• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2005

The carbonation of concrete is one of the major factors that cause durability problems in concrete structures. The rate of carbonation depends largely upon the diffusivity of carbon dioxide in concrete. The purpose of this study is to identify the diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide for various concrete mixtures. To this end, several series of tests have been planned and conducted. The test results indicate that the diffusion coefficient increases with the increase of water-cement ratio. The diffusion coefficient decreases with the increase of relative humidity at the same water-cement ratio. The diffusion of carbon dioxide reached the steady state within about five hours after exposure. The content of aggregates also influences the diffusivity of carbon dioxide in concrete. It was found that the diffusion coefficient of cement paste is larger then that of concrete or mortar. The quantitative values of diffusivity of carbon dioxide in this study will allow more realistic assessment of carbonation depth in concrete structures.

• Carbon letters
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• v.24
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• pp.55-61
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• 2017

Carbon micropatterns (CMs) were fabricated from a negative-type SU-8 photoresist by proton ion beam lithography and pyrolysis. Well-defined negative-type SU-8 micropatterns were formed by proton ion beam lithography at the optimized fluence of $1{\times}10^{15}ions\;cm^{-2}$ and then pyrolyzed to form CMs. The crosslinked network structures formed by proton irradiation were converted to pseudo-graphitic structures by pyrolysis. The fabricated CMs showed a good electrical conductivity of $1.58{\times}10^2S\;cm^{-1}$ and a very low surface roughness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2004

We investigated structural phases of potassium intercalated into carbon nanotubes using a structural optimization process applied to atomistic simulation methods. As the radius of carbon nanotubes increased, structures were found in various phases from an atomistic strand to multishell packs composed of coaxial cylindrical shells and in helical, layed, and crystalline structures. Numbers of helical atom rows composed of coaxial tubes and orthogonal vectors of a circular rolling of a triangular network could explain multishell phases of potassium in carbon nanotubes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.131-134
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• 2004

In this paper, a representative unit volume (RUV) model was employed to simulate thermoforming process of carbon fabric-polymeric foam sandwich structures. Thermoforming simulations, which capture crimp angles and amplitude changes of carbon fabric with respect to different types of foams under the operating pressure were conducted with the help of RUV model. Changed shapes of tow structure after thermoforming were reflected in the two dimensional to determine mechanical properties of skin parts, i.e_ carbon fabric composites after thermoforming. Bending simulations with respect to different foam systems as well as different moduli of carbon fabric composites were successfully carried out by using properties obtained from two-dimensional analyses.

• Carbon letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.248-253
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• 2012

Dielectrophoretic filtering and alignment of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were tested using deuterium oxide as a solvent. A solution of deuterium oxide-SWCNTs was dropped on top of a silicon chip and an ac electric field was applied between pre-defined electrodes. Deuterium oxide was found to be a better solvent than hydrogen oxide for the dielectrophoresis process with higher efficiency of filtering. This was demonstrated by comparing Raman spectra measured on the initial solution with those measured on the filtered solution. We found that the aligned nanotubes along the electric field were not deposited on the substrate but suspended in solution, forming chain-like structures along the field lines. This so-called pearl chain formation of CNTs was verified by electrical measurements through the aligned tubes. The solution was frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to the electrical measurements to maintain the chain formation. The current-voltage characteristics for the sample demonstrate the existence of conduction channels in the solution, which are associated with the SWCNT chain structures.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the slump flow, air content, setting time, compressive strength, adiabatic temperature rise and diffusion coefficient of chloride used ordinary portland cement, crushed coarse aggregate, crushed sand, river sand, fly ash, limestone powder, blast furnace slag powder and superplasticizer to find optimum mix design of low carbon green concrete for structures. The performances of low carbon green concrete used fly ash, limestone powder and blast furnace slag powder were remarkably improved. This fact is expected to have economical effects in the manufacture of low carbon green concrete for structures. Accordingly, the fly ash, limestone powder and blast furnace slag powder can be used for low carbon green concrete material.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.360-365
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• 2014

