• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.117-121
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• 2001

Microstructure of abaxial leaf surface and carbohydrate content of propagules grown in different culture conditions such as heterotrophic, mixotrophic and autotrophic carbon source were investigated. In the leaves of propagules which were grown in the green house, autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, wax layer was observed, but in the leaves of the heterotrophic propagules, it was not observed. Size and number of stomata of the leaves in the heterotrophic condition was larger and more numerous than that of autotrophic propagules. Especially, stomata of the leaves in the autotrophic condition was similar to the leaves of plant grown in green house. Carbohydrate content was higher in photoautotrophic condition than that in mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. Also, Free sugar content showed higher in photoautotrophic propagules than that in mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. In all the culture conditions, content of glucose were higher than that of other free sugars.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.451-457
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effect of the ratio of energy from carbohydrate to total calories on dietary intake, obesity index, blood pressure, and blood lipid content in cardiovascular disease patients over 35 years old. A total of 552(227 male, 325 female) subjects were divided into three groups according to carbohydrate/total energy ratio : carbohydrate ratios below 25 percent were in the low carbohydrate group( <61.1%), between 25 and 75 percent carbohydrate were medium($\geq$61.1-<74.7%), and higher than 75 percent were in the high carbohydrate group($\geq$74.7%). The anthropometric data, nutrient intake, serum lipid levels, and blood pressure of each group were compared with one another. For men and women with high carbohydrate intakes, Inadequate nutritional intake was observed. Abdominal fat accumulation and blood TC level for men in the high carbohydrate group were higher than in medium or low carbohydrate groups. Therefore, it seems that high carbohydrate intake may produce adverse effects on abdominal fat accumulation and blood lipid patterns. Blood pressure, however, was significantly higher for women in low and high carbohydrate groups than in medium carbohydrate group. These results suggest that extremely high and low carbohydrate intake may raise the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it is necessary to consume nutritionally balanced meals. This can be done by controlling the ratio of dietary carbohydrate at a medium level in order to prevent and/or to reduce the risk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietray carbohydrate level on the lipid and Ca metabolism, and on immune response in the process of aging. Sprag\ulcornerue - Dawley male rats of 12 months of age were fed either high carbohydrate or low carbohydrate diet for 9 months. With increasing age from 12 months to 21 months, there was no significant increase in body weight, however, the epididymal fat pat weight and total serum lipid tend to become higher, and the inorganic/organic matterratio in bone tends to become lower. This suggests that body fat accumulation increase and bone mass decrease with age. Rats fed low carbohydrate diet showed the higher epididymal fat pat weight, and the lower Ca content in femur and scapular compared to high carbohydrate diet fed rats. The immune response was also lower in low carbohydrate diet group judged by the lower thymus and spleen index and by the lower response to PHA and ConA stimulation. The results of this study suggests that the dietary level of carbohydrate and fat may play an important role in the process of aging. It could be recommended to practice high carbohydrate -low fat diet for the elderly to reduce the risk of degenerative diseases.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 1995

The objective of this study is to obtain the basic data for investigating the effects of organic reserves on winter survial or regrowth yield. Dry matter, nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrate content of plants grown under $5^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$ of culture temperature during 25 days were investigated. The dry matter content of leaves and roots were significantly reduced under $5^{\circ}C$ compared with $20^{\circ}C$culture condition. Comparing with the dry matter per plant under $20^{\circ}C$, those in leaves and roots under $5^{\circ}C$ decreased to 25% and 10%, respectively, after 25 days of temperature treatment. Total nitrogen content in leaves under $20^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$ increased to 68% and 39% compared to the initial lenel(day O), respectively, during 25 days after temperature treatment, Nitrogen content in roots highly increased under 5 C while there was a little change under $20^{\circ}C$ condition. The nitrogen contents in roots under $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ were 39.0 and 30.8mgJg DM, respectively, after 25 days of temperature treatment. Total contents of soluble carbohydrate in both leaves and roots under $5^{\circ}C$ were higher than those under $20^{\circ}C$ condition. After 25 days of temperature treatment under$5^{\circ}C$ , their contents in leaves and roots were 1.4 and 2.0 times higher than those of under $20^{\circ}C$ condition. Stach atent in roots under $20^{\circ}C$ was less changed, while thatof under $5^{\circ}C$ greatly increased from 64.8 to 178.7mglg DM duling 25 days. 'Ihese results clearly showed that an accumulation of both nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrate in the plants occured under low temperature condition.e condition.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 2018

