea diet (P<0.01). Amount of urea nitrogen excretion from origin of urea was significantly decrease (P<0.01) by cecal ligation, but cecal ligated chicken fed 5% protein diet with urea showed 51.6% urea utilization. Result obtained in present study indicates that ceca is having beneficial role for urea utilization in chicken fed protein deficient diets, but ceca do not always positive role for nitrogen utilization.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 1996

A chronological account of the prospect and problems of utilization of urea in poultry diets is presented. Urea has long been considered as toxic to poultry but recent research, although limited, has yielded controversial results. The main problem appears to be due to the fact that whether or not response to urea is dependent on environment (germ free versus conventional). Although caecum is found to be the major site of ammonia production from urea, the so called nutritional benefit derived by chicken fed urea is probably limited to its utilization for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids in the protein depleted chicken, but not in the protein adequate chicken. More research is needed to monitor production characteristics of birds fed urea and investigate its toxic effect, if any, in some greater detail before recommending this nonprotein nitrogenous substance for inclusion in the poultry diets.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.809-812
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• 2016

Adult specimens of Oswaldotrema nacinovici (Digenea: Philophthalmidae) have been first identified in Korea from 2 migratory birds (whimbrels, Numenius phaeopus) which were found dead at a western seashore area near Gunsan. The worms were recovered in the intestine of these birds. The worms were morphologically characterized by a large ventral sucker in comparison to the oral sucker, an external seminal vesicle extending beyond the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, and conspicuous uterine seminal receptacle. It was noteworthy that metacercariae-like bodies were contained within the inflated regions of 2 ceca. Other intestinal trematode species found in whimbrels included Spelotrema pygmeum, Gynaecotyla squatarolae, Maritrema obstipum, and Himasthla megacotyle. Zoonotic potential of these trematode species should be taken into considerations.