• 한국조경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.98-108
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• 2006

The climate of urban area is an unstable type with considerable seasonal variation in precipitation wind speed, and temperature and it grows worse. Besides, ozone is a serious air pollutant in most of large cities. So worldwide, some of large cities are investing in forestry options to offset their climate problems, but lack of information has hindered comparisons of urban un cost effectiveness to other options. This research intends to study the economic benefits of tree shading of 19 parking lots in UCD campus. The economic benefits of tree shading are air conditioning savings, air quality, stormwater run-off, and other benefits. Especially, this study focuses how much the economic benefit of parking lot shading has been increased from 1995 to 2003 year by aerophoto. Some data on dimensions of parking lots and the number, size, tree species, and location of trees around each parking lot was inventoried. Two aerophotos(1995,2003) were used in order to analyze the increasement of tree canopy in 19 parking lots for 8 years. However, increasing coverage of trees and managing them for healthy growth would not be sufficient for avoiding adverse impacts by future climate change. Additional measures should be followed such as an increase of energy use efficiency and development of substitute energy. For example, coverage of trees help to save cooling energy by blocking solar radiation reaching parking cars and building structures through shading, and creating cool micro-climates through evapotranspiration. They also reduce heating demand by decreasing air infiltration and heat conduction out of the interior of buildings. Proper arrangement of vegetation over the parking lots can reduce cooling and heating costs. So proper planting design around hard space paving including species selection and location can significantly save cooling and heating energy. And a reduction in car and building's heating and cooling costs results in the reduction in energy demand which causes to emissions of air pollutants. Total increased tree canopy from 1995 to 2003 is $8,470.45m^2$ and the economic benefits is US$ 5,282.10. The economic benefit of one tree has been US$ 7.21 for 8 years. And an annually increased benefit is US$ 0.9 per a tree. If this kind of study is applied to studying the economic benefits of tree canopy in parking lots of Korea, it could result in guidelines of tree planting of parking lots. Because the trees selected for planting in parking lots were not suitable for an environment, the guidelines should contain a recommended list of trees. The guidelines should propose the shading percentage of parking lot when we plan a parking lot and contain the maintenance of trees in order to maximize the economic benefits of tree canopy.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2012

Mikania micrantha, a neo-tropical vine, is spreading rapidly in the tropical part of Nepal and is now threatening the rural ecosystem including biodiversity and rural livelihoods. However, no attempt has been made to control the spread of M. micrantha. As a result, the vines are spreading freely and rapidly. After a thorough literature review and assessment of forest management practices, we proposed a manual cutting method, as it suits the Nepalese situation for several reasons: required labor is readily available, as local communities are managing forest patches, and the method does not have any potential adverse effects on non-target native species. Experimental plots were laid out in August 2011 to examine the effectiveness of manual cutting. Two different site types based on canopy coverage were selected and divided into three blocks based on cutting strategy. Four treatments were assigned across the experimental plots following a complete block design. We harvested above-ground biomass according to the assigned treatment. The results suggested that there should be at least two consecutive cuttings within a 3-week interval before flowering, and that three consecutive cuttings resulted in 91% mortality of the vines. In addition, cutting promoted regeneration of native plant species. Employing regular cutting operations can modify understory shade enhancing regeneration of native species, which is a desirable condition to constrain proliferation of M. micrantha. Periodic cuttings reduced the competitiveness of M. micrantha regardless of canopy openness, but native ground cover should be retained.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.801-811
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• 2012

본 연구는 도시공원의 토지피복 및 식재구조에 따른 온도 영향요인을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 성남시 분당구 중앙공원을 대상으로 전 지역에 대한 토지피복 및 식재현황을 파악하였으며 30개의 조사구를 설정하여 정밀 토지피복 및 식재구조를 파악하고 온도는 10회 반복 측정하였다. 온도 영향요인은 토지피복유형, 식재유형, 층위구조, 녹지량(녹피율, 녹지용적계수)을 선정하여 실측 온도와의 통계분석을 실시하였다. 토지피복유형, 식재유형, 층위구조와 실측 온도와의 분산분석 결과, 토지피복유형에서 목본 식재지는 저온역으로 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 식재유형은 침엽수 및 활엽수 식재지는 저온역으로, 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 층위구조는 교목층과 교목층+하부식재 유형은 저온역으로, 초지와 포장지는 고온역으로 구분되었다. 녹지량과 실측 온도와의 상관관계 분석 결과 녹피율과 녹지용적계수는 모두 실측 온도값과 고도의 음(-)의 상관관계가 인정되었다. 녹지량과 실측 온도와의 회귀모형에 의하면 녹피율은 1% 증가할 때마다 $-0.002^{\circ}C$, 녹지용적계수는 $1m^3/m^2$ 증가할 때마다 $-0.122^{\circ}C$의 온도저감 효과가 있을 것으로 예측되었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.183-183
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• 2017