Purpose: In this study, the potential for biogas production, degradation rates, and lag-phase of diauxic growth of carbohydrate-based material, which is one of the proximate compositions, were investigated. Methods: This study was conducted using starch as a carbohydrate-based material. In experimental condition 1, the biogas potential of carbohydrate-based material was measured. In experimental condition 2, the effect of feed to microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) on lag-phase of diauxic growth from carbohydrate-based material was tested. Biochemical methane potential tests were performed at five different feed to microorganism ratios (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) under mesophilic conditions. The biogas production patterns, lag-phase, total volatile fatty acids to total alkalinity ratio (TVFA/TA ratio), and time required for 90 percent biogas production were used to evaluate biogas production based on the biochemical methane potential tests. Results: In experimental condition 1, unlike previous studies, biogas was produced in the TVFA/TA ratio ranging from 1.131 to 2.029 (approximately 13-19 days). The methane content in the biogas produced from the digesters was 7% on day 9 and increased rapidly until approximately day 27 (approximately 72%). In experimental condition 2, biogas yield was improved when the feed to microorganism ratio exceeded 0.6, with an initial lag-phase. Conclusions: Even if the TVFA/TA ratio was greater than 1.0, the biogas production was processed continuously, and the $CO_2$ content of the biogas production was as high as 60%. The biogas yield was improved when the F/M ratio was increased more than 0.6, but the lag-phase of carbohydrate-based material digestion became longer starting with high organic loading rate. To clarify the problem of the initial lag-phase, our future study will examine the microbial mechanisms during anaerobic digestion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.655-665
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• 1996

The effects of feeding rice bran and beet pulp mixtures on the site and extent of digestion and microbial synthesis in fattening steers were studied. Three Holstein steers fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were fed four diets in a $4{\times}3$ Youden square design. The four diets consisted of 15% Italian ryegrass hay and 85% concentrate as a control diet which included 72% rolled barley, 20% rice bran plus 40% beet pulp, 30% rice bran plus 30% beet pulp or 40% rice bran plus 20% beet pulp. All diets provided 1.8 times digestible energy required for maintenance. The digestibility of fat in the small intestine (% of flow) showed an increase with rice bran content among the by-product diets. Digestibility of structural carbohydrate both in the rumen and the whole digestive tract decreased linearly with rice bran content. The digestibility of nonstructural carbohydrate was not affected by rice bran content, but that of nonstructural, nonstarch polysaccharides was higher in the rumen and lower in the large intestine for the by-product diets than for the control diet. A rice bran content of more than 30% in the by-product diets severely inhibits ruminal microbial synthesis and digestible energy intake in fattening steers.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2015

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied informations relating to develop the cultivation methods and to increase the productivity and quality of ginseng. 1 to 6 year old ginsengs of Jakyung cultivar were cultivated and the content and synthetic amount of carbohydrates were investigated with different plant tissues, growth stages, and years old. The concentration of total carbohydrates at six year old ginseng including water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates was about 18.9%, 42.9%, and 43,6% in leaves, tap roots, and lateral roots, respectively. Water soluble carbohydrate of tap and lateral roots was slightly decreased from August until September, and then increased on November, whereas its water insoluble carbohydrate was increased from August to September and then decreased on November. Comparing with the content of carbohydrates of 1 to 6 year old ginsengs, it was continuously increased from one year old ginseng until five year old ginseng, however it was not increased much in six year old ginseng. The highest content of carbohydrates was at five year-old in all tissues of ginseng. Water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates were significantly shown different in leaves, stems, tap roots, and lateral root at different growth stages and with different years old. The content of water soluble carbohydrate in the leaves was remarkedly higher compared to that of water insoluble carbohydrate, while in the root the content of water insoluble carbohydrate was clearly higher compared to the water soluble carbohydrate. Comparing with the synthetic amount of carbohydrates, water soluble carbohydrates was higher in the shoot than that in the root, whereas water-insoluble carbohydrates higher in the root than that in the shoot. Carbohydrates which would be utilized in ginseng tissues for short and long-term periods as major energy were appeared differently in between shoot and root, with different growth stages, and years old.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2014

