• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

To verify the cause of high productivity in Typha stand, leaf area index(LAI), leaf orientation and inclination, specific leaf area (SLA), and radiation interception profiles were determined in a natural Typha$\times$glauca stand. Throughout the growing season, the leaf inclination has been kept at near-right angle and leaf orientation has been random. These chracteristics were responsible for an uniform spatial arrangement of the leaves within the canopy and could be explained by the SLA value, which increased in their higher strata. The extinction coefficient (K) of the canopy, 0.12 to 0.20, was one of the smallest value out of terrestrial plant communities. At least more than 25% of full radiation penetrated into the lowest stratum of the canopy. High productivity of the Typha would be attributed to efficient penetration of the radiation in virtue of the stiff and straight leaves even though rather small LAI.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2007

The forest canopy gap has been well known as a substantial process of forest cyclic regeneration and important role in stand structure, dynamics, and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem. Based on 3,600 $5m{\times}5m$ square grids in a 9ha permanent experimental plot, the study was conducted to evaluate the regeneration pattern of woody species by developmental stage {seedlings (<1 m of height), saplingI (>1 m of height, <2 cm of DBH), and saplingII (2 cm$<200m^2$), $201-400m^2$, $400-600m^2$, $601-800m^2$, and $>800m^2$) in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. The results indicated that the regenerating trees of Populus ussuriensis occurred only in the canopy gap area, considered to be a typical gap-dependent species. The regeneration of Ulmus japonica, Ulmus laciniata, and Maackia amurensis could be generally satisfied with the gap size of $201-600m^2$, Betula costata and Prunus padus with gap size of $401-800m^2$, Picea koraiensis with gap size of $201-800m^2$, Fraxinus mandshurica and Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica with smaller than $800m^2$, respectively. Acer ukurunduense and Acer tegmentosum were likely to have no problem with the gap size to make gap regeneration. Acer mono and Tilia amurensis looked more capable of regenerating in the closed canopy disregarding the upper crown condition. The regeneration of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis had no trouble under the canopy condition in less than $800m^2$of gap size. The density of regenerating shrubs was rather high, especially under the closed canopy, considered to be associated with great amount of regeneration production in such shade tolerant species as Lonicera maackii, Corylus mandshurica, Euonymus pauciflorus, and Philadelphus schrenkii under the closed canopy. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to compare the similarity among non-gap area and five gap size classes by developmental stages for trees and shrubs. The similarity coefficients among closed canopy and the gap size classes were mostly significantly correlated to each other with a few exceptions.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.512-514
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• 2005

Accurate DEM surface of forest floor is very important to extract any meaningful information regarding forest stand structure, such as tree heights, stand density, crown morphology, and biomass. In airborne lidar data processing, DEM data of forest floor is mostly generated by interpolating those elevation points obtained from last laser returns. In this study, we try to analyze the property of the last laser return under relatively dense forest canopy. Airborne laser data were obtained over the study area in relatively dense pine plantation forest. Two DEM data were generated by using all the points in the last laser returns and using only those points after removing non-ground points. From the preliminary analysis on these DEM data, we found that more than half of points among the last laser returns are actually hit from canopy, branches, and understory vegetation that should be removed before generating the surface DEM data.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of road on bird community by line transect census method from May 2000 to January 2001 in Mt. Geumsan, Namhae-