• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제7권3_4호
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• pp.17-35
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• 1992

In this study, it was examined the toxic effects of combination of buprofezin and carbaryl on hematological, biological and enzymetic parameters in rats. The administration of buprofezin or carbaryl both induced the tissue content of cytochrome P-450 and furthermore, the combination of the both increased significantly the liver content of cytochrome P-450 in rat. But cytochrome P-450 and NADPH -cytochrome c reductase activities in kidney were slightly increased. Administration of carbaryl and combination of the both also significantly increased hepatic aniline hydroxylase activity. In addition, in the combination group, glucose-6-phosphatase and lipid peroxidase activities were changed in the rat liver. Furthermore, cholinesterase was inhibited in rats treated with carbaryl or the combination of buprofezin and carbaryl. The above results suggested that the combined administration of buprofezin and carbaryl can induce more toxic effects than the single administration of buprofezin or carbaryl.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 1998

Zebrafis(brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri)을 이용하여 카르바메이트계 농약인 BPMC, carbaryl 및 carbofuran을 실험 농도 0.05, 0.01, 0.50 ppm 및 각 농약에 대해 측정한 96시간 $LC_{50}$ 농도의 1/100, 1/1000에서 단기간(3일, 5일, 8일) 생물농축계수(Bioconcentration factor (BCF))를 측정하였으며, 아울러 배설 속도 상수(depuration rate constant)를 구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. BPMC와 carbaryl의 경우 sebrafish의 체내 농축정도와 BCF 값은 red sword tail보다 적었다. 실험농도가 증가할수록 어류 체내에서의농축 정도는 증가하였고, BCF값도 증가하였다. 실험 농도가 같은 경우, BPMC는 실험기간이 증가 할 수록 어류 체내에서의 농축정도와 BCF는 감소하였으며, 이것은 기간이 늘어나면서 체외로 배출되는 농약의 양이 증가하기 때문이라 생각된다. 그러나, carbaryl의 경우는 실험기간이 같은 경우, zebrafish의 0.50ppm에서는 BCF가, 농도가 높을수록 증가하는 경향과는 달리 BCF가 감소하였다. Carbofuran의 경우, 실험 전 기간동안 zebrafish 체내에서 carbofuran이 검출되지 않았으며, red sword tail의 96시간 LC50의 1/1000과 1/100 농도에서는 검출한계 미만으로 BCF값을 산출할 수 없었으며, 실험농도 0.05와 0.10ppm에서, 실험 기간에 따른 어류체내 농축정도와 BCF값은 BPMC, carbaryl과 같은 경향을 나타내고 있다. 아울러, 이들 농약의 배설속도 상수는 carbofuran, carbaryl, BPMCtns으로 높게 나타났다. Carbofuran의 어류 체내 농축정도와 BCF값이 carbaryl과 BPMC보다 상대적으로 낮은 이유는 carbofuran의 수용성과 배설속도 상수가 이들 농약에 비해 상대적으로 크기 때문이며, 이로 인해 실제 환경 중에서도 생물농축효과가 현저히 작을 것으로 예측된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.16-24
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of carbaryl and chlorothalonil on the short-term bioconcentration factor in Carassius auratus(goldfish). The fishes were exposed to the combined treatment of carbaryl and chlorothalonil(0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm) for 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. Carbaryl and chlorothalonil in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate carbaryl and chlorothalonil. 1-day, 3-day and 5-day bioconcentration factors($BCF_1, BCF_3$ and $BCF_5$) of each pesticide were calculated from the quantitation results. The depuration rate of each pesticide from the whole body of fish was determined over the 72-h period after combined treatment. The results were as follows: $BCF_1$ values of carbaryl were 3.521, 3.802 and 3.587, respectively, when the concentration of carbaryl and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. BCF3 values of carbaryl were 4.825, 4.556 and 3.828, respectively, and $BCF_5$ values of carbaryl were 3.974, 3.921 and 4.186, respectively, under the conditions. While $BCF_1$ of chlorothalonil were 0.829, 0.829 and 1.540, respectively, under the same condition of pesticide concentrations $BCF_3$ of chlorothalonil were 2.040, 2.208 and 3.633, respectively, and $BCF_5$ of chlorothalonil were 6.222, 6.667 and 7.095, respectively, under the conditions. Depuration rate constants of carbaryl were 0.022, 0.022 and 0.152, respectively, when the concentration of carbaryl and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. While depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil were 0.004, 0.004 and 0.006, respectively, under the same condition of pesticide concentrations. It was observed that no significant differences of carbaryl and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extracts, test water and $BCF_s$ of carbaryl and chlorothalonil between combined treatment and single treatment. It was considered that no appreciable interaction at experimental concentrations was due to low concentrations, 0.005~0.1 ppm. Co-existence of carbaryl and chlorothalonil had no effect on excretion of each pesticide and depuration rate of chlorothalonil was investigated 1/8 slower than that of carbaryl in combined treatment. Therefore, it is considered that the persistence of chlorothalonil in fish body would be higher than that of carbaryl.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 1990

