• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 1997

Seasonality in abundance and egg production was investigated for Calanus sinicus in Asan Bay, Korea, and feeding effort was measured in the laboratory condition. Although abundances of this species in this bay showed only one Peak in spring, egg Production showed two peaks, spring and fall, in this bay. Potential of year-round egg Production was also found. Food availability judged by the particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration was usually more than enough in this bay. High egg Production in fall resulted in spring Peak in abundance. But high egg Production in spring did not result in summer or fall Peak in abundance. Low abundances in summer and fall were believed to be the result of long range horizontal migration out to the central Part of the Yellow Sea. The highest average egg Production by the Population of this species was 16.3 eggs female-'day-'. Maximum e99 Production by an individual was 39.0 e99s female$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$, which yielded 30.7% of specific egg Production rate in terms of body carbon content with the carbon contents of 44.44$^{\mu}$gC and 0.35 $^{\mu}$gC for individual adult female and egg, respectively. Clearance rate (F) measured in the laboratory condition decreased exponentially with the increase of food concentrations, as expected. The asymptote of F was 3.17 ml copepod$^{-1}$ h$^{-1}$. When this value and the minimum concentration of POC measured in the field were applied under the assumption of continuous feeding in the nature, the calculated gross efficient of egg production was 41.6% in case of average egg production of the population. Violation of the assumption of diurnal feeding rhythm and application of the minimum concentration of POC may offset the influence on calculation each other.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.487-495
• /
• 2017

Background: Although flowers of Panax ginseng Meyer (FPG), Panax quinquefolius L. (FPQ), and Panax notoginseng Burk. (FPN) have been historically used as both medicine and food, each is used differently in practice. Methods: To investigate the connection between components and enhancing immunity activity of FPG, FPQ, and FPN, a method based on a rapid LC coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight MS and immunomodulatory activity study evaluated by a carbon clearance test were combined. Results: According to quantitative results, the ratio of the total content of protopanaxatiol-type ginsenosides to protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides in FPN was 0, but ranged from 1.10 to 1.32 and from 0.23 to 0.35 in FPG and FPQ, respectively. The ratio of the total content of neutral ginsenosides to the corresponding malonyl-ginsenosides in FPN ($5.52{\pm}1.33%$) was higher than FPG ($3.2{\pm}0.64%$) and FPQ ($2.39{\pm}0.57%$). The colorimetric analysis showed the content of total ginsenosides in FPQ, FPG, and FPN to be $13.75{\pm}0.60%$, $17.45{\pm}0.42%$, and $12.45{\pm}1.77%$, respectively. The carbon clearance assay indicated that the phagocytic activity of FPG and FPQ was higher than that of FPN. A clear discrimination among FPG, FPQ, and FPN was observed in the principal component analysis score plots. Seven compounds were confirmed to contribute strongly by loading plots, which may be the cause of differences in efficacy. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the chemical and bioactive comparison of FPG, FPQ, and FPN, indicating that protopanaxtriol-type ginsenosides and malonyl-ginsenosides may play a key role in their enhancing immunity properties.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.671-675
• /
• 1992

This experiment was carried out to establish a proper method of indocyanine green(ICG) excretion test for a applicable liver function test in dogs. The half life(T1/2), fractional clearance rate(KICG) and retention rate after injection of ICG with or without administred carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) were also invested. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The maximum absorbance of ICG in plasma was at 810nm. 2. Half life and fractional clearance rate when administered 0.25 and 0.50mg of ICG per Kilogram body weight were $6.33{\pm}0.58$ minutes and $0.11{\pm}0.99$/minute in the former, $10.01{\pm}1.0$ minutes and $0.07{\pm}0.007$/minute in the latter, respectively. The ICG removal rate was exponentially linear for the first 15 minutes after injection both, of 0.25 and 0.50mg of ICG. 3. One day following the administration of $0.0042m{\ell}\;CCl_4$ kilogram body weight which injected 0.50mg of ICG, half life was more longer and fractional clearance rate was significantly reduced than that of ICG single injection. 4. Plasma retention rate when 15, 30, 45 minutes after injection dose of 0.25 and 0.50mg ICG per Kilogram body weight, $14.7{\pm}4.8$, $5.1{\pm}3.1$, $2.6{\pm}1.6%$ in the former, $26.9{\pm}1.8$, $11.1{\pm}2.4$, $4.8{\pm}1.3%$ in the latter, respectively. However, after administration of $CCl_4$, plasma retention rate of ICG at a dose of 0.50mg, it was $39.3{\pm}0.9$, $16{\pm}2.9$, $10.7{\pm}0.1%$, respectively. 5. Plasma enzyme(AST, ALT, r-GTP) activities administered with $CCl_4$ were increased, but there was no change which injected any dose of single ICG injection. From these results, ICG excretion test to dog is applicable to evaluation of liver function in both clinical and research.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.25-27
• /
• 1988