The ethanol extraction yield of Meliae toosendan fructus(MT) was about 24.5% by extract apparatus. This study was done to investigate the carbohydrate metabolism related enzyme activities and antioxidative effects of MT in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride (TG) were significantly decreaed in MT treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group, also content of Total cholesterol was decreased. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was increased in MT treated group. The activity of glucose-6-pase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in MT treated group. Also the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH) and glucokinase(Gk) were increaed in MT treated group. The content of hepatic glycogen was significantly increaed in MT treated group, in addition, content of malondialdehyde(MDA) was significanly decreased in MT treated group. Also, content of glutathione(GSH)was dereased in MT treated froup. whereas, activity of catalase(CAT) was significantly increaed in MT treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) was inecreaed. In conclusion, these results indicated that ethanol extract of MT would have carbohydrate metabolism antioxidative effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1973

Albio rats right after weaning, weighing $50{\sim}55g$, were divided into the control, high-carbohydrate-, high-lipid-, and high-protein-fed groups. and were fed for 12 weeks with the respective diets to observe the increase in body weights as well as changes in the chemical constituentes and enzyme activities in the liver tissue, with the following results. (1) There was little difference in the rate of increase in the body weights among the groups, showing normal growth, except the high-protein-fed group which showed decrease in rate of body weight increase from the 7th week after feeding. (2) The liver weight was either increased after 12 weeks of feeding with the high-carbohydrate and high-Lipid diets, or showed no difference with the high-protein diet, as compared to the control weight. (3) The liver cytosol protein content was increased when fed with the high-protein diet, but decreased when fed with the high-carbohydrate and high lipid diets, as compared to the control content. (4) The triglyceride and cholesterol contents in the liver were decreased in the high-protein-fed group, but increased markedly in the high-carbohydrate- and high-lipid-fed groups as compared to the control values. (5) The hepatic glucokinase, G6PD, LDH, and fatty acid synthetase activities were increased in the high-carbohydrate and high-lipid-fed groups, and GOT and CPT activities were increased in the high-protein-fed group. From the above results. it was known that the high-carbohydrate and high-lipid diets stimulated the hepatic lipid metabolism, giving rise to lipogenesis, but the high- protein diet could prevent the lipogeuesis leading to the body weight increase.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1043-1050
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• 2000

The nutritional value of commercial instant noodles produced in summer and winter seasons were investigated. Only the noodle itself was used for the analysis. The content of carbohydrate was calculated by difference. The calorie was estimated by using a conversion factor of 4.32 for protein, 9.21 for fat and 4.20 for carbohydrate. Bag-type instant noodles had higher moisture, but lower content of fat and calorie compared with bowl-type products. No seasonal variations on composition and calorie were found. The calorie was negatively correlated with moisture or carbohydrate content, and positively correlated with fat content. The calorie estimated from linear regression equation of calorie vs. moisture was similar to the value calculated using a conversion factor, which implies that the calorie of the instant noodle can be simply estimated from the moisture content. The intakes of calorie from fat accounted for 30.8% and 34.1% from bag-type and bowl-type noodles, respectively. The content of ash and fat, and calorie were significantly decreased upon cooking, which were more pronounced in the bowl-type products. At the same moisture contents the loss of calorie for bag-type products was 3.5% and for bowl-type ones was 7.7%.