Carbaryl was degradaded to monomethylamine(MA) by bacterium. which isolated from lake sediment. Its carbaryl degradation was maximized when grown on mineral salt medium conditioning 20 $\mu$M of carbaryl as a sole carbon source at 26${\circ}$C and initial pH 7.0-9.0 Its degradation ability was minimized at initial pH 3.0 and 5.0 The percent conversions { (moles of MA in excess of control / mole of carbaryl added) $\times$ 100} for 10. 20. 40 and 80 $\mu$M of carbaryl were 18.6. 16.1. 18.1 and 11.6 respectively. It suggests that increasing amount of carbaryl added above 80 $\mu$M. the percent conversion should be decreased. The MA production by the bacterium was lineary related to the cultural time. After 7days culture. its percent conversion was 46.2. and this result suggests that a half amount of carbaryl would be hydrolyzed to MA by the bacterium within 8 days.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제6권3_4호
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• pp.105-121
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• 1991

The object of this study is to investigate the toxicity of fenvalerate [(RS)-$\alpha$-cyano-3 -phonoxybenzyl-(RS)-2-(4-ch1orophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] and the effect of carbaryl on the toxicity of fenvalerate. Rats were treated with fenvalerate (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg), carbaryl (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) or mixtures of the two compounds (fenvalerate+carbaryl: 50 mg/kg+50 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg+100 mg/kg) by oral administration for 1~3 weeks. Control groups were treated with corn oil. The experimental results were summarized as follows. 1. LD$_{50}$ values of fenvalerate and carbaryl in male rats were 385 mg/kg and 625 mg/kg respectively. When 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of carbaryl were administratrd, LD$_{50}$values of fenvalerate were 265 mg/kg and 225 mg/kg respectively. 2. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, LDH and glucose in serum were much more increased in the groups treated with mixture than the groups treated with either one of fenvalerate or carbaryl. 3. The groups treated with carbaryl and mixture for 3 weeks, the contents of cytochrome P-450 in the liver were significantly increased. In renal microsomal fractions, however, no significant changes of drug metabolizing enzyme activities were observed. 4. The activities of aniline hydroxylase in hepatic microsomal fractions were increased in the groups treated with fenvalerate and mixture and activity was much more increased in the groups treated with mixture. 5. The activities of ATPase in the groups treated with fenvalerate were decreased than that of groups treated with mixture. TBA values and the activity of glucose-6 -phosphatase in the liver were not significantly changed. 6. In mixture treated groups, the activities of cholinesterase in serum and in the liver were more decreased than those of carbaryl treated groups. The activities of carboxylesterase in serum in the liver were slightly increased in mixture treated groups, but in fenvalerate treated groups, the activities of carboxylesterase were much more increased than those of control groups. 7. As a result of this study, when carbaryl was as the synergist of fenvalerate, carbaryl inhibited the activities of esterases, so the toxicity of fenvalerate was increased.sed.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.72-82