$SnO_2-CoO$/carbon-coated CoO core/shell nanowire composites were synthesized by using electrospinning and hydrothermal methods. In order to obtain $SnO_2-CoO$/carbon-coated CoO core/shell nanowire composites, $SnO_2-Co_3O_4$ nanowire composites and $SnO_2-Co_3O_4$/polygonal $Co_3O_4$ core/shell nanowire composites are also synthesized. To demonstrate their structural, chemical bonding, and morphological properties, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were carried out. These results indicated that the morphologies and structures of the samples were changed from $SnO_2-Co_3O_4$ nanowires having cylindrical structures to $SnO_2-Co_3O_4/Co_3O_4$ core/shell nanowires having polygonal structures after a hydrothermal process. At last, $SnO_2-CoO$/carbon-coated CoO core/shell nanowire composites having irregular and high surface area are formed after carbon coating using a polypyrrole (PPy). Also, there occur phases transformation of cobalt phases from $Co_3O_4$ to CoO during carbon coating using a PPy under a argon atmosphere.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.219-227
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• 2021

Background and objective: Urban street trees play an important role in carbon reduction in cities where greenspace is scarce. There are ongoing studies on carbon reduction by street trees. However, information on the carbon reduction capacity of street trees based on field surveys is still limited. This study aimed to quantify carbon uptake and storage by urban street trees and suggest a method to improve planting of trees in order to increase their carbon reduction capacity. Methods: The cities selected were Sejong, Chungju, and Jeonju among cities without research on carbon reduction, considering the regional distribution in Korea. In the cities, 155 sample sites were selected using systematic sampling to conduct a field survey on street environments and planting structures. The surveyed data included tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at root collar (DRC), height, crown width, and vertical structures. The carbon uptake and storage per tree were calculated using the quantification models developed for the urban trees of each species. Results: The average carbon uptake and storage of street trees were approximately 7.2 ± 0.6 kg/tree/yr and 87.1 ± 10.2 kg/tree, respectively. The key factors determining carbon uptake and storage were tree size, vertical structure, the composition of tree species, and growth conditions. The annual total carbon uptake and storage were approximately 1,135.8 tons and 22,737.8 tons, respectively. The total carbon uptake was about the same amount as carbon emitted by 2,272 vehicles a year. Conclusion: This study has significance in providing the basic unit to quantify carbon uptake and storage of street trees based on field surveys. To improve the carbon reduction capacity of street trees, it is necessary to consider planning strategies such as securing and extending available grounds and spaces for high-density street trees with a multi-layered structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2011

Graphene based nano-electronic and nano-electromechanical devices will be introduced in this presentation. The first part of the presentation will be covered by our recent results on the fabrication and physical properties of artificially twisted bilayer graphene. Thanks to the recently developed contact transfer printing method, a single layer graphene sheet is stacked on various substrates/nano-structures in a controlled manner for fabricating e.g. a suspended graphene device, and single-bilayer hybrid junction. The Raman and electrical transport results of the artificially twisted bilayer indicates the decoupling of the two graphene sheets. The graphene based electromechanical devices will be presented in the second part of the presentation. Carbon nanotube based nanorelay and A new concept of non-volatile memory based on the carbon nanotube field effect transistor together with microelectromechanical switch will be briefly introduced at first. Recent progress on the graphene based nano structures of our group will be presented. The array of graphene resonators was fabricated and their mechanical resonance properties are discussed. A novel device structures using carbon nanotube field effect transistor combined with suspended graphene gate will be introduced in the end of this presentation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.76-76
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• 2010

Using ab initio density functional calculations, we investigate the structural and electronic properties of porous schwarzite structures formed by $sp^2$ carbon minimal surfaces with negative Gaussian curvature. We calculate the equilibrium geometries, elastic properties and electronic structure of two systems with cubic unit cells containing 152 and 200 carbon atoms, which are metallic and very rigid. The porous schwarzite structure can be efficiently doped by electron donors as well as accepors, making it a promising candidate for the next generation of alkali ion batteries. Furthermore, the schwarzite structures can be magnetic when doped and thus act as arrays of interconnected quantum spin dots. We also propose that two interpenetrating schwarzite structures be used as a ultimate super-capacitor.