• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 2009

독도 주변 퇴적물의 구성요소를 분석하여 퇴적물의 기원과 퇴적상을 조사하였다. 퇴적물은 독도를 이루는 화산기원의 암편과 천해에서 서식하고 있는 여러 생물에 의해 생성된 탄산염퇴적물로 구성된다. 대부분 탄산염입자와 화산암편으로 이루어진 퇴적물 중에서 탄산염입자는 연체동물(이매패류와 복족류), 덮개상과 가지상 태선동물, 덮개상과 마디상 홍조류, 유공충, 해면동물, 환형동물, 극피류(성게류), 절지동물(따개비류), 규조류 등에 의해 만들어지고 있다. 퇴적물 내 구성요소의 상대적 함량의 차이는 주로 수심에 의해 구분되지만 비슷한 수심구간 내에서도 지역적으로 차이를 보이기도 한다. 특히 독도 주변의 퇴적물은 전형적인 냉수성 탄산염퇴적물(cool water carbonates)의 성분을 보여주며, 수심별로 뚜렷한 퇴적상의 변화를 보인다. 독도 주변 퇴적물은 수심에 따른 구성요소 함량의 차이와 입자의 크기에 의해 크게 5개의 퇴적상으로 구분된다. 이들은 해안퇴적상(20 m 이내의 천해퇴적물), 천해퇴적상($20{\sim}100m$ 구간의 천해퇴적물), 상부 전이퇴적상($100{\sim}200m$의 퇴적물), 하부 전이퇴적상($200{\sim}700m$의 퇴적물), 그리고 반원양퇴적상(700 m 이상의 반원양성 퇴적물)이다. 수심 2,000 m 이상의 퇴적물 내에도 약 $10{\sim}20%$의 탄산염 퇴적물이 함유되어 있으며, 이는 독도 주변 해역의 탄산염보상심도가 이보다 더 깊을 수 있음을 암시한다.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국산학기술학회 2009년도 추계학술발표논문집
• /
• pp.1034-1037
• /
• 2009

지구온난화룰 일으키는 온실가스중 하나인 이산화탄소를 제거하기 위하여 여러 가지 Epoxide와 이산화탄소를 Tetrabutylammonium bromide를 촉매로 하여 고압(900-1600psi), 고온($90^{\circ}C$)에서 반응시켜 고리형 카보네이트를 합성하였다. 합성된 고리형카보네트의 구조는 는 H-NMR, GC=MS, FT-IR을 이용하여 확인하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.622-624
• /
• 2014

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.663-665
• /
• 2008

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.80-89
• /
• 1998

Three cores were taken from the northwest Pacific Ocean (Shikoku Basin) to determine the accumulation rates of both biogenic and terrigeneous fractions since the last penultimate interglacial period. The sediment is characterized by large amounts of terrigenous materials with low biogenic fractions and intermittent volcanic-ash layers, suggesting a hemipelagic origin. Composition of major elements shows no significant differences among sites. Relatively small variation of TiO$_2$/Al$_2$O$_3$ ratios with respect to SiO$_2$ content is the strong evidence for the common origin of terrigenous materials. The fraction of biogenic carbonates varies from near 0% in ash layers to about 35%, with a gradual increase toward the south (St. 4 through St. 6 to St. 20). However, carbonate contents show step-wise increasing tendency from St. 4 through St. 6 to St. 20, which suggests a southward increase of carbonate production. The color reflectance indicates that the sediment of the southern sites contains relatively higher amounts of biogenic carbonates. The mass accumulation rate of terrigenous fractions during the glacial period was 2-3 times higher than that of interglacial period. This enhanced mass accumulation rate of terrigenous materials was concomitant with the high accumulation rate of biogenic fractions. The total sediment accumulation rate is considered as the most important factor controlling mass accumulation rates of the biogenic and terrigenous materials. The enhanced sediment accumulation during the glacial periods is interpreted as a consequence of climate-induced change in the supply of eolian dust from the Asian continent. Enhanced wind strength during the glacial time may have increased transportation of terrigenous materials to the ocean. Thus, variation of sediment accumulation is highly linked with climatic variations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제33권10호
• /
• pp.3253-3257
• /
• 2012

Second-order rate constants for the reactions of phenyl Y-substituted-phenyl carbonates 5a-g with Z-substituted-phenoxides ($k_{Z-PhO^-}$) have been measured spectrophotometrically in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. 4-Nitrophenyl phenyl carbonate (5e) is up to 235 times more reactive than 4-nitrophenyl benzoate (4e). The Br$\o$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 5e with Z-substituted-phenoxides is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}=0.54$, which is typical for reactions reported previously to proceed through a concerted mechanism. Hammett plots correlated with ${\sigma}^o$ and ${\sigma}^-$ constants for the reactions of 5a-f with 4-chlorophenoxide exhibit highly scattered points. In contrast, the Yukawa-Tsuno plot results in an excellent linear correlation with ${\rho}_Y=1.51$ and r = 0.52, indicating that the leaving-group departure occurs at the rate-determining step (RDS). A stepwise mechanism, in which leaving-group departure occurs at RDS, has been excluded since the incoming 4-$ClPhO^-$ is more basic and a poorer nucleofuge than the leaving Y-substituted-phenoxides. Thus, the reaction has been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism. Our study has shown that the modification of the nonleaving group from benzoyl to phenyloxycarbonyl causes a change in the reaction mechanism (i.e., from a stepwise mechanism to a concerted pathway) as well as an increase in the reactivity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제34권7호
• /
• pp.2023-2028
• /
• 2013

