• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2017

Avoidance behavior is an important life history strategy to survive hazardous environment. The experiment was conducted to detect the avoidance tendency of the honeybee Apis mellifera against commonly used pesticides in apple production. Choice test given only 50% sucrose solution and pesticide-mixed sucrose solution as food estimated the avoidance in laboratory. Most of the acaricides and fungicides tested were shown avoided. Among insecticides, honeybee showed strong avoidance to cyhexatine, carbosulfan and fenpyroximate but low to diflubenzuron, tebufenpyrad, and acrinathrin. Avoidance behavior to neonicotinoid insecticides showed bifurcated; highly avoided from thiacloprid, acetamiprid while less avoided from imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran. From the field study, abamectin, fenthion, amitraz and acequinocyl showed highly avoided while fungicide of fenarimol, acaricides of acrinathrin and phosphamidon, IGR insecticide of diflubenzuron, neonicotinoid insecticide of imidacloprid, and carbamate insecticide of carbaryl showed less avoidance in the field. These results partly explained high bee poisoning from carbaryl in apple flowering period, and neonicotinoids during season.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.68-68
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• 2001

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.225-225
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• 2002

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2002

This study was carried out with the inhibition of the cholinesterase activity by carbamate insecticides in the chicken in vivo and in vitro. The optimum pH of cholinesterase was 8.0. The cholinesterase activity used the acetylcholin as substrate in plasma was 24.6 $\mu$mol/min/g protein. After oral administration with 0.32 mg/kg of BPMC as carbamate pesticide, the cholinesterase activity was inhibited to 60% of control after 15min in vivo. Then the recovery of cholinesterase activity followed to 97% of control after 12hr. I$_{50}$, such as concentration required for 50% inhibition of enzyme activity, of phenyl N-methylcarbamate were 329 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ of XMC, 214 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ of metolcarb, 111 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ of BPMC, 107 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ of propoxur and 104 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ of isoprocarb. I$_{50}$ of aromatic N-methylcarbamate were 280 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ of carbaryl and 114 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\ell$ carbofuran.ran.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2005

Temporary control schedules were tested at sweet persimmon orchards to development new control programs to meet the quarantine requirements of USA in 2002. The 'USA export-type control orchards' were spayed with pesticides (azoxystrobin, carbaryl, cyhexatin, fenarimol, mancozeb, methoxyfenozide, spinosad and trifluxistrobin) which were possibly adaptable to the poem trees in USA. Pesticide residues in the sweet persimmon fruits harvested from USA export-type control orchards were analyzed. Azoxystrobin, mancozeb, trifloxystrobin, spinosad, carbaryl, and cyhexatin were not detected by the experimental methods. The residues of fenarimol and methoxyfenozide in sweet persimmon of USA export-type control orchards were 0.016-0.020 ppm and 0.022-0.029 ppm, respectively. These levels are quite below the maximum residue limit level of USA (below 0.1 ppm in fenarimol and 7 ppm in methoxyfenozide). These results suggest that new control programs could be developed by modifying the USA export-type control schedule tested in this study to meet the quarantine requirements of USA, if we could suppress the damage of plant bugs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 1993

In order to clarify the possible contamination of rice straw used as a crude feed for livestock, Korean native cattle and cow, by pesticides, the samples collected from 21 sites in Korea were analyzed by a multiresidue method for 10 pesticides with GLC to obtain the following results. 1. Detection limits were 0.001ppm in butachlor, 0.002ppm in chlorpyrifos, 0.003ppm in BPMC, pirimiphos-methyl and diazinon, 0.004ppm in fenitrothion, 0.005ppm in phenthoate, 0.009ppm in IBP, 0.015ppm in carbofuran, and 0.03ppm in carbaryl. 2. In recovery tests, 73-101% of the pesticides applied were recovered, the recovery being low in carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. 3. Butachlor, 2-chloroacetanilide herbicide, and BPMC, carbaryl, and carbofuran, carbamate insecticides, were not detected in any sample. 4. In organophosphorus insecticides, the amounts of fenitrothion in sample No. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 20 and 21 were in the range of 0.01-0.05ppm, those of phenthoate detected in sample No. 10 and 12 were 0.4 and 0.17ppm, respectively, and those of IBP in all samples, with the exception of sample No. 7, 12, 16, 17, 20, and 21, were in the range of 0.01-0.20ppm. The residues of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and pirimiphos-methyl were not detected.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2017

