• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) with wet brewer's grain on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of castrated Korean black goat. For feeding trial, forty castrated Korean black goats were divided into four treatment groups, which were fed TMR containing 20, 30, 40% of wet brewer's grain. For digestibility trial, twelve castrated Korean black goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats. Results are summarized as follows. Dry matter (DM) contents of TMR with wet brewer's grain was $63.35{\sim}66.02%$, that of crude protein was $14.49{\sim}15.36%$, Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were $28.24{\sim}29.08,\;53.27{\sim}54.85%$, each. These were not different by supplemental level of brewer's grain in TMR. However, Non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) contents were lower according to increase wet brewer's grain in TMR. Average daily gain of control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's gain (p<0.05). Intake of DM, Organic matter (OM) and NFC of TMR supplemented with 20% of brewer's grain were higher than those of other treatments (p<0.05). Crude protein (CP) and digestible CP intake of TMR diets supplemented wet brewer's grain was intended to higher than those of a control group. Digestibilities of DM, OM and NDF in control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's grain (p<0.05). Digestibilities of CP of TMR with supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be higher than those of a control group. Nitrogen retention of TMR supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be somewhat higher compared to the control group

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1459-1466
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• 2010

This study was performed to identify the association between the metabolic syndrome and the biochemical measurements and nutrient intakes. A total of 1,431 people (533 males, 898 females) aged over 45 years living in Andong rural area participated in this study in 2003. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), $\gamma$-glutamyl transferase ($\gamma$-GT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in metabolic syndrome were significantly higher than those in normal group. In multiple logistic regression, those biochemical measurements were found to be positively associated with the metabolic syndrome as the adjusted odds ratios (OR) 1.839 (p<0.001) by AST, 2.302 (p<0.01) by ALT, 2.143 (p<0.001) by $\gamma$-GT, and 1.874 (p<0.001) by TBARS. We also found that the increased level of those measurements tended to be strongly associated with high triglyceride among the metabolic syndrome components. However, the nutrient intakes between the metabolic syndrome and the normal group were not significantly different. Also, we could not find any nutrient intakes significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome, except high carbohydrate intake (>70% of kcal) compared to normal intake (55~70% of kcal) showed OR 0.781 (p<0.05). In analyzing the association of nutrient intakes with metabolic syndrome components, we found that the calorie intake was negatively associated with abdominal obesity (OR 0.696, p<0.05) and high fat intake (>25% of kcal) was positively associated with low HDL-cholesterol (OR 1.864, p<0.05). This study revealed that the biochemical measurements, such as plasma AST, ALT, $\gamma$-GT, and TBARS, are associated with metabolic syndrome, but considering the nutrient intakes, we suggest that further studies are needed to identify the associations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.479-488
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate the nutritional status of night eaters using the data from 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 3,903 subjects aged 20 and above were divided into 3 groups by using 24-hr recall data according to the night snack calorie intake: non-night snack, night snack less than 500 kcal and 500 kcal and more. Their data were analyzed to find out the difference on the socio-demographic, anthropometric, blood pressure, blood parameters and dietary characteristics. Among the subjects, non-night eaters were 66.0%, night eaters of less than 500 kcal were 28.4% and 500 kcal and above were 5.6%. Male adults, young-aged, higher educated, higher income earner, breakfast skipper and frequent dine-outer (3 times and more a day) were found more in the night eaters with 500 kcal and above. Night eaters above 500 kcal showed higher waist circumference, Glu-FBS, Glu-PP120 and also showed higher daily intake of fat and alcohol per 1,000 kcal and food groups of meat & eggs, beverages and alcohol drinks (p < 0.05), while they showed the lowest carbohydrate energy ratio of $58.3{\pm}13.7$ among the three groups. These results suggest that habitual night snack intake above 500 kcal could lead to abdominal obesity and diabetes due to higher intake of meat, fat and alcohol.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.625-636
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine effects of different ratios (3.5, 3.0 and 2.5) of nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) to ruminally degradable protein (RDP) on in vitro fermentation and lactation performance of dairy cows and optimum ratio of NFC to RDP in dairy rations. In vitro trial was conducted up to 12 hr with ruminal fluidtaken from ruminally cannulated Holstein cows. The level of dietary NFC did not affect ruminal pH. The ammonia-N concentration was not significantly different among treatments until 6 hr incubation, however, it was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased on 9 and 12 hr incubation. For volatile fatty acids, concentrations of both acetate and propionate were significantly (P < 0.05) increased on 3 hr incubation as dietary NFC contents of treatments increased, in other incubation times, they had no significant differences among treatments. Valerate and A:P ratio were not affected by the ratio of NFC to RDP. Isoacids and total VFAs were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing dietary NFC contents and their values were highest in the treatment of 3.0 ratio. Meanwhile, for in vivo trial, 18 Holstein lactating cows were allotted to treatments in three groups of 6 cows. They were employed for 24 weeks to investigate nutrient intakes, and milk yield and composition according to different ratios of dietary NFC to RDP. Intakes of dry matter and energy were significantly (P < 0.01) increased, but NDF intake was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased. Milk yield for the ratio of 3.5 (32.7 kg) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of other treatments. Milk fat (%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the treatments of 3.0 (3.79 %) and 2.5 (3.79 %) than that (3.48 %) for the ratio of 3.5, but milk fat yield was not different among treatments. Contents and yields for milk protein and solids-not fat were linearly (P < 0.01) increased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased. However, milk urea nitrogen concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with increasing dietary NFC levels. Our results showed that the increasing level of NFC in the diet of dairy cows enhanced ruminal fermentation, N utilization and milk production and suggested that maximal fermentation and lactation performance were achieved when the dietary ratio of NFC to RDP was more than 3.0 in dairy rations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.264-272
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• 1983

