• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.525-529
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• 2023

β-Ga₂O₃ has become the focus of considerable attention as an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor following the successful development of bulk single crystals using the melt growth method. Accordingly, homoepitaxy studies, where the interface between the substrate and the epilayer is not problematic, have become mainstream and many results have been published. However, because the cost of homo-substrates is high, research is still mainly at the laboratory level and has not yet been scaled up to commercialization. To overcome this problem, many researchers are trying to grow high quality Ga₂O₃ epilayers on hetero-substrates. We used diluted SiH4 gas to control the doping concentration during the heteroepitaxial growth of β-Ga₂O₃ on c-plane sapphire using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Despite the high level of defect density inside the grown β-Ga₂O₃ epilayer due to the aggregation of random rotated domains, the carrier concentration could be controlled from 1 × 10¹⁹ to 1 × 10¹⁶ cm^-3 by diluting the SiH4 gas concentration. This study indicates that β-Ga₂O₃ hetero-epitaxy has similar potential to homo-epitaxy and is expected to accelerate the commercialization of β-Ga₂O₃ applications with the advantage of low substrate cost.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2024

In this study, two different scenarios for ammonia liquefaction in the green ammonia manufacturing process were proposed, and the economic-feasibility and environmental impact of each scenario were analyzed. The two liquefaction processes involved gas-liquid separation before cooling at high pressure (high pressure cooling process) or after decompression without the gas-liquid separation (low pressure cooling process). The high-pressure cooling process requires higher capital costs due to the required installation of separation units and heat exchangers, but it offers relatively lower total utility costs of 91.03 $/hr and a reduced duty of 2.81 Gcal/hr. In contrast, although the low-pressure cooling process is simpler and cost-effective, it may encounter operational instability due to rapid pressure drops in the system. Environmental impact assessment revealed that the high-pressure cooling process is more environmentally friendly than the low-pressure cooling process, with an emission factor of 0.83 tCO₂eq less than the low-pressure cooling process, calculated based on power usage. Consequently, the outcomes of this study provide relevant scenario and a database for green ammonia synthesis process adaptable to various process conditions.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2020

Methanol synthesized from renewable hydrogen and captured CO2 has recently attracted great interest as a sustainable energy carrier for large-scale renewable energy storage. In this study, molten carbonate fuel cell's performance was investigated with the direct conversion of methanol into syngas inside the anode chamber of the cell. The internal reforming of methanol may significantly improve system efficiency since the heat generated from the electrochemical reaction can be used directly for the endothermic reforming reaction. The porous Ni-10 wt%Cr anode was sufficient for the methanol steam reforming reaction under the fuel cell operating condition. The direct supply of methanol into the anode chamber resulted in somewhat lower cell performance, especially at high current density. Recycling of the product gas into the anode gas inlet significantly improved the cell performance. The analysis based on material balance revealed that, with increasing current density and gas recycling ratio, the methanol steam reforming reaction rate likewise increased. A methanol conversion more significant than 90% was achieved with gas recycling. The results showed the feasibility of electricity and syngas co-production using the molten carbonate fuel cell. Further research is needed to optimize the fuel cell operating conditions for simultaneous production of electricity and syngas, considering both material and energy balances in the fuel cell.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.345-358
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• 2021

This study focuses on the development of the liquid air production process that uses LNG (liquefied natural gas) cold energy which usually wasted during the regasification stage. The liquid air can be transported to the LNG exporter, and it can be utilized as the cold source to replace certain amount of refrigerant for the natural gas liquefaction. Therefore, the condition of the liquid air has to satisfy the available pressure of LNG storage tank. To satisfy pressure constraint of the membrane type LNG tank, proposed process is designed to produce liquid air at 1.3bar. In proposed process, the air is precooled by heat exchange with LNG and subcooled by nitrogen refrigeration cycle. When the amount of transported liquid air is as large as the capacity of the LNG carrier, it could be economical in terms of the transportation cost. In addition, larger liquid air can give more cold energy that can be used in natural gas liquefaction plant. To analyze the effect of the liquid air production amount, under the same LNG supply condition, the proposed process is simulated under 3 different air flow rate: 0.50 kg/s, 0.75 kg/s, 1.00 kg/s, correspond to Case1, Case2, and Case3, respectively. Each case was analyzed thermodynamically and economically. It shows a tendency that the more liquid air production, the more energy demanded per same mass of product as Case3 is 0.18kWh higher than Base case. In consequence the production cost per 1 kg liquid air in Case3 was $0.0172 higher. However, as liquid air production increases, the transportation cost per 1 kg liquid air has reduced by $0.0395. In terms of overall cost, Case 3 confirmed that liquid air can be produced and transported with $0.0223 less per kilogram than Base case.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.563-575
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• 2006