A kinetic study is reported for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of phenyl Y-substituted-phenyl carbonates (5a-5k) with piperidine in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The plots of $k_{obsd}$ vs. [piperidine] for the reactions of substrates possessing a strong electron-withdrawing group (EWG) in the leaving group (i.e., 5a-5i) are linear and pass through the origin. In contrast, the plots for the reactions of substrates bearing a weak EWG or no substituent (i.e., 5j or 5k) curve upward, indicating that the electronic nature of the substituent Y in the leaving group governs the reaction mechanism. Thus, it has been suggested that the reactions of 5a-5i proceed through a stepwise mechanism with a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (i.e., $T^{\pm}$) while those of 5j and 5k proceed through a stepwise mechanism with two intermediates (i.e., $T^{\pm}$ and its deprotonated form $T^-$). The slope of the Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the second-order rate constants (i.e., $k_N$ or $Kk_2$) changes from -0.41 to -1.89 as the leaving-group basicity increases, indicating that a change in the rate-determining step (RDS) occurs. The reactions of 5a-5k with piperidine result in larger $k_1$ values than the corresponding reactions with ethylamine.

• 한국석유지질학회지
• /
• 제9권1_2호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2001

강원도 영월군에 분포하는 하부 오오도비스기 탄산염-쇄설성 혼합층인 문곡층에 대하여 계층적으로 체계화된 시퀀스층서 분석을 행한 결과에 의하면 문곡층은 3개의 시?스로 구성되어 있다. 시퀀스 경계면은 경계면 하부의 조립질 탄산염암으로부터 상부의 세립질 탄산염내설성 혼합층으로의 급격한 변화로 특징 지워지며 카르스트화와 같은 대기 노출면의 증거를 보여주기도 한다. 이러한 시퀀스 층서 틀 내에서 분석된 퇴적상의 특징에 의하면, 문곡층은 완만한 경사를 갖는 조하대의 램프에서 퇴적된 것으로 해석된다. 퇴적되는 동안에 빈번한 열대 폭풍의 영향이 있었으며 폭풍퇴적층은 해저면 기질의 구성성분과 해안과의 근접도에 따라 암상의 차이를 보인다. 또한 문곡층은 고빈도의 상향천화 하는 사이클로 구성되어 있다. 그러나 천해퇴적층과 심해퇴적층으로 구성된 퇴적층에는 사이클이 잘 나타나지 않는데 그 이유는 사이클 병합으로 해석된다. 사이클이 누적되는 양상을 보면 큰 규모의 해수면 변동과 연관되어 일관된 두께의 변화가 관찰되지 않는데 이는 퇴적물이 퇴적공간을 충분히 채우지 못하기 때문인 것으로 해석된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2016

Biochar, which has high alkalinity, has widely studied for amendment of soil that contaminated with heavy metals. The aim of this study is assessment of amendment for arsenic and heavy metals contaminated acidic agricultural soil using biochar that derived from buffalo weed (A. trifida L. var. trifida). Pot experiments were carried out including analysis of soil solution, contaminants fractionation, soil chemical properties and plant (lettuce) uptake rate. Arsenic and heavy metals concentrations in soil solution showed relatively low in biochar added experiments when compared to the control. In the heavy metals fractionation in soil showed decrease of exchangeable fraction and increase of carbonates fraction; however, arsenic fractionations showed constant. Soil chemical properties indicated that biochar could induce recovery of soil quality for plant growth in terms of soil alkalinity. However, phosphate concentration in biochar added soil decreased due to Ca-P precipitation by exchangeable calcium from biochar. Arsenic and heavy metals uptake rate of plant in the amended experiment decreased to 50% when compared to the control. Therefore biochar derived from buffalo weed can be used as amendment material for agricultural soil contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals. Precipitation of As-Ca and metal-carbonates are major mechanisms for soil amendment using char.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficiencies of the stabilizers such as mono-potassium phosphate (MKP), phosphate fertilizer and red mud in treating the mine tailings contaminated with heavy metals and to characterize the changes in fractionations of the heavy metals during the stabilization. The TCLP results showed that the stabilization efficiencies of Cd, Pb and Zn increased with the increase in the stabilizer dosage and the reaction times. MKP showed the highest efficiencies for the heavy metals stabilization among the stabilizers tested. When the mine tailings were amended with MKP, the TCLP concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were reduced by 79~97%, 61~84%, and 89~99%, respectively. When the composite stabilizers, MKP/phosphate fertilizer or MKP/red mud, were used, the stabilization efficiencies were lower than when MKP was used as a single stabilizer. The sequential extraction results showed that carbonates fraction of Cd and Zn increased generally. Especially, when red mud was used, carbonates fraction of Cd and Zn increased 5 and 18 times, respectively. In the case of Pb, the treatment with MKP increased residual fraction by 10 times. The results showed that MKP was the most effective in stabilizing the heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) to improve the efficacy of the composite binders.