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil on the short-term bioconcentration factor in Carassius auratus(goldfish). The fishes were exposed to the combined treatment of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil (0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm) for 3 and 5 days, respectively. BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil. 3-day and 5-day bioconcentration factors(BCF$_3$ and BCF$_5$) of each pesticide were calculated from the quantitation results. The depuration rate of each pesticide-from the whole body of fish was determined over the 72-h period after combined treatment.The results were as follows: BCF$_3$ values of BPMC were 4.163, 4.011, 4.122, 4.750 and 4.842 when the concentration of BPMC+ carbaryl+chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm and 0.10 ppm+ 0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm. BCF$_5$ values of BPMC were 3.465, 3.270, 3.472, 3.162, 4.227 and 4.157, respectively, under the above conditions. While BCF$_3$ values of carbaryl were 4.583, 4.642, 4.571, 3. 637 and 3.529, respectively, and BCF$_5$ values of carbaryl were 3.932, 3.797, 3.843, 4.293 and 4.132, respectively, under the conditions. While BCF$_3$ values of chlorothalonil were 2.024, 3.532, 2.213, 2.157 and 2.271, respectively, and BCF$_5$ of chlorothalonil were 6.712, 7.013, 6.457, 6.694 and 6.597, respectively, under the conditions. Depuration rate constants of BPMC were 0.019, 0.018, 0.020, 0.022 and 0.021 when the concentration of BPMC+carbaryl+chlorothalonil in combined treatment were the same as above. And depuration rate constants of carbaryl were 0.030, 0.029, 0.030, 0.029 and 0.031, respectively, under the same condition of pesticide mixtures. While depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil were 0.004, 0.004, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.003, respectively, under the same condition. It was observed that no significant differences of BCFs and concentrations of the compounds in fish extracts, test water between combined treatment and single treatment. It was considered that no appreciable interaction at experimental concentrations was due to low concentrations, near environmental level, 0.005-0.1 ppm. Coexistence of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil had no effect on depuration rate of each pesticide and depuration rate of chlorothalonil was investigated 1/8 and 1/6 slower than those of carbaryl and BPMC in combined treatment. It is similar result in comparison with single treatment. Therefore, it is considered that the persistence of chlorothalonil in fish body would be higher than those of carbaryl and BPMC.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.171-178
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• 1990

계태아를 이용하여 현재 국내에서 사용하고 있는 농약중 Azinphos-methyl 과 Carbaryl를 대상으로 기형 유무가 있는지 확인하기 위하여 실험하였다. Azinphos-methyl 고 Carbaryl을 Corn oil를 용매로 사용하여 혈관분포가 왕성히 일어날 때 기실로 투여하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Azinphos-methyl 투여군은 고농도 투여군에서 체중, 체장, 전지·후지의 길이, 발톱길이가 용매 대조군과 무처치 대조군에 비해 유의성있는 감소를 보였으며, 저농도와 중농도 투여군에서도 무처치 대조군과 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 이는 Azinphos-methyl이 계태아의 성장에 영향이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2. Azinphos-methyl은 용량별 폐사율이 각 18%, 29%, 41%로 나타난 계태아의 폐사율을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으나 기형은 없었다. 3. Carbaryl 투여군에서는 체중, 체장 및 전 ·후지의 길이에 있어서 고농도로 투여한 군에서는 무처치 대조군 및 용매 대조군에 비해 유의성있는 감소를 보였으며, 체장 및 발톱길이는 저농도 및 고농도 투여군 모두 무처치 대조군에 비해 유의성있는 감소를 나타냈다. 4. Carbaryl 투여군은 폐사율이 용량별로 26%, 50%로 나타나 계태아의 폐사율을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며 경도의 피모 발육부전과 부리이상이 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 1994