In order to investigate the effect of dietary protein and energy on growing female and male rats, Sprague-Dawley 90 female rats and 54 male rats of 3 weeks old weighing approximately 70-80g and 54-75g, respectively, were subjected feeding trials for 8 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 2 weeks. Three dietary energy levels(3,200, 3,600, 4,000 kcal/kg) were employed and each energy level contained three protein levels (15, 25, 35% of 3600 kcal ME/kg) and three rat levels (10, 20, 40% of 3,600 kcal ME/kg) by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate and the following result were obtained. As the protein level was increasing, digestibilities of dry matter and carbohydrate tended to decrease whereas that of protein was slightly increasing. On the other hand, digestibility of fat was always very high regardless of the level of protein but that tended to be slightly improved as the level of energy or rat increased. The digestibilities of female and male rats tended to be same. The digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrate were 83%, 90%, 96% and 93%, respectively, and they were neither affected by protein and energy levels nor observed differently depending upon the sex. Nitrogen retention of female and male rats were best for LPHE ration. In other words, both nitrogen retention was improved as the level of energy increased and the level of protein decreased. The gross energy intake was high at low protein level in female rats and at medium protein level in male rats. That tended to decrease as the level of energy increased in female rats whereas that was not affected by the level of energy in male rats. The metabolic energy efficiency was highest for LPHE ration in female rats and for LPME ration in male rats.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.2 s.57
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• pp.308-326
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• 1997

Many studies have led to the notion that essential hypertension in adults is the result of a process that starts early in life: investigation of blood pressure(BP) in children and adolescents can therefore contribute to knowledge of the etiology of the condition. A unique longitudinal study on BP in Korea, known as Kangwha Children's Blood Pressure(KCBP) Study was initiated in 1986 to investigate changes in BP in children. This study is a part of the KCBP study. The purposes of this study are to show changes in BP and to determine factors affecting to BP level and change in Korean adolescents during age period 12 to 16 years. A total of 710 students(335 males, 375 females) who were in the first grade at junior high school(12 years old) in 1992 in Kangwha County, Korea have been followed to measure BP and related factors(anthropometric, serologic and dietary factors) annually up to 1996. A total of 562 students(242 males, 320 females) completed all five annual examinations. The main results are as follows: 1. For males, mean systolic and diastolic BP at age 12 and 16 years old were 108.7 mmHg and 118.1 mmHg(systolic), and 69.5 mmHg and 73.4 mmHg(diastolic), respectively. BP level was the highest when students were at 15 years old. For females, mean systolic and diastolic BP at age 12 and 16 years were 114.4 mmHg and 113.5 mmHg(systolic) and 75.2 mmHg and 72.1 mmHg(diastolic), respectively. BP level reached the highest point when they were 13-14 years old. 2. Anthropometric variables(height, weight and body mass index, etc) increased constantly during the study period for males. However, the rate of increase was decreased for females after age 15 years. Serum total cholesterol decreased and triglyceride increased according to age for males, but they did not show any significant trend fer females. Total fat intake increased at age 16 years compared with that at age 14 years. Compositions of carbohydrate, protein and fat among total energy intake were 66.2:12.0:19.4, 64.1:12.1:21.8 at age 14 and 16 years, respectively. 3. Most of anthropometric measures, especially, height, body mass index(BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness showed a significant correlation with BP level in both sexes. When BMI was adjusted, serum total cholesterol showed a significant negative correlation with systolic BP at age 12 years in males, but at age 14 years the direction of correlation changed to positive. In females serum total cholesterol was negatively correlated with diastolic BP at age 15 and 16 years. Triglyceride and creatinine showed positive correlation with systolic and diastolic BP in males, but they did not show any correlation in females. There was no consistent findings between nutrient intake and BP level. However, protein intake correlated positively with diastolic BP level in males. 4. Blood pressure change was positively associated with changes in BMI and serum total cholesterol in both sexes. Change in creatinine was associated with BP change positively in males and negatively in females. Students whose sodium intake was high showed higher systolic and diastolic BP in males, and students whose total fat intake was high maintained lower level of BP in females. The major determinants on BP change was BMI in both sexes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.303-313
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry, blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and nutrient intakes in three groups: a group with an impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) condition (62 males and 30 females); a group with normal blood glucose (73 males and 50 females); and a group with diabetes mellitus (DM) (79 males and 49 females). In male subjects, body mass index (BMI) and obesity index values were significantly higher in the IFG group than in normal and DM groups, but waist/hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different from those of the DM group. In female subjects, there was no difference in body weight, BMI, obesity index and WHR values between the IFG and the DM groups. The prevalence of obesity in the IFG group (males 43.6%, females 76.7%) was the highest among the three groups. The percentage of high SBP (40.0%) and high DBP (52.0%) in male subjects of the IFG group was significantly greater than in the DM group or the normal group. In the male subjects, the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly higher in the DM group than in the normal and IFG groups. There was no difference in various nutrient intakes(energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, iron, vitamin A and cholesterol) among the three groups. In male subjects, the percentage of energy intake from alcohol was higher in the IFG group (7.0%) than that of the normal (4.5%) and the DM (5.6%) groups. The fasting blood glucose level had a positive correlation with WHR, TG, the athrogenic index and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol. This study suggested that the IFG group had a higher obesity index, BMI, blood pressure and serum lipid levels (TG, cholesterol) than the normal or the DM group; furthermore, the IFG group had higher levels of alcohol intake and habits of taking unbalanced diets. Therefore, guidelines for IFG group should emphasize weight control, diet therapy, physical activities and regular balanced diets, in order to prevent diabetes in this group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.715-722
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• 2003