The susceptibility of Dermanyssus gallinae adults, collected from poultry farms in 5 regions, to 11 acaricides was investigated. When bifenthrin and formic acid with pyridaben were diluted 100 times, bifenthrin showed 100% acaricidal activity; however, formic acid with pyridaben showed less than 20% acaricidal activity for poultry farms in 3 regions (Gyeongju, Chilgok, and Geumsan) except Yeoncheon and Anseong. The carbamate compound, carbaryl showed 100% acaricidal activity in most of the regions, except Gyeongju. A phosphorus compound, dichlorvos showed 100% activity in most of the regions, yet 66.7% acaricidal activity in Yeoncheon. The susceptibility of D. gallinae from poultry farms in Yeoncheon and Anseong to most acaricides was high; however, in the other farms, the susceptibility of D. gallinae varied depending on the acaricide. Clothianidin, thiamethoxam, fenitrothion, and formic acid with pyridaben showed differences in acaricidal activity among regions. Therefore, farmers should concentrate during the selection of these acaricides. However, carbaryl, cartap hydrochloride, dichlorvos, and bifenthrin showed high activity against D. gallinae collected from poultry farms in five regions. Therefore, these acaricides could be used in most of these regions. To control D. gallinae effectively, the alternation of acaricides is necessary, and indiscriminate pesticide use should be avoided. Therefore, this study can serve as a basis for controlling D. gallinae.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 2012

This study was conducted for the establishment of the analytical method of pesticide residues in rice straw for 9 pesticides; etofenprox, tricyclazole, diazinon, edifenphos, propiconazole, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran and for the monitoring of these pesticides in rice straw for livestock feed in Korea. These pesticides were classified into 4 groups according to analytical instrument condition. Group 1 (HPLC-UVD1) included tricyclazole and etofenprox while group 2 (HPLC-UVD2) included propiconazole and edifenphos. Group 3 (HPLC-FLD) included carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran. Group 4 (GC-NPD) included Diazinon. The dried rice straw samples were extracted with acetone and purified by liquid-liquid partition and solid phase extraction (SPE): Combination of Florisil SPE and amino-propyl SPE was used for group 1 and group 2, amino-propyl SPE for group 3, and Florisil SPE was for group 4. Recovery was in the ranged 70~110% and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were lower than the half of maximum residue limits. Therefore this method was proved to be efficient for monitoring of these pesticides residue in rice straw. A total of 18 rice straw samples from 6 provinces in Korea in 2010 were analyzed using established method and, only 3-keto carbofuran was detected in one sample at concentration of 0.04 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1989

This study was conducted to investigate insecticide toxicities to a honeybee, Apis cerana F. being raised in Korea and its detoxifying enzyme activities. In order to determine the appropriate usage of insecticides, median effective dose and detoxifying enzyme activities to seven insecticides were observed. Various detoxifying enzymes, including microsomal oxidases, glutathione S-transferases, esterases, and DDT-dehydrochlorinase were assayed in the midguts of adult worker bees as the enzyme source. Of the insecticides used, $LC_{50}$ value in DDT treatment was the highest as 19ppm, and that in EPN treatment was the lowest as 0.75ppm. Sublethal exposures of honeybees to various insecticides had some effects on microsomal enzyme activities. Aldrin epoxidase activity was inhibited by malathion and demeton S-methyl treatment. N-demethylase activity was induced by carbaryl treatment. Of the glutathione S-transferases, aryltransferase(DCNB conjugation) activity was significantly induced by diazinon, and moderately induced by malathion. Of the esterases, ${\alpha}-NA$ esterase activity was moderately inhibited by malathion and permethrin. Carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase activity were not affected by the sublethal exposure of honeybee to the insecticides. Sublethal exposure of honeybee to the insecticides had no effect on DDT- dehydrochlorinase activity, except carbaryl, malathion and demeton S-methyl were inhibited.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1351-1355
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• 1998

A simple apparatus for adding a modifying solvent to supercritical CO2 extractant was described. Small, fixed volumes (typically 100 μL) of liquid modifying solvents were delivered during the extraction process by use of an in-line high pressure loop injector and an air pump. Without disconnecting the extraction cell from the supercritical fluid extraction system, the modifying solvent was repeatedly delivered. The solvent modification device was optimized during the extraction of carbaryl and bis(acetylacetonato) copper(Ⅱ). Extraction recoveries from spiked filter paper and soil samples ranged between 22% and 109%, depending on the analyte and matrix components. The addition of polar modifying solvents were necessary to improve the extractability of the nonpolar CO2.