건강한 성인남자 14명을 대상으로 하여 혈중 알콜해독에 미치는 인삼의 효과 관찰 실험을 실시하였다. 술과 인삼을 동시에 마시는 시험군과 술만 마시는 대조군을 설정하여, 술을 마신후 40분이 경과하였을 때 혈중알콜농도를 측정하였다. 술 (70g/65kg 체중)과 동시에 인삼 (3g/65kg체중)을 먹었을 때의 혈중알콜농도 ($0.11\%$)는 대조군의 혈중알콜농도 ($0.18\%$)의 약 $6.5\%$이었고, 또 혈중알콜농도를 각 개인별로 비교해보면 실험대상자 14명중 인삼과 술을 동시에 마셨을때의 혈중 알콜농도가 술만 마셨을 때의 혈중 알콜농도의 $65\%{\~}49\%$에 불과한 사람이 10명이나 되었다. 인삼의 알콜배출속도에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위한 방사능이 표시된 알콜을 실험동물에 투여한 후 알콜의 대사물인 $^{14}CO_2$가 호흡을 통하여 배출되는 량을 측정비교 하였다. 알콜 투여후 2-7시간 사이의 $^{14}CO_2$ 배출속도는 알콜의 대사 및 배출속도를 증가시켜 알콜해독을 촉진한다는 것을 설명해주고 있다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.103-107
• /
• 2005

추출조건에 따른 귀리의 crude ${\beta}$-glucan에 대한 면역증진효과을 살펴보기 위해 추출온도, 에탄올 농도 및 pH를 달리하면서 얻은 ${\beta}$-glucan 분획 중 in vitro 실험에서 항암성이 우수하게 나타난 5개 분획인 A분획 ($55^{\circ}C,\;5%,\;pH\;6$) B분획($45^{\circ}C,\;15%,\;pH\;6$), C분획 ($50^{\circ}C,\;20%,\;pH\;7$), D분획 ($50^{\circ}C,\;0%,\;pH\;7$) 및 E 분획($50^{\circ}C,\;10%,\;pH\;9$)를 대상으로 복강 큰 포식세포의 nitric oxide 생성능과 경구투여 후 혈액중의 carbon 탐식효율을 조사하였다. In vitro 실험에서 ${\beta}$-glucan을 $10{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ 범위에서 단독으로 또는 $IFN-{\gamma}$와 병행 처리했을 때 모두 대식 세포의 nitric oxide 생성량은 처리 농도에 비례하여 증가하였다. 단독 처리시에는 고용량일 때($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) 모든 분획에서 nitric oxide 생성량이 유의적으로 증가하였다. $IFN-{\gamma}$와 병행 처리시에는 C분획을 제외한 모든 분획의 고농도 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가하였는데, 특히 E분획은 $100{\mu}g/mL$의 낮은 농도에서도 효율적인 증가를 보였다. In vivo 실험에서 100mg/kg의 ${\beta}$-glucan 분획을 7일간 경구투여한 후 carbon 탐식효율을 조사한 결과 B, D 및 E 분획에서 유의적인 효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때, ${\beta}$-glucan은 고용량일 때 직접적으로 또는 $IFN-{\gamma}$ 존재시에는 저용량에서도 복강 큰 포식세로를 활성화시킬 뿐 아니라, 탐식효율도 높임으로써 면역기능을 증진 시키는 것으로 나타났고, 그 효과는 crude ${\beta}$-glucan의 추출조건에 따라 달라지는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권6호
• /
• pp.795-801
• /
• 2005