In the early part of rice growth, root volume primarily limits the amount of plant-accessible nitrogen (N). Therefore, knowledge of the root development is important for modeling N uptake of rice. The timing when the volume of rhizosphere cover the whole soil is also important to carry out timely top dressing. However, information about initial root expansion and associated N uptake is limited due to intrinsic technical difficulties in assessing below-ground processes. Some studies, however, showed a close relationship between below-ground root and above-ground leaf development, suggesting a possibility that above-ground attributes could serve as surrogates for the root processes. In this study, we investigated the relationship between below-ground and above-ground development of rice. Field experiments were conducted where we cultivated Koshihikari (a leading cultivar in Japan) for four different cropping schedules in 2012. In 2016, Gimbozu (HEG4) and three flowering time mutant lines of Gimbozu (X61 (se13), HS276 (ef7), DMG9 (se13, ef7)) were examined for a single season. Experiments were performed with three replications in a completely randomized design. We monitored ammonium-N concentration ([NH4+-N]) in soil solution by repeatedly taking samples from a porous tubing (10-cm long) vertically inserted at the most distant point from surrounding rice hills. Samples were taken in triplicate (= triplicate tubes) and every three days from transplanting in each experimental unit. For above-ground attributes, leaf area index (LAI) was measured in 2012, whereas soil coverage ratio was estimated by image processing in 2016. Results showed that [NH4+-N] increased gradually after transplanting and then rapidly decreased from a certain day. This distinct drop in [NH4+-N] informed us the timing at which the rice root system reached the point of porous tubing and thus essentially covered the whole soil volume. The LAI at the dropping point was about 0.43 regardless of the cropping schedules in 2012 experiment. In 2016, the coverage ratio at the N dropping point was within the range of 0.12 to 0.19 for four genotypes having different growth durations. In addition, the coverage ratios at seven weeks after the transplanting showed a good correspondence to LAI across the four genotypes. We therefore conclude that both LAI and coverage ratio may serve as robust indicators for root development and might be useful to estimate the timing when the root system fully cover the soil volume. Results obtained here will also contribute to develop models that can predict not only above-ground canopy development but also associated below-ground processes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.253-261
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• 1996

This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between bird community and forest structure from early May to mid June, 1988 in two sites which had different forest structures due to silvicultural practice, located in the Tomakomai Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan. Quantitative ahbitat analysis was applied to elucidate difference between the two study sites, and territory mapping method and guild analysis were used for assessment of the bird community. Dominant tree species were Quercus mongolica, Magnolia obovata, Prunus sargentii, Acer mono and Tilia japonica. Unithinned site had more foliage coverage in upper and middle layers, but in lower layer had less coverage than thinned site. Thirty four species of birds were recorded and of them only 21 species occupied territories within the study area. Dominant species were Ficedula narcissina, Phylloscopus occipitalis, Parus major, Passer rutilans, Sitta europaea and Parus palustris in the study area. The unmber of breeding species of the two sites were equal, but the species composition of breeding bird communities was different between the sites. The number of species and pairs on hole-nesting guild were greater in the unthinned site, but those on ground-nesting guild were greater in the thinned site. Canopy-nesting guild showed no significant difference between the two sites. Silvicultural practice such as proper thinning appeared to be not inadequate to all of the forest birds, probably good to bush and ground nesting guild, and to tree & bush and ground foraging guild. The silvicultural practice also did not considerably affect the hole and canopy-nesting guild.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.366-376
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• 2023

본 연구는 영상데이터와 환경데이터를 활용하여 배추의 생육을 예측할 수 있는 모형을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 강원도 평창군에 소재한 시험포에 '청명가을' 배추를 7월 11일, 7월 19일, 7월 27일 3차례 정식하여 9월 12일까지 생육, 영상, 환경데이터를 수집하였다. 배추 생육예측 모형에 활용할 핵심인자를 선발하기 위하여 수집한 생육데이터와 기상데이터를 활용해 요소간 상관분석을 수행한 결과 생체중과 GDD, 생체중과 누적일사량의 상관계수가 0.88로 높은 상관계수를 보였으며, 생체중과 초장, 생체중과 피복면적이 각각0.78, 0.79로 유의미한 상관 관계를 보였다. 높은 상관관계를 보인 요소들 중에서 선행문헌을 참고하여 모형개발에 활용할 핵심요소로 영상에서는 피복면적을 환경데이터에서는 생육도일(GDD)을 선정하였다. GDD, 피복면적, 생육데이터를 조합하여 배추의 생체중, 엽수, 엽면적 예측 모형을 개발하였다. 단 요인 모형으로 2차함수, 시그모이드, 로지스틱 모형을 제작하였으며 평가 결과 시그모이드 형태의 예측 모형이 가장 설명력이 좋았다. GDD와 피복면적을 조합한 다요인 생육예측 모형을 개발한 결과 생체중, 엽수, 엽면적의 결정계수가 0.9, 0.95, 0.89으로 단요인 예측모형보다 예측정확도가 개선된것을 확인할 수 있었다. 개발한 모형을 검증하기 위하여 검증시험포의 조사결과로 검증한 결과 관측 값과 예측 값의 결정계수는 0.91이며 RMSE가 134.2g으로 높은 예측 정확도를 보였다. 기존의 생육 관측의 경우 기상데이터로만 예측을 하거나 영상데이터로만 예측하는 경우가 많았는데 이는 현장의 상태를 반영하지 못하거나 배추가 결구 되는 특성을 반영하지 못해 예측 정확도가 낮았다. 두 예측방법을 혼합해 각 관측방법의 약점을 보완해 줌으로써 대한민국에서 수행되고 있는 기간채소 작황예측의 정확도를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.332-335
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• 2005