Ti(C,N) films are synthesized by pulsed DC plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PEMOCVD) using metal-organic compounds of tetrakis diethylamide titanium at $200-300^{\circ}C$. To compare plasma parameter, in this study, $H_2$ and $He/H_2$ gases are used as carrier gas. The effect of $N_2\;and\;NH_3$ gases as reactive gas is also evaluated in reduction of C content of the films. Radical formation and ionization behaviors in plasma are analyzed in-situ by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) at various pulsed bias voltages and gas species. He and $H_2$ mixture is very effective in enhancing ionization of radicals, especially for the $N_2$. Ammonia $(NH_3)$ gas also highly reduces the formation of CN radical, thereby decreasing C content of Ti(C, N) films in a great deal. The microhardness of film is obtained to be $1,250\;Hk_{0.01}\;to\;1,760\;Hk_{0.01}$ depending on gas species and bias voltage. Higher hardness can be obtained under the conditions of $H_2\;and\;N_2$ gases as well as bias voltage of 600 V. Hf(C, N) films were also obtained by pulsed DC PEMOCYB from tetrakis diethyl-amide hafnium and $N_2/He-H_2$ mixture. The depositions were carried out at temperature of below $300^{\circ}C$, total chamber pressure of 1 Torr and varying the deposition parameters. Influences of the nitrogen contents in the plasma decreased the growth rate and attributed to amorphous components, to the high carbon content of the film. In XRD analysis the domain lattice plain was (111) direction and the maximum microhardness was observed to be $2,460\;Hk_{0.025}$ for a Hf(C,N) film grown under -600 V and 0.1 flow rate of nitrogen. The optical emission spectra measured during PEMOCVD processes of Hf(C, N) film growth were also discussed. $N_2,\;N_2^+$, H, He, CH, CN radicals and metal species(Hf) were detected and CH, CN radicals that make an important role of total PEMOCVD process increased carbon content.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.574-580
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• 2014

Storage tanks of Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) carriers utilized for the purpose of carbon capture and storage (CCS) into subsea strata have to undergo a pre-cooling session before beginning to load cryogenic liquid cargos in order to prevent physical and thermal deterioration of tanks which may result from cryogenic $CO_2$ contacting tank walls directly. In this study we propose dynamic model to calculate the tank inflow of $CO_2$ gas injected for precooling process and its dynamic simulation results under proportional-integral control algorithm. We selected two cases in which each of them had one controlled variable (CV) as either the tank pressure or the tank temperature and discussed the results of that decision-making on the pre-cooling process. As a result we demonstrated that the controlling instability arising from nonlinearity and singularity of the mathematical model could be avoided by choosing tank pressure as CV instead of tank temperature.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.597-602
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• 2015

Characteristics of continuous preparation of ZnO powder were investigated in a micro drop/bubble fluidized reactor of which diameter and height were 0.03 m and 1.5 m, respectively. The flow rate of carrier gas for transportation of precursors to the reactor was 6.0 L/min and the concentration of Zn ion in the precursor solutions was 0.4 mol/L, respectively. Effects of reaction temperature (973 K~1,273 K) and flow rate of micro bubbles (0~0.4 L/min) on the pore characteristics of prepared ZnO powder were examined. The optimum reaction temperature for the maximum porosity in the ZnO powder was 1,073 K within this experimental condition. The mean size of ZnO powder prepared continuously in the reactor decreased but the surface of the powder became smooth, with increasing reaction temperature. The injection of micro bubbles into the reactor could enhance the formation of pores in the powder effectively, and thus the mean BET surface area could be increased by up to 58%. The mean size of prepared ZnO powder was in the range of $1.25{\sim}1.75{\mu}m$ depending on the reaction temperature.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.42.2-42.2
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• 2010

