• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 2001

Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) recently became a single worst insect which is not controlled effectively by organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in Kangwon alpine croplands. The objective of this study was to determine if diamondback moth has developed a resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Resistance of diamondback moth, collected at Keichon, Jangpyong Taebaek, Chunchon, and Hongchon, was determined by the concentration required to kill fifty percent of population, $LC_{50}$. Their response of resistance varied to insecticides and locations: Taebaek populations were 35 and 70 times more resistant to chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion, respectively, than susceptible(S) population. Hongchon populations were 94 and 254 times more resistant to chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion, respectively, than S population. In addition, Chunchon populations were 37 and 19 times more resistant to profenofos and benfuracarb, respectively, than S population. However, the field populations did not differ in resistance to diazinon, phenthoate, flupyrazofos, carbofuran, and furathiocarb. This study show that field populations of diamondback moth found in Kangwon alpine vegetable croplands have developed a resistance and/or multiple resistance to some insecticides, implying that farmers are losing organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide options for selective control in vegetable crops.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 1986

This study was undertaken to investigate the interrelation between herbicide and insecticide and fungicide on rice (Oryza saliva L.) at various growth stages. Carbamate insecticide BPMC (2-sec-butylphenylmethyl-carbamate) severely inhibited germination of rice when applied alone and in combination with herbicides tested. No germination inhibition was obtained with thio- and dithiocarbamate pesticides. Post-germination growth of rice was severely inhibited by the treatments which were combined with BPMC irrespective of herbicides studied. Phytotoxicity of pendimethalin (3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-N-1-ethyl propylamine) was reduced by antagonistic effect of organophosphorus compounds. When herbicides were applied with either insecticide or fungicide, post-germination growth of rice was more greatly affected by the concentration of herbicides than that of insecticides or fungicides. Most of herbicide-insecticide or herbicide-fungicide treatments did not cause great phytotoxicity on rice when applied 5 days after transplanting. Foliage activity of phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and MCPA [(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy acetic acid] increased with addition of carbamate and urea pesticides.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.294-303
• /
• 1986

The effects of insecticides on biochemical precesses in soil were studied by determining the effects of the chemical structure of each insecticides on enzyme activities, pesticide residue and total number of bacteria revealed when soil treated with urea was incubated at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}$ for 56 days. The inhibition effects of insectides on enzyme activites in soil decreased in the order: dithiophosphoric acid > thiophosphhoric acid > phosphoric acid > carbamate insecticides for urease and phosphatase, thiophosphoric acid > dithiophosphoric acid > phosphoric acid > carbamate insecticides for L-glutaminase and protease. The inhibition effects of organophophorus insecticides on enzyme activities in soil were maintained longer than those of carbamate insecticides. Carbamate insecticides increased the activities of protease and L-glutaminase at 56 days. When insecticides were treated in soil together with urea, the degradation of insecticides was accelerated. By treatment of insecticides, the total number of bacteria was decreased at the early stage of treatment but thereafter increased according to phosphoric acid and carbamate insecticides.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2018

The production of methyl N-phenyl carbamate by an oxidative carbonylation method of aniline and methanol is of great interest as an environmentally friendly process that can replace the monomer production process of a polymer produce using conventional phosgene. In this study, heterogeneous catalysts were prepared by using Y-zeolite, $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$ as support, and oxidative carbonylation continuous operation from aniline and methanol was attempted using the prepared heterogeneous catalyst. Batch reactor was used to determine the support, and various reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction pressure, and effect of promoter were established using palladium catalyst. A reaction kinetics study was conducted under optimum reaction conditions. The basic data for carbamate process development were obtained by performing continuous operation for a long time under established reaction condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
• /
• 2003.05a
• /
• pp.60-61
• /
• 2003

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.229.2-229
• /
• 2000

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.547-552
• /
• 2008

The detection of carbamate (carbofuran, carbaryl, benfracarb, thiodicarb, and methomil) and organophosphate (diazinon, cadusafos, ethoprofos, parathion-methyl, and chlorpyrifos) pesticide residues with very low detection limits was carried out using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based equipment. The capacity to develop a portable SPR biosensor for food safety was also investigated. The applied ligand for the immunoassays was polyclonal goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (IgG) peroxidase conjugate. Concentration tests using direct binding assays showed the possibility of quantitative analysis. For ligand fishing to find a proper antibody to respond to each pesticide, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were tested. The reproducibility and precision of SPR measurements were evaluated. With this approach, the limit of detection for pesticide residues was 1 ng/mL and analysis took less than 11 min. Thus, it was demonstrated that detecting multi-class pesticide residues using SPR and IgG antibodies provides enough sensitivity and speed for use in portable SPR biosensors.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.23 no.11
• /
• pp.1548-1552
• /
• 2002

$(-)-\beta-Narcotine$ (6), a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, was synthesized conveniently by the direct condensation of cotarnine (1) and iodomeconine (2) prepared by aromatic iodination using thallium trifluoroacetate/KI and by the successive reduction of resulting $iodo-{\beta}-narcotine$ (5) with aluminum amalgam. Its structure including a stereochemistry was confirmed by instrumental analyses. This synthetic alkaloid was degraded with ethyl chloroformate at room temperature to afford the chloro-carbamate 6b as a crystalline intermediate, which was unexpectedly converted into the carbinol 8 by exchange of Cl with OH of water contained in the solvents and the ethoxy-carbamate 9, probably because of ethanol added to chloroform as a solvent stabilizer during the purification by column chromatography.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 1996

Carbamates are generally used as insecticide, thus 5.7-dichloro-8~hydroxyquinolinyl- N-ethylcarbamate was newly synthesized. Its physical properties were determined and chemical structure was identified by means of I.R., nmr in addition to elemental analysis. The yield of addition, using triethylamine as catalyst, 5.7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline and isocyanate was better than that of condensation of 5.7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline with carbamoylchloride. The effct of the compound on rabbit's ileum, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Echerichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. The present organic synthesized compound showed the bacteriostatic action on salmonella typhi, escherichia coli, and pseudomonas aeruginosa, but no otherwise effect of contraction of rabbit's ileum in the concentration of $250 \mu g/ml$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.52-56
• /
• 1998

The effects of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides were examined inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity in the chicken brain with enzyme-inhibition methods. The acetylcholinesterase activity in chicken brain determined by the Ellman method was 167 mmol/min/g protein. The optimum pH of acetycholinesterase was 8.2. $pl_{50}$ of acetycholinesterase by some organophosphorus were 3.80M of phosphorodlthioate, 4.04M of phosphorothioate, 6.33M of phosphate, and 6.60M of phosphrothiolate. pluto of acetycholinesterase by some carbamates were 5.1 OM of XMC, 5. 90M of carbofuran, 6.16M of isoprocarb, 6.30M of carbaryl, 6.47M of BPMC, and 6.77M of propoxur. pluto of carbamates selected was similar to that of phosphorothioate and phosphate organophosphates.