• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.822-830
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• 2003

Carotenoid-rich foods focus one's attention on the prevention age-related diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the carotenoid status and look into the factors that affect the bioavailability of carotenoid in 121 elderly nonsmoking Korean women. Carotenoids and lipids in plasma, and nutrient intakes including carotenoid were studied. The mean plasma total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were 220.0 mg/dl 49.5mg/dl , 139.2mg/dl and 157.4mg/dl , respectively. Significantly positive correlations were found between the plasma lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene and $\beta$-carotene concentrations and the intake of fruits (r=0.17, r=0.20, r=0.19). However, significantly negative correlations were found between the plasma zeaxanthin, and $\beta$-carotene concentrations that adjusted for carotenoid intakes and intakes of vegetables (r=-0.21, r=-0.19), and between plasma lutein＋zeaxanthin, lycopene and $\beta$-carotene concentrations that adjusted for carotenoid intakes and intakes of fruits (r= -0.21, r=-0.18, r=-0.24). After the adjustment for plasma lipids, there was no correlation between the plasma carotenoid concentrations and the carotenoid-rich foods. However, after adjustment for fiber intake, significantly strong positive correlations were found between the plasma carotenoid concentrations and carotenoid-rich foods. The plasma levels of carotenoid biomarkers (plasma carotenoid concentrations adjusted for dietary fiber intakes) decreased with age, and the plasma levels of lycopene biomarkers (plasma lycopene concentrations adjusted for dietary fiber intakes) increased with regular exercise. However alcohol drinking had no impact. These results suggested that age, physical activity, and dietary fiber intake affected the bioavailability of carotenoid. Therefore, when the elderly have carotenoid-rich foods, they should consider ways of increasing the bioavailability of carotenoid through cooking methods and Physical activity.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.208-219
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• 2015

Objectives: According to preceding studies, many people with mental disability have unbalanced dietary habits or excessive intake of calories. Most of them are overweight or obese due to lack of self-control for food consumption, swallowing with inadequate chewing and physical inactivity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional intake, including carotenoid, in mentally disabled people and find out a possible solution for nutritional improvement. Methods: People with intellectual disability (N=28), emotional disability (N=44) participated in this study. The disorder grades were from I to III and ages were between 20 and 65 years. Assessments included anthropometry, daily intake of nutrients, including carotenoid, ROMA III questionnaire for assessing bowel movement. Results: The average BMI of intellectually disabled people and emotionally disabled people was in the range of overweight and obesity respectively ($23.7{\pm}6.3kg/m^2$, $25.8{\pm}4.1kg/m^2$). Overall, the frequencies of vegetable and dairy product intakes were lower in this population. When compared with Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) from Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010, the intakes of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ and calcium were insufficient in both groups. Also, lycopene intakes of carotenoid were low, compared with traditional Korean diet of the non-disabled people from the second year 2008 of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey. In addition, emotionally disabled people also had lower intake of cryptoxanthin. Conclusions: The mentally disabled people in this study showed lower intakes of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, calcium and carotenoids. Based on these findings, we recommend that it is important to encourage mentally disabled people to consume sufficient amounts of such nutrients in order to promote nutritional status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.836-846