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are of significant importance for their applications in various devices, such as light-emitting diodes, thin-film solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, and so on. In order for TCOs to contribute to the performance improvement of these devices, TCOs should have high transmittance and good electrical properties simultaneously. Sn-doped $In_2O_3$ (ITO) is the most commonly used TCO. However, indium is toxic and scarce in nature. Thus, ZnO has attracted a lot of attention because of the possibility for replacing ITO. In particular, group III impurity-doped ZnO showed the optoelectronic properties comparable to those of ITO electrodes. Al-doped ZnO exhibited the best performance among various doped ZnO films because of the high substitutional doping efficiency. However, in order for the Al-doped ZnO to replace ITO in electronic devices, their electrical and optical properties should further significantly be improved. In this connection, different ways such as a variation of deposition conditions, different deposition techniques, and post-deposition annealing processes have been investigated so far. Among the deposition methods, RF magnetron sputtering has been extensively used because of the easiness in controlling deposition parameters and its fast deposition rate. In addition, when combined with post-deposition annealing in a reducing ambient, the optoelectronic properties of Al-doped ZnO films were found to be further improved. In this presentation, we deposited Al-doped ZnO (ZnO:$Al_2O_3$ = 98:2 wt%) thin films on the glass and sapphire substrates using RF magnetron sputtering as a function of substrate temperature. In addition, the ZnO samples were annealed in different conditions, e.g., rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at $900^{\circ}C$ in $N_2$ ambient for 1 min, tube-furnace annealing at $500^{\circ}C$ in $N_2:H_2$=9:1 gas flow for 1 hour, or RTA combined with tube-furnace annealing. It is found that the mobilities and carrier concentrations of the samples are dependent on growth temperature followed by one of three subsequent post-deposition annealing conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.171.2-171.2
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• 2016

The 2-dimensiona electron gas (2DEG) layers have opened tremendous interests in the heterooxide interfaces formed between two insulating materials, especially between LaAlO3 and $SrTiO_3$. The 2DEG layers exhibit extremely high mobility and carrier concentrations along with metallic transport phenomena unlike the constituent oxide materials, i.e., $LaAlO_3$ and $SrTiO_3$. The current work inserted artificially the interfacial layer, $Sr_xCa_{1-x}TiO_3$ between $LaAlO_3$ and $SrTiO_3$, with the aim to controlling the 2-dimensional transports. The insertion of the additional materials affect significantly their corresponding electrical transports. Such features have been probed using DC and AC-based characterizations. In particular, impedance spectroscopy was employed as an AC-based characterization tool. Frequency-dependent impedance spectroscopy have been widely applied to a number of electroceramic materials, such as varistors, MLCCs, solid electrolytes, etc. Impedance spectroscopy provides powerful information on the materials system: i) the simultaneous measurement of conductivity and dielectric constants, ii) systematic identification of electrical origins among bulk-, grain boundary-, and electrode-based responses, and iii) the numerical estimation on the uniformity of the electrical origins. Impedance spectroscopy was applied to the $LaAlO_3/Sr_xCa_{1-x}TiO_3/SrTiO_3$ system, in order to understand the 2-dimensional transports in terms of the interfacial design concepts. The 2-dimensional conduction behavior system is analyzed with special emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. Such approach is discussed towards rational optimization of the 2-dimensional nanoelectronic devices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.576-585
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• 2020

This study quantitatively investigated the increase in ballasting time through numerical calculations when an ultraviolet (UV) ballast water management system (BWMS) is installed on an existing vessel. The calculation results indicate that the ballasting time of a gas carrier having 55,000 dead weight tonnage was 2.152 hours without installation of the UV BWMS and implementation of a flow control function. Ballasting time increased by 14.2% after installing the UV BWMS, and it increased by 20.4% with both its installation and implementation of a flow control function. If actual conditions are taken into account, ballasting time after installing the UV BWMS is estimated to increase by at least 30% compared with current ballasting time. Therefore, when concerned parties select a UV type BWMS, it is advisable for them to minimize ship operation losses from an increase in ballasting time by considering the capacity of the actual ballast pumps on board and the flow energy loss of the UV BWMS. Additionally, it is recommended that a BWMS with larger capacity, larger pipes, and pipes with inside coatings be used to minimize the increase in ballasting time after installation of the BWMS.