• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

고농도 입자성 유기 폐수를 대상으로 기존 혐기성 공정인 CSTR과 UASB공정으로 처리 시 불량한 상징수질, 불안정한 운전 특성과 같은 문제점이 제시되었다. 이에 본 연구는 새로운 개념의 ADEPT(Anaerobic Digestion Elutriated Phased Treatment) 공정을 주정폐수에 적용하여 처리 가능성을 평가하였다. CSTR과 ADEPT의 성능 비교 결과 ADEPT공정에서 gas 발생량은 약 2배였으며, 유기물 제거 효율과 고형물 제거 효율 역시 더 높은 효율을 보여주었다. 또한 ADPET는 비교적 짧은 HRT에서도 휘발성 지방산 생성으로 인한 pH 저하의 영향을 받지 않았으며, 안정적으로 pH를 유지하였다. ADEPT의 recycle ratio를 6Qin과 2Qin으로 변화를 주어 운전 시 6Qin의 운전 기간 동안 높은 처리 효율을 보여주었다. 따라서 ADEPT는 짧은 HRT로 인한 경제성 향상과 메탄 발생을 이용한 에너지 회수, 또한 산 생성조에서 생성되는 유기산을 최대로 생산, BNR 공정의 유기 탄소원으로 활용 가치가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.184-189
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 강원전통장류로부터 혈전용해 활성이 우수한 효모를 분리하였다. 된장에서 분리한 AFY-1 균주는 혈전용해 활성 측정결과 양성대조구인 plasmin 보다 약 1.75배 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 분리한 효모는 18S rRNA 염기서열 및 탄소원 이용 특성 분석을 통하여 Saccharomycetales sp.로 동정되었으며, AFY-1 균주의 생육 최적온도는 $32^{\circ}C$였다. 본 연구에서 분리된 혈전용해능이 우수한 효모균주는 안전성 검증 등 추가연구를 통해 발효식품 제조용 스타터로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.3103-3108
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• 2011

탄소원으로 꿀을 사용하여 제조한 버찌-꿀술의 이화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 버찌-꿀술의 발효는 Saccharomyces bayanus (EC-118)를 스타터균으로 하여 발효액 2 L를 사용하여 30일 동안 진행하였다. 발효전 발효액에서 가장 많은 탄수화물은 과당이었으며, 포도당과 설탕 순으로 나타났다. 발효기간 동안 포도당은 효모균에 의하여 과당보다 빠르게 이용되어 사라졌으며, 발효기간이 진행됨에 따라 과당/포도당 비는 증가함을 보였다. 발효액의 pH와 효모 생균수는 발효 초기 5일 동안 급격하게 변화하였으나 발효액의 $^{\circ}Brix$(%)는 30일 기간 동안 점진적으로 감소하였다. 최종적으로 완성된 버찌-꿀술은 산가 0.43%, pH 3.5, $9.7^{\circ}Brix$(%), 에탄올 농도 14%였다. 버찌-꿀 술의 양조특성을 규명하였으므로 추가적인 버찌의 기능성이 확보된다면 버찌-꿀 술의 개발가능성이 충분히 있다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2009