This study is to investigate effects of green tea and capsulated components mixture on body fat and serum lipid composition and fat distribution in college women students in terms of supplemented periods. During 3 months of this research, 34 college women students (average age 20.3 yr) were selected as subjects. Nutrient intake was investigated by questionnaire and 24-hr recall method. Anthropolatric assessments of the subjects were investigated by SBIA method (Segmental Bioimpedance Assay, Inbody 3.0). The results were as follows: mean body height was 162.5cm and mean body weight and mean BMI (Body Mass Index, kg/$m^2$) were 57.9kg and 21.9, respectively. Status of carbohydrate intake decreased significantly (p<0.05) and dietary fiber intake increased significantly (p<0.001) after supplementation. WHR (waist-hip ratio) decreased significantly (p<0.05) and body fat and percent body fat decreased significantly after supplementation (p<0.05). Total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased significantly after supplementation (p<0.001). Above results of this study show that green tea, silk peptide and dietary fiber supplementation-added routine diet improves body fat distribution, total cholesterol, triglyceride. Especially, declination of abdominal fat and WHR was notable, since that means diminution of risk factors for obesity and chronic degenerative diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of human milk fortifier (HMF) on growth and nutritional status in growing rats fed infant formula supplemented with HMF. Three week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed regular formula (RF), premature formula (PF) and regular formula fortified with HMF (RF+HMF) diets for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in weight gain among groups. However, a significant increase of food intake was observed in PF and RF+HMF groups compared with RF group. With increasing food intake, the intakes of carbohydrate and protein were significantly increased in PF and RF+HMF groups. The weight of perirenal fat was significantly increased in rats fed RF+HMF; however, the weights of liver, kidney and spleen were not significantly different among groups. Although total lipids, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol concentrations of serum were not significantly different among groups, triglyceride was significantly increased in PF group. The triglyceride and total-cholesterol of liver were significantly increased in rats fed regular formula fortified with HMF and PF compared with RF group. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum showed no significant difference among groups. The concentration of growth hormone was significantly increased in PF group compared with other groups. The concentration of hemoglobin was significantly increased in rats fed PF and RF+HMF. These results suggest that the supplementation of human milk fortifier in growing rats may promote growth as increasing food intake and lipid contents in tissues and prevent the anemia of infants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1094-1099
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• 2012

This study investigated the effect of a long-term high-fat diet on energy metabolic substrate utilization in resting rats in order to revalue source fat energy efficiency during a high-fat diet and its effect on energy expenditure and body fat accumulation. Sprague-Dawley male rats at 4 weeks of age were bought from Orient Bio Con. The rats were divided into a control (CON) group and a high-fat diet (HF) group. Rats ate a high-fat diet (w/w 40%, kcal/kcal 64.9%) ad libitum for 5 weeks. Food intake and body weight were measured every day at 09:00 throughout the experimental period. Energy expenditure was measured using an animal energy metabolism chamber after 4 weeks. The final body weight did not change between the CON and HF groups, but caloric intake was significantly higher in the HF group than in the CON group (p<0.05). There was no difference between the groups in oxygen uptake, however carbon dioxide production was significantly higher in the HF group. Also, the respiratory exchange ratio was higher in the HF group. Carbohydrate oxidation was lower in the HF group than in the CON group, but fat oxidation in the HF group was greater. These results mean that energy substrate oxidation at rest is affected by diet composition, especially dietary fat content. Abdominal fat fad weights were significantly higher by 33% in the HF group than in the CON group even though the calorie intake in the HF group was higher by 6%. These results suggested that the dietary fat calorie value might have a higher Atwater value of 9 kcal/g, which mean that dietary fat calorie values could be reconsidered in body weight control scenarios such as which the obese or weight class athletes.