Eighteen Suffolk wether lambs (BW = 24 kg) were chronically exposed to temperatures of cold (2$^{\circ}C$) or warm (22$^{\circ}C$). The experimental design consisted of a 2${\times}$3 factorial with a single crossover of environment treatment. The sheep were closely shorn and were housed in individual metabolic crates in controlled environment rooms. Sheep consumed pelleted diets ad libitum, which consisted of mainly barley grain and brome grass, and diets contained 7, 11 or 14% crude protein (CP). Animals were catheterized via one jugular vein with a PVC catheter and received a single injection of 60-65 Ci of $^{14}$C]urea. Plasma urea-N (PUN), urinary urea (UU), and carbon specific radioactivity were measured. Urea metabolism was not affected by environment. Percent urea recycling and urea space clearance were highest (p<0.05) on the low nitrogen diet. Urea pool was increased (p<0.10) for the 14% CP diet. Both UU and PUN concentration were positively related (p<0.01) with diet CP content. Therefore, dietary CP content significantly influenced urea metabolism, however, cold exposure did not alter those parameters.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.1401-1405
• /
• 2012

Aim: To investigate the protective effect of purified fraction 1 polysaccharide extracted from Rheum tanguticum RTP1 on irradiation-induced immune damage in mice. Methods: Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal group (NC), irradiation control group (IC), RTP1 low dose (200 mg/kg), middle dose (400 mg/kg) and high dose (800 mg/kg) groups. RTP1 was adminstered by the gastric route for 14 d, mice in the NC and IC groups being given by 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the same way. The mice in all groups except NC group were irradiated with 2.0 Gy $^{60}Co{\gamma}$-ray on the fourteenth day. Immune indives of non-specific immune function, cellular immunity and humoral immunity were assessed at the 24th hour after radiation. Results: Compared with the IC group, the spleen index, thymus index, rate of carbon clearance, phagocytic function of macrophages, lymphocyte proliferation, hemolysin value of blood serum and NK activity were increased markedly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.05). Conclusion: RTP1 has an obvious protective effects on damage in ${\gamma}$-ray radiated mice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.330-337
• /
• 1990

The crude polysaccharide from Panax ginseng prepared by hot water extration and precipiation with ethanol was further fractionated into neutral and acidic fractions by DEAE- cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The chemical compositions were 85.0% carbohydrorate and 15.0% protein for the neutral fraction, and 28.4% carbohydrate, 10.0% protein and 29.0% uronic acid for the acidic fraction. The acidic fraction was more effective in increasing of the ratio of spleen to body weight, the number of antibody secreting cells to SRBC and phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system, as well as antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice than the neutral fraction. All polysaccharide fractions were mitogenic to cultured spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice. However, FA was different from FN in the co-mitogenicities with lectin mitogens. Both crude and acidic fractions potentiated remarkably the mitogenic activity of PHA-P or LPS in dose-dependent manner but neutral fraction enhanced only that of LPS. Three polysaccharide fractions had no effect on that of Con A. These results suggest that the acidic fraction may stimulate B and Td cells as well as macrophages while the neutral fraction may simulate only B cells and macropages.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.100-110
• /
• 1998

In this paper, the laser weldability of thin gage steels for automobile application is discussed. Welding was carried out with a high power carbon dioxide laser system, and the laser energy was concentrated through a plano-convex lens. Test results showed that the joint gap in the butt welding proved to be one of the critical conditions for an acceptable weld. In the case where the ratio of the gap clearance to the material thickness was slightly bigger than optimal value, the weld strength was reduced showing weld metal fracture. It was possible to obtained a weld penetration ratio of 0.91 when the vertical offset ratio was controlled to be 0.4 or smaller. Results also demonstrated that the weld strength of the lap joint was influenced by travel speed. At the travel speeds lower than 37 mm/s, the weld strength indicated higher value than that of class A recommendation strength of a resistance spot weld based on the KS code. It was clear that the complicated effect of specimen alignment should be considered so as to make a sound weld with high integrity when the laser process was applied to the long weld line.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.181-186
• /
• 1998

This study was attempted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (10mg/kg, oral) in rabbits with $CCI_4$ and bile duct ligation-induced hepatic disorder. The area under the curve (AUC) of blood cyclosporine concentration versus time was significantly increased ($CCI_4$-induced hepatic disorder. Elimination rate constant (Kel) was significantly decreased (p<0.05, p<0.01) in rabbits with $CCI_4$ and bile duct ligation-induced hepatic disorder. Volume of distribution (Vdss) and total body clearance (CLtot) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) in rabbits with $CCI_4$-induced hepatic disorder. But Vdss was significantly increased (p4-induced hepatic disorder were 874ng/ml and 2.71 hr, respectively. Cmax and Tmax values in rabbits with bile duct ligation were 105ng/ml and 2.834 hr, respectively. From results of this experiment. It is desirable to do therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporine for effective treatment when the cyclosporine is administered to patients with liver disorder m clinical practice.