We conclude the following with air pollution data measured from city measurement net administered and managed in Gwangju for the last 7 years from January in 2001 to December in 2007. In addition, some major statistics governed by Gwangju city and data administered by Gwangju as national official statistics obtained by estimating the amount of national air pollutant emission from National Institute of Environmental Research were used. The results are as follows ; 1. The distribution by main managements of air emission factory is the following ; Gwangju City Hall(67.8%) > Gwangsan District Office(13.6%) > Buk District Office(9.8%) > Seo District Office(5.5%) > Nam District Office(3.0%) > Dong District Office(0.3%) and the distribution by districts of air emission factory ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%). That by types(Year 2004~2007 average) is also following ; Type 5(45.2%) > Type 4(40.7%) > Type 3(8.6%) > Type 2(3.2%) > Type 1(2.2%) and the most of them are small size of factory, Type 4 and 5. 2. The distribution by districts of the number of car registrations is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%) and the distribution by use of car fuel in 2001 ; Gasoline(56.3%) > Diesel(30.3%) > LPG(13.4%) > etc.(0.2%). In 2007, there was no ranking change ; Gasoline(47.8%) > Diesel(35.6%) > LPG(16.2%) >etc.(0.4%). The number of gasoline cars increased slightly, but that of diesel and LPG cars increased remarkably. 3. The distribution by items of the amount of air pollutant emission in Gwangju is the following; CO(36.7%) > NOx(32.7%) > VOC(26.7%) > SOx(2.3%) > PM-10(1.5%). The amount of CO and NOx, which are generally generated from cars, is very large percentage among them. 4. The distribution by mean of air pollutant emission(SOx, NOx, CO, VOC, PM-10) of each county for 5 years(2001~2005) is the following ; Buk District(31.0%) > Gwangsan District(28.2%) > Seo District(20.4%) > Nam District(12.5%) > Dong District(7.9%). The amount of air pollutant emission in Buk District, which has the most population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the highest. On the other hand, that of air pollutant emission in Dong District, which has the least population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the least. 5. The average rates of SOx for 5 years(2001~2005) in Gwangju is the following ; Non industrial combustion(59.5%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(20.4%) > Road transportation(11.4%) > Non-road transportation(3.8%) > Waste disposal(3.7%) > Production process(1.1%). And the distribution of average amount of SOx emission of each county is shown as Gwangsan District(33.3%) > Buk District(28.0%) > Seo District(19.3%) > Nam District(10.2%) > Dong District(9.1%). 6. The distribution of the amount of NOx emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(59.1%) > Non-road transportation(18.9%) > Non industrial combustion(13.3%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(6.9%) > Waste disposal(1.6%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of NOx emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(30.7%) > Gwangsan District(28.8%) > Seo District(20.5%) > Nam District(12.2%) > Dong District(7.8%). 7. The distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(82.0%) > Non industrial combustion(10.6%) > Non-road transportation(5.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(1.7%) > Waste disposal(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(33.0%) > Seo District(22.3%) > Gwangsan District(21.3%) > Nam District(14.3%) > Dong District(9.1%). 8. The distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission in Gwangju is shown as Solvent utilization(69.5%) > Road transportation(19.8%) > Energy storage & transport(4.4%) > Non-road transportation(2.8%) > Waste disposal(2.4%) > Non industrial combustion(0.5%) > Production process(0.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission from each county is the following ; Gwangsan District(36.8%) > Buk District(28.7%) > Seo District(17.8%) > Nam District(10.4%) > Dong District(6.3%). 9. The distribution of the amount of minute dust emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(76.7%) > Non-road transportation(16.3%) > Non industrial combustion(6.1%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.7%) > Waste disposal(0.2%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of minute dust emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(26.0%) > Seo District(19.5%) > Nam District(13.2%) > Dong District(8.5%). 10. According to the major source of emission of each items, that of oxides of sulfur is Non industrial combustion, heating of residence, business and agriculture and stockbreeding. And that of NOx, carbon monoxide, minute dust is Road transportation, emission of cars and two-wheeled vehicles. Also, that of VOC is Solvent utilization emission facilities due to Solvent utilization. 11. The concentration of sulfurous acid gas has been 0.004ppm since 2001 and there has not been no concentration change year by year. It is considered that the use of sulfurous acid gas is now reaching to the stabilization stage. This is found by the facts that the use of fuel is steadily changing from solid or liquid fuel to low sulfur liquid fuel containing very little amount of sulfur element or gas, so that nearly no change in concentration has been shown regularly. 12. Concerning changes of the concentration of throughout time, the concentration of NO has been shown relatively higher than that of $NO_2$ between 6AM~1PM and the concentration of $NO_2$ higher during the other time. The concentration of NOx(NO, $NO_2$) has been relatively high during weekday evenings. This result shows that there is correlation between the concentration of NOx and car traffics as we can see the Road transportation which accounts for 59.1% among the amount of NOx emission. 13. 49.1~61.2% of PM-10 shows PM-2.5 concerning the relationship between PM-10 and PM-2.5 and PM-2.5 among dust accounts for 45.4%~44.5% of PM-10 during March and April which is the lowest rates. This proves that particles of yellow sand that are bigger than the size $2.5\;{\mu}m$ are sent more than those that are smaller from China. This result shows that particles smaller than $2.5\;{\mu}m$ among dust exist much during July~August and December~January and 76.7% of minute dust is proved to be road transportation in Gwangju.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1992