The three Korean wheat cultivars with different plant types; the erect, the middle and the creeping growth habit, were studied for their utilization to solar radiation, temperature changes on the furrow and to provide optimum planting space for producing the high yield in 2003. The average solar radiation rate was lowest for creeping type ($39.2\%$) and highest for erect type ($75.8\%$) The correlation coefficient between the coverage rate and the solar transmission rate was r = 0.8624 which was significant at $5\%$ level. The relative growth of the plant, tiller rate and leaf size was increased in the erect and the middle type at lower plant density, while no change on plant growth at creeping type regardless of plant density. The increase of leaf size in the lower plant density was due to longer flag and the first leaf than those of other plant types. The temperature on the furrow of growing plants was changed by the canopy. The changes in temperature pattern on the furrow according to plant types during winter season was different compared to the non plant ground. The temperature of the nonplant ground was the lowest due to solar reduction increasing the amount of cool air flowing in the furrow.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.340-348
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• 2021

본 연구는 콩의 한발 스트레스 판별에 대하여 RGB 영상에 기반한 작물 생육 지수의 적용 가능성과 한계점을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. RGB 영상에서 추출한 생육 지수들과 한발 스트레스에 반응하는 대표적인 표현형 지표들(군락 피복도, 엽면적, 엽록소 함량 등)과의 높은 상관관계를 통해 영상 기반 생육 진단 모델개발의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 다만 판별의 정확도와 해상도를 개선시키기 위해서는 향후 다양한 재배조건에서 지속적인 성능 평가가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 RGB 영상을 활용한 콩환경 스트레스 판별에 있어서 영상 전처리, 영상 분석방법, 생육 지수 정량화 기술 개발에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이며, 개발된 생육 인자 예측 모델은 환경 스트레스 조기 진단을 통한 영농 의사결정 지원 모델의 개발에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.338-341
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• 2005

This study was conducted to describe the differences in artificial nest boxes use of tits between deciduous and coniferous forests at 2nd campus of Chung-Ang University ($37^{\circ}00^{\prime}04^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}13^{\prime}96^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$), Ansung, Korea from January to August 2005. Tree species richness, tree species diversity index (H') and total basal areas were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. High, middle, low and understory canopy layers were more developed in deciduous forest, except the coverage of bush-ground layer. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits used artificial nest boxes, clutch size, and weight and size of eggs were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between study sites are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Artificial nest boxes could be used as management and conservation tool for birds, particularly in areas, where the availability of natural cavities and coverage of higher layer are limited.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.342-356
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• 2014

본 연구는 북한산국립공원 참나무시들음병 피해지 중 벌채 및 훈증 관리된 지역에 대한 식생구조특성을 분석함으로서 향후 식생복원을 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 하였다. 연구 대상지는 2006~2011년 벌채 및 훈증 관리된 지역 중 예비답사를 통해 관리년도가 명확하고 조사 및 관리가 용이한 탐방로 인접지역을 선정하였으며 선정된 대상지는 소귀천계곡, 무수골, 다락원, 원도봉, 도봉계곡, 도선사 등 6개 지역 이었다. 조사구는 대조구를 포함하여 총 18개소 ($20m{\times}20m$)를 설정하였으며 아교목층과 관목층의 밀도 및 피도, 아교목층의 상대우점치, 도시화적응종 및 외래종의 상대우점치 등을 분석하였다. 모니터링 결과, 벌채 후 4년 이상 경과된 소귀천계곡과 무수골에서 아교목층과 관목층의 밀도 및 피도가 모두 크게 증가하였으며 벌채 후 3년이 지나지 않은 지역 중 다락원, 원도봉, 도봉계곡, 도선사 등은 벌채 및 훈증 작업시 하층이 훼손되어 대조구에 비해 아교목 및 관목층 밀도가 낮았다. 하지만 원도봉과 도선사는 관목층의 밀도가 대조구에 비해 높았는데 다수의 유목이 이입된 것으로 분석되었다. 아교목층의 세력 경쟁 측면에서는 다락원과 원도봉을 제외하고는 신갈나무가 쇠퇴하면서 졸참나무와 팥배나무가 우점하였다. 다락원은 아교목층에서 소나무와 신갈나무 등이 우점하였고 원도봉은 신갈나무가 지속적으로 우점하였다. 외래종은 일본목련, 아까시나무 등이 수관층이 개방된 곳을 중심으로 분포하였으며, 소귀천계곡에서는 덩굴식생인 칡이 생육하였다. 토양환경에서는 전 지역에서 토양의 산성화(pH 4.49)와 더불어 유기물함량(3.23%), 유효인산(1.40mg/kg) 및 치환성양이온 등이 부족한 것으로 분석되어 수목생육에는 불량한 환경으로 판단되었다.