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of carotenoid-rich food consumption and smoking on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in human. The subjects consisted of the health 210 middle-aged adults who visited health care center in the Inha University hospital. The blood and urine samples of the subjects were taken to analyze serum lipid profiles, plasma TBARS, total antioxidant status (TAS) and urinary 8-isoprostanes concentration. The anthropometric indices of the subjects were measured. The nutritional intake and the frequency of carotenoid-rich food consumption was determined by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire survey. HDL-cholesterol level of the smoking subjects was significantly lower than that of the non-smoking subjects in men. In the analysis of the carotenoid-rich food consumption, the frequency of pepper and tomato consumption of the non-smoking subjects was significantly higher than that of the smoking subjects in men. In women, the Sequency of pear and peach consumption of the non-smoking subjects was significantly higher than that of the smoking subjects. HDL-cholesterol level of the high carotenoid rich food consumption group was significantly higher than that of medium and low group in women. TAS of the high carotenoid rich food consumption group was significantly higher than that of medium and low group. In conclusion, carotenoid intakes seemed to be effective to reduce lipid peroxidation and increase antioxidant status in the body. The frequency of the carotenoid-rich food consumption seemed to be lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers. However, further researches consisted of large-scaled and randomized clinical trials are required to determine whether carotenoids have any other beneficial effect in human. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10): 836$\sim$846,2005)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of retinol and carotenoids were estimated in assessing the vitamin A status of Korean adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were collected from 106 healthy subjects (33 males and 73 females) aged 20-59 years. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were obtained and plasma retinol and carotenoids were analyzed. The daily vitamin A intakes ($mean{\pm}SD$) were $887.77{\pm}401.35{\mu}g $ retinol equivalents or $531.84{\pm}226.42{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalents. There were no significant differences in vitamin A intakes among age groups. The retinol intake of subjects was $175.92{\pm}129.87{\mu}g/day$. The retinol intake of the subjects in their 50's was significantly lower than those in their 20's and 30's (P<0.05). Provitamin A carotenoid intakes were $3,828.37{\pm}2,196.29{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-carotene, $472.57{\pm}316.68{\mu}g/day$ ${\alpha}$-carotene, and $412.83{\pm}306.46{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin. Approximately 17% of the subjects consumed vitamin A less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A. The plasma retinol concentration was $1.22{\pm}0.34{\mu}mol/L$. There was no significant difference in plasma retinol concentrations among age groups. However, the concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, and lutein of subjects in their 50's were significantly higher than those of in their 20's. Only one subject had a plasma retinol concentration < $0.70{\mu}mol/L$ indicating marginal vitamin A status. Plasma retinol concentration in 30% of the subjects was 0.70- < $1.05{\mu}mol/L$, which is interpreted as the concentration possibly responsive to greater intake of vitamin A. In conclusion, dietary intakes and status of vitamin A were generally adequate in Korean adults examined in this study.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.14-25
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily intake of vitamin A in Korean female university students. Vitamin A intake was estimated using an inconsecutive 3-day dietary intake survey from 481 young women. Vitamin A intake values were calculated based on the data in USDA database. Average age, height, and weight of the subjects were 20.05 years, 162.13 cm and 54.38 kg, respectively. The subject's average intake of energy was 1645.67 kcal. The mean vitamin A, retinol and ${\beta}$ carotene intakes were $908.35{\pm}863.18$ ug retinol equivalent/day, $199.19{\pm}166.00$ ug/day and $3872.59{\pm}4972.17$ ug/day, respectively. The 21.83% of the subjects consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A. And subjects consumed 141.69% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for vitamin A. Food groups consumed with high vitamin A content in our subjects included vegetables (423.96 ug RE/day), potato and starches (213.64 ug RE/day), cereals (62.60 ug RE/day), eggs (55.17 ug RE/day) and milks (53.45 ug RE/day). The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, spinach, egg, and cereal, and the top 30 foods provided 89.57% of total vitamin A. Also animal-derived food provided 9.65% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, judging from RNI, the vitamin A intake of the Korean female university students in this study was generally adequate. The result of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies of vitamin A intake like assessment of vitamin A nutritional status or evaluation of carotenoid food sources in Korean young women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2022

비타민 A는 필수 미량영양소로써, 시력, 생식, 성장과 발생, 세포 분화 등의 다양한 체내 정상 기능 유지에 필요하다. 선행연구들을 통해서 비타민 A는 감염, 면역저하, 암 등에서 치료적 효과를 가진다고 보고되었다. 본 논문은 2020 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에서 비타민 A의 제정과 개정 근거 기준에 대해 설명하고, 단위변경에 따른 문제점과 향후 2025 한국인 영양소 섭취기준 설정을 위한 제안에 대해 논의하였다. 2020 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에서는 2015 한국인 영양소 섭취기준 대비 표준체중의 변경에 따라 비타민 A의 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에 성별, 연령별 약간의 개정이 있었다. 2015 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에서부터 비타민 A의 단위가 RE에서 RAE로 변경되면서 카로티노이드의 비타민 A 활성도는 절반으로 감소되었다. 한국인의 비타민 A 주요 공급원은 식물성 식품이므로 한국인의 비타민 A 섭취량은 불량하게 평가되고 있는 문제점이 나타나고 있다. 국민건강영양조사의 비타민 A 섭취분석에는 레티놀과 베타-카로틴만이 포함되어 있다. 따라서, 추후에는 다른 형태의 비타민 A 전구체인 알파-카로틴, 베타-크립토잔틴과 등의 카로티노이드들의 함량도 포함되어야 할 것이다. 또한, 계절 차이가 뚜렷한 우리나라의 특성에 맞는 비타민 A의 함량 분석방법이 필요하다. 보다 더 정확한 한국인 영양소 섭취기준 설정을 위해서는 연령과 성별에 따른 데이터와 기초 미량영양소 상태, 비만도, 식이 패턴 등과 같은 다양한 요소들에 대한 고려가 필요하다고 사료된다. 무엇보다 비타민 A의 공급이 제한적인 식물성 식품에서도 비타민 A섭취가 가능한 다양한 급원식품을 찾고, 동물성 식품으로부터의 비타민 A의 섭취를 증가시킬 수 있는 방법의 모색도 요구된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.464-473
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 우리나라 건강한 중년성인의 혈청 carotenoids류 (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene)와 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, retinol의 수준을 파악하고 혈중 지질상태 및 신체계측치와의 상관성을 평가해보고자 하였으며 조사 대상자는 40대 이후 건강한 성인 373명 (남자 231명, 여자 142명)이었다. 우리나라 건강한 중년기 성인의 혈청 중에 존재하는 주요 carotenoids는 ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein이었고 lycopene, ${\alpha}$-carotene은 더 낮은 농도로 존재하였다. 성별에 따른 비교에서는 ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lycopene 등의 carotenoids 물질들의 농도는 여자가 남자에 비해 유의하게 높았고, retinol은 남자가 여자에 비해 유의하게 높았으며 lutein과 tocopherol은 성별에 따른 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 혈중 항산화 물질의 농도는 연령이 높아짐에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 retinol과 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 영양상태는 남자가 여자에 비해 우수하였다. 혈청 항산화 물질들의 농도와 혈청 및 소변 중의 지질과산화물 농도 사이에는 뚜렷한 상관성을 발견할 수가 없었다. 혈청 carotenoids들은 상호간에 또 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 사이에 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 반면 lutein을 제외하고는 retinol과는 음의 상관성을 나타내었다. 혈 중 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol과 retinol 사이에는 유의적인 양의 상관성을 보였다. 혈 중 지질과의 상관성 분석에서 측정된 모든 항산화 물질들은 총콜레스테롤과 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 반면 중성지질은 carotenoids 물질과는 음의 상관성을 보였고 tocopherol, retinol과는 양의 상관성을 보였다. 혈청 항산화 물질들의 농도와 신체계측치 사이에는 성별에 관계없이 전반적으로 혈청 carotenoids류는 신체계측치들 및 혈압과 음의 상관성을 보였으며, tocopherol들과 retinol 수준은 양의 상관성을 보였다. 이 중 특히 유의적인 상관성을 보인 것은 남성에서 ${\beta}$-carotene과 lutein의 혈압과의 음의 상관성, 여성에서의 ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin과 체지방 관련 지표들 (BMI, WHR, 체지방율)과의 음의 관련성이었다. 본 연구 결과 중년 성인의 혈중 항산화 물질들의 농도는 종류에 따라 성별, 연령별로 유의적인 차이를 나타내었으며, 혈중 지질 수준 및 신체 계측치와도 유의적인 관련성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 상관성의 원인과 의미에 대해서는 향 후 식생활 및 생활습관 등과 관련된 연구를 통해 밝혀져야 할 것이다.