현재 대두근류군 접종제로서 이용되고 있는 Bradyrhizobium japonicum의 토양중에서 그 추이를 밝히고자 항생제 내성균주를 조제하여 그들의 특성을 모균주와 비교하고 아울러 토양에서 접종효과를 추적한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. USDA110K-$STR^r$, USDA110N-$STR^r$, R138-$STR^r$은 pH9에 내성이 약했으며, R214-$STR^r$, $NAL^r$, USDA110N-$STR^r$은 sorbitol에 R138-$STR^rNAL^r$은 xylose에 대한 자화성이 불분명했다. 2. Serogroup에 의해 각 균주들은 서로 다른 균주로 동정되었으나 원균주와 표식균주(標識菌株)간에는 거의 차이가 없었다. 3. Plasmid size는 생육 촉진형 군이 지연형보다 약간 컸으나, 야생균주와 그들의 표식균간(標識菌間)에는 각각 차이가 없었다. 4. 5년이상 대두 재배 토양에 표식균주(標識菌株) 접종시(接種時) 0~12.5%, 대두 무재배 토양에서는 5~22.5%의 접종률을 보였다. 5. 원균주와 표식균주(標識菌株)를 각각 접종시 5년이상 대두재배 토양에서는 접종효과가 없었으나 대두 무재배 토양에서는 상당한 접종효과가 있었으며 원균주가 표식균주(標識菌株)보다 더 큰 효과를 나타냈다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.829-835
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• 2000

The ptsH and ptsI genes of Lactococus lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 7962 (L. lactis 7962), encoding the general proteins of phosphotransferase system (PTS) components, HPr and enzyme I, respectively, were cloned and characterized. A 1.3 kb PCR product was obtained using a primer set that was hybridized to the internal region of the L. lactis 7962 pts HI genes and then subcloned into a low-copy number vector, pACYC184. The 5' upstream and 3' downstream region from the 1.3 kb fragment were subsequently clone using the chromosome walking method. The complete ptsHI operon was constructed and the nucleotide sequences determined. Two ORFs corresponding to HPr (88 amino acids) and enzyme I (575 amino acids) were located. The ptsHI genes of L. lactis 7962 showed a very high homology (84-90%) with those genes from other Gram-positive bacteria. A primer extension analysis showed that the transcription started at either one of two adjacent bases upstream of the start codon. Using a Northern analysis, two transcripts were detected; the first, a 0.3 kb transcript corresponding to ptsH and the second, a 2 kb transcript corresponding to ptsH and ptsI. The transcription level of ptsH was higher than that of ptsI. The concentration of the ptsH transcript in cells grown on glucose was similar to that in cells grown on lactose, yet higher than that in cells grown on galactose. The ptsI transcript was scarcely detected in cell grown on lactose or galactose. The ptsI transcript was scarcely detected in cells grown on lactose or galactose. The results of a sequence analysis and Northern blot confirmed that the ptsH and ptsI genes of L. lactis 7962 were arranged in an operon like other known ptsHI genes and the expression of the ptsHI genes was regulated at the transcriptional level in response to the carbon source.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.477-483
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• 2005

Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) bacteria is recently discovered microorganism which can oxidize ammonium to nitrogen gas in the presence of nitrite under anaerobic conditions. The anammox process can save an energy for nitrification and need not require a carbon source for denitrification, however, the start-up periods takes a long time more than several months due to the long doubling time (approximately 11 days). In order to find the effects of seeding microorganisms, hydrazine, and nitrite concentration on the enhancement of the anammox activity, five kinds of microorganisms were selected. Among the several kinds of seeding microorganisms, the granule from acclimated microorganisms treating high concentration of ammonia nitrogen (A-1) and sludge from piggery wastewater treatment plant (A-2) were found to have a high anammox activity. In the case of A-1, the maximum nitrogen conversion rate represented 0.4 mg N/L-hr, and the amount of nitrite utilization was high compared to those of other seeding microorganisms. The A-4 represented a higher nitrogen conversion rate to 0.7 mg N/L-hr although the ammonium concentration in the serum bottle was high as 200 mg/L. Meanwhile, the anaerobic granule from UASB reactor treating distillery wastewater showed a low anammox activity due to the denitrification by the remained carbon sources in the granule. Hydrazine, intermediate product in anammox reaction, enhanced the anammox activity by representing 1.4 times of nitrogen gas was produced in the test bottle than that of control, when 0.4 mM of $N_2H_4$ was added to serum bottle which contains 5 mM of nitrite. The high concentration of nitrite (10 mM) resulted in the decrease of the anammox activity by showing lower production of nitrogen gas compared to that of 5 mM addition of nitrite concentration. As a result of FISH (Florescence In-Situ Hybridization) experiment, the Amx820 probe showed a more than 13% of anammox bacteria in a granule (A-1).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.588-594
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• 1997