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) is known as important criteria for ecotoxicology on hazardous chemicals. But there is no standard method for determining BCF and reported BCFs were slightly different in accordance with authors. This study was performed with aims to determine BCFs on BPMC and Carbaryl. Carassius auratus(goldfish) be chosen as test organism and test period were 3-day, 5-day and 10-day. Extract solvents were n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting carbamates. The obtained results were as follows: 1. It was possible to determine short term BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl or BPMC through relatively simple procedure. 2. BCF$_3$ of Carbaryl in concentration of 1, 2, 5, 10 ppm were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.06, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.10 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.06 $\pm$ 0.01 respectively. BCF$_5$ of Carbaryl were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.13 $\pm$ 0.01 and 0.07 $\pm$ 0.01, BCF$_{10}3$ of Carbaryl were 0.45 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.27 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.16 $\pm$ 0.02 and 0.09 $\pm$ 0.01. BCF$_3$ of BPMC in concentration of 1, 2, 5 ppm were 4.66 $\pm$ 0.17, 2.64 $\pm$ 0.49, 1.88 $\pm$ 0.24 respectively. BCF$_5$ of BPMC were 4.09 $\pm$ 0.50, 2.42 $\pm$ 0.37 and 1.83 $\pm$ 0.15. 3. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were decreased as increasing concentration. However, BPMC concentration in fish were increased in contrast to BCF. But more concentrated BPMC was found in fish 3-day test than found concentration in fish 5-day test. 4. Same trend appeared in Carbaryl. BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl were decreased as increasing concentration and prolonging test period. But found Carbaryl concentration in fish were increased. 5. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were higher than that of Carbaryl by 10 times, in spite of the physicochemical properties of the two carbamates were similar to each other. Further study is recommended to find out the reason of the difference.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1247-1259
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• 2009

We investigated the toxic effects of carbaryl on early embryo development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. To test the toxic effects, frog embryo teratogenesis assays using Xenopus were performed. Embryos were exposed to various concentrations of carbaryl ($5{\sim}320\;{\mu}M$). $LC_{100}$ for carbaryl was $320\;{\mu}M$, and the $LC_{50}$ determined by probit analysis was the concentration of $235.68\;{\mu}M$. Exposure to $160\;{\mu}M$ of carbaryl resulted in 10 different types of severe external malformations. Histological examination revealed dysplasia of the eyes, heart, guts, somatic muscle, dorsal, liver, blood vessel and swelling of the pronephric ducts. Malformation of neural tissue and brain was not severe even in the high dose of carbaryl. Benzidine blood stain showed distinct inhibition of inducing erythrocytes in embryos and animal cap explants. Electron micrographs of embryo revealed retinal detachment, loose photoreceptor lamella and the degeneration of sarcomeres in the carbaryl-treated group. The mitochondrial degeneration was also observed in the test group.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2009

수용액 중의 carbaryl을 형광분광법을 이용하여 정량하기 위한 분석방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 분석의 최적 조건을 구하기 위해서 들뜸 파장, 계면활성제의 농도, 보조계면활성제인 ethanol의 농도 및 방출 파장의 방출 세기에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. Carbaryl 용액에 계면활성제인 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)을 첨가하였을 때 방출세기가 조금 증가하였으며 보조계면활성제인 ethanol을 첨가하였을 때 방출 세기가 현저히 증가함을 관찰하였다. 최적 분석 조건의 들뜸 파장, 계면활성제의 농도, 보조계면활성제인 ethanol의 농도 및 방출 파장은 각각 281 nm, $1.0{\times}10^{-2}mol/L$, 20% (v/v), 349 nm 이었다. 최적 분석조건에서 carbaryl의 검정곡선의 감응범위와 검출한계($3{\sigma}$)는 각각 $5{\times}10^{-7}$에서 $1.0{\times}10^{-4}mol/L$ 및 $1.1{\times}10^{-8}mol/L$이었다. 검정곡선에서 직선성이 성립하는 농도 범위에서 상관계수(S/N=3)는 0.9996이었다.