• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2004

This study investigated the synergy effects of hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system of rats on hypercholesterol diets. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed either a hypercholesterol diet with water or a hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine. The experimental groups consisted of the control group (CO), the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus(ES), and the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC). Eleutherococcus senticosus was extracted, made into 0.5% solution, and fed to the ES and ESC groups. A 3% carnitine diet was supplied to the ESC group. Hypercholesterol diets contained 18% beef tallow and 5% cholesterol. After 4 weeks of administering these diets, serum and liver were obtained and the level of serum lipid and the activities of GOT and GPT were measured. In addition, the level of liver lipid and TBARS and the activity of GSH-Px were measured. The results were as follows: 1) Weight gain and FER in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC) was low significantly(P<0.05). 2) In the groups supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus(ES) and the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherocorcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC), total serum cholesterol levels were both significantly low (P<0.05,P.0.01). 3) Serum GOT activity was significantly low(P<0.05) in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus(ES) and in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietary carnitine(ESC). There was no difference between serum GPT activity in the control group and the groups supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus or dietary carnitine. 4) Liver triglyceride was low (P.0.05) in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC). No difference was observed in other lipid composition, TBARS level, and GSH-px activity in liver between the control group and the experimental groups. In summary, the effects of hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system (such as weight gain, FER, total serum cholesterol and liver triglyceride) were low when Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine were supplied simultaneously.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.58-62
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• 2012

Carnitine (${\beta}$-hydroxy-${\gamma}$-trimethylaminobutyric acid) is involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix and the removal of potentially toxic acylcarnitine esters. Transient carnitine transport defect is a rare condition in newborns reported in 1/90,000 live births. In this paper, we describe a case of transient carnitine transport defect found in a premature baby who had prolonged cholestatic jaundice and poor weight gain, and who responded dramatically to oral carnitine supplementation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.230-233
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• 1988

This study was undertaken to elucidate the role of L-carnitine on cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in mice. We designed to investigate both lipoperoxidation and histopathology in experimental group. The results obtained from prior with concurrent treatment of L-carnitine showed as follows; 1) Combination of L-carnitine showed significant inhibition of lipoperoxide in liver than heart. 2) By means of electron microscopy, we obtained histological evidence that doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, is prevented by L-carnitine.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 1989

To investigate the effect of alcohol on the ultrastructural changes of liver the experiment was undertaken by dividing in 3 groups (control, alcohol and alcohol-camitine groups). Chronic administration of ethanol to adult rats led to striking fat accumulation and ultrastructural changes in the liver. Mitochondrial abnormalities. dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, focal cytoplasmic degradation, dilation of bile canalicli and swelling of nucleus were observed. In alcohol-carnitine group, there were less fat accumulation and ultrastructural changes than alcohol group. These alterations suggest that ethanol is very toxic to the liver and carnitine prevents fat accumulation induced by alcohol. 알콜이 흰쥐 간장의 미세구조에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기위해 대조군, 알콜 처리군, 알콜-carnitine처리군으로 나누어 실험하였다. 만성적인 알콜 투여는 간에서의 지방축적을 유발하였으며 미토콘드리아의 이상, 소포체의 팽대, 세포질의 손상 Bile canaliculi의 확장 및 핵의 수축 등의 미세구조적 변화를 가져왔다. 알롤- carnitine으로 처리한 군에서는 지방의 축적과 미세구조의 변화가 알콜 처리군에서 보다는 약하였다. 이러한 구조적 변화는 알콜이 간에 매우유독하며 carnitine은 알콜에 의해 유발된 지방의 축적을 방지해 보여주는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.762-765
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• 2000

The changes of carnitine levels including nonesterified-carnitine(NEC), acid-soluble acylcarnitine(ASAC) and total carnitine (TC) were investigated in developing soybean sprouts. The concentrations of carnitines were determined in ungerminated and germinated soybean seeds, and in dissected axis segments and cotyledone of the germinated sprouts. Soybean seeds contain 136 nmol of TC per gram dry weight. the contents of NEC, ASAC, and TC were increased during the germination of soybean seeds. The concentrations of NEC and ASAC were highest in cotyledone and inmeristematic tissues, respectively. These data indicate that developmental differences of carnitine levels do exist in plants, and that in delveoping soybean sprouts the levels of NEC and ASAC are highest in the cotyledone and in the youngest meristem, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.393-397
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• 2004

L-Carnitine $({\beta}-hydroxy-{\gamma}-trimethyl-ammoniumbutyric{\;}acid)$ is a small water-soluble molecule important in mammalian fat metabolism. It is essential for the normal oxidation of fatty acids by the mitochondria, and is involved in the trans-esterification and excretion of acyl-CoA esters. In this paper, to investigate the relationship between aging and L-carnitine, we investigated the effects of in vitro matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition and activity and expression of UYA-induced MMPs in human skin fibroblasts. Also, we studied to develop as anti-aging cosmetics with L-carnitine. Fluorometric assays of the proteolytic activities of MMP-1 (collagenase) were performed using fluorescent collagen substrates. ELISA (enzyme linked immune sorbent assay), gelatin-substrate zymography, RT-PCR ELISA techniques were used for the effects of L-carnitine on MMP expression, activity, and MMP mRNA expression in UVA irradiated fibroblast $(5\;J/cm^2)$, respectively. In addition, we performed clinical study with L-carnitine cream. L-carnitine inhibited the activities of MMP-1 in a dose-dependent manner and the $IC_{50}$ values calculated from semi-log plots were 2.45 mM, and L-carnitine showed strong inhibition on MMP-2 (gelatinase) activity in UVA irradiated fibroblast by zymography. Also, UVA induced MMP-1, 2 expression was reduced $43\%,\;53\%$ by treated with L-carnitine at 1.25 mM, and MMP-1 mRNA expression was reduced dose-dependent manner. Therefore L-carnitine was able to significantly inhibit the MMP activity, and regulate MMP expression in protein and mRNA level. The results of clinical study showed that $1.0\%$ L-carnitine treated group reduced wrinkle significantly compared with placebo treated group (P<0.05). All these results suggest that L-carnitine may be useful as new anti-aging cosmetics for protection against UVA induced Mm expression and activity.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2005

In this study, a novel analytical method has been developed for the rapid determination of L-carnitine in human plasma using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Free carnitine (FC) was analyzed after extraction with 80% methanol and total carnitine (TC) was analyzed after hydrolysis and extraction. Acyl carnitine (AC) was subtracted FC from TC. Analytical methods used multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan modes. A correlation coefficient of linear regression ($r^2$) was 0.9995, recovery was 97%, reproducibility was less than 10%, and limit of detection (LOD) was $0.0016{\mu}mol/L$. This method reduced sample preparation time and showed high resolution and good reproducibility compared to that with liquid chromatographic methods. Normal control showed AC was lower than FC. Clinical management of patients with inborn error of metabolism showed FC was lower than AC. Thus, carnitine fraction level was very important to monitoring patients with metabolic disorder.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

This study is to investigate the effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on lipid metabolism in rats fed with isolated soy protein and casein for their source of protein. Four experimental groups were organized and each group had eight Sprague-Dawley male rats with the initial weight of around 180g. The four groups were CO (casein only supplemented group); CC (casein and 3% L-carnitine supplemented group); ISO (isolated soy protein only supplemented group); ISC (isolated soy protein and 3% L-carnitine supplemented group). All groups were supplemented with the experimental diet for four weeks and carnitine comprised 3% of. their diet. The results were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference in food intake among the groups. 2. Final weight gain was significantly lower in the groups supplemented with isolated soy protein than in the groups supplemented with casein (P<0.05). The groups with supplemented casein and carnitine showed the effect of weight reduction (p<0.05). 3. Food efficiency ratio was lower in the groups supplemented with isolated soy protein than in the groups supplemented with casein (p<0.01). The groups supplemented with casein and carnitine showed low food efficiency ratio. 4. The serum total lipid was higher in the groups supplemented with casein than in the groups supplemented with isolated soy protein (p<0.05). 5. Serum total cholesterol was higher in the groups supplemented with casein than in the groups supplemented with isolated soy protein. 6. There was no significant difference in triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in serum among the groups. 7. Out of the groups supplemented with isolated soy protein the total cholesterol level in liver was low in the groups to which carnitine was supplemented (p< 0.05). However, there was no significant difference of liver total lipid and triglyceride among the groups. 8. There was no difference in TBARS levels and GSH-Px activities in liver among the groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1763-1769
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of L-carnitine on the pig semen characteristics during storage. Methods: Spermatozoa samples were examined for spermatozoa quality and then randomly divided into 5 groups: 0 (control), 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mM L-carnitine. Sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity and antioxidant parameters (total reactive oxygen species, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde) were evaluated after 0, 3, 5, and 10 day cooled-storage at 17℃. Moreover, ATP content, mitochondria activity as well as sperm-binding and in vitro fertilizing ability of preserved boar sperm were also investigated. Results: Supplementation with 50 mM L-carnitine could effectively maintain boar sperm quality parameters such as sperm motility and membrane integrity. Besides, we found that L-carnitine had positive effects on boar sperm quality mainly through improving antioxidant capacities and enhancing ATP content and mitochondria activity. Interestingly, by assessing the effect of L-carnitine on sperm fertility and developmental potential, we discovered that the extender containing L-carnitine could improve sperm quality and increase the number of sperms bounding to zona pellucida, without improving in vitro fertility and development potential. Conclusion: These findings suggested that the proper addition of L-carnitine to the semen extender improved boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17℃.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.791-796
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• 2014

Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm is an effective technique to preserve genetic materials of domestic cats and wild felids when they unexpectedly die. However, this technique inevitably causes detrimental changes of cryopreserved-thawed spermatozoa, for example, by physical damage and excessive oxidative stress. L-carnitine is an antioxidant that has been used to improve sperm motility in humans and domestic animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on cat epididymal sperm quality following cryopreservation and thawing. After routine castration, cauda epididymides were collected from 60 cat testes. The epididymal spermatozoa from 3 cauda epididymides were pooled as 1 replicate. Spermatozoa samples (16 replicates) were examined for spermatozoa quality and then randomly divided into 4 groups: 0 mM L-carnitine (control), 12.5 mM, 25 mM and 50 mM L-carnitine. The sperm aliquots were then equilibrated and conventionally frozen. After thawing, sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, DNA integrity and acrosome integrity were evaluated. The 25 mM L-carnitine significantly improved sperm motility compared with a control group (p<0.05), although this was not significantly different among other concentrations. In conclusion, supplementation of 25 mM L-carnitine in freezing extender improves cauda epididymal spermatozoa motility. The effects of L-carnitine on the levels of oxidative stress during freezing and thawing remains to be examined.