제주산 온주밀감(Citrus unshiu)을 이용한 양조주를 제조하는데 적합한 효모를 선별하고, 밀감양조주의 품질에 직접적으로 연관된 효모의 citric acid 분해능에 대해서 기초조사를 실시하였다. 밀감양조주용으로 활용가능하다고 판단된 균주는 모두 11주이었다. 제주지역의 토양을 중심으로 5개의 효모균주를 분리, 선별하였는데, 그중 4개 주는 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 나머지 1개 주는 S. ellipsoideus로 동정되었다. 한편 분양 균주 18주 중에서 선별된 균주는 6개 주로, S. cerevisiae 계통의 3개 주와 S. coreanus, S. uvarum, S. sake 각각 1개 주었다. 이중에서 S. cerevisiae 2개 균주의 citric acid 분해능을 조사하였다. Citric acid는 효모의 유일한 탄소원으로는 이용될 수 없었으나, citric acid가 glucose와 함께 탄소원으로 사용되었을 때, 배양액 중의 citric acid 농도는 감소하였으며, 정치배양 보다 진탕배양하였을 때 더 많이 감소하였다. 효모에 의한 citric acid의 이용은 ethanol 농도를 증가시키지 못하였으며, 오히려 citric acid는 효모의 생육을 부분적으로 저해하였다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2008

본 시험은 국내외에서 수집한 꽃송이버섯균 8균주에 대하여 균의 배양적 특성 및 균사체 대량배양 조건을 밝히고자 몇 가지 실험을 하였다. 꽃송이버섯균의 고체배양시 HBA(벌꿀바나나추출배지)에서 $53.0{\pm}5.3mm{\cdot}15$일$^{-1}$로 균사생장이 빨랐다. 최적배양온도는 $23^{\circ}C$이었으며 pH는 6.0이 었고, 탄소원으로 fructose, 질소원은 glutamine을 잘 이용하였다. 꽃송이버섯균의 균사체 대량배양을 위한 균주로는 통기식 액체배양시 균사체 생산량이 많은 ASI150010을 선발하였다. 액체배양용 추출배지 재료인 대두박추출배지 ($15\;g{\cdot}{\ell}^{-1}$)에서 30일 동안의 균사량은 1.85g으로 감자추출배지 ($200\;g{\cdot}{\ell}^{-1}$)의 1.05g보다 1.7배가 많았다. 곡물을 이용한 꽃송이버섯 균사체 배양시 수분조절 방법으로 현미는 1일간 침수 처리에서 균사체 생장이 빨랐으며, 밀과 보리는 삶는 방법이 좋았다. 그리고 밀은 보리보다 균배양이 빨라서 좋았다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.94-105
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• 1993

동충하초속균은 곤충기생균으로 충체내에 균핵을 형성하며 단일 또는 총생의 stroma에 자낭각을 형성하는 균이다. 채집된 동충하초균은 Cordyceps militaris, C. nutans, C. sphecocephala, Isaria japonica와 Torrubiella sp. 등 5종이었다. 채집된 동충하초의 분리를 위하여 동충하초의 자실체를 샤레 뚜껑에 tape로 고정시킨 후 water agar가 들은 샤레에 짝을 맞추어 놓으면 자낭포자가 떨어지며 3시간 후 발아한 포자를 PDA에 이식하여 분리하였다. C. nutans와 C. militaris의 균사생장이 가장 우수한 배지는 Hamada media이며 complete media와 감자한천배지에서도 균사생장이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 탄소원으로는 Mannose와 C. militaris와 C. nutans가 균사생장이 양호하였고 질소원으로는 glutamic acid에서 C. militaris가 asparagine에서는 C. nutans가 균사생장이 양호하였다. Vitamine은 Thiamine-HCI, Biotine, Nicotinic acid 모두 C. militaris와 C. nutans의 균사생장에 비슷하였다. C. nutans의 분생포자를 접종하였을 때 배추흰나비 유충, 노린재, 멸강나방, 배추좀나방은 살충력이 높았고, 메뚜기는 50%, 잣나무넓적잎벌은 12%의 살충력이 있으나 진딧물과 오리나무잎벌에서는 살충력이 없었다. C. nutans는 노린재에서만 채집되나 다른 곤충에도 살충효과가 인정되었다. 쌀가루 5g, 밀가루 5g에 물을 100ml을 넣고 배양한 것이 균사생장과 자실체 형성은 잘 되었으나 형성된 자실체는 완전한 동충하초가 아니고 분생포자의 덩어리라는 것이 현미경에 의해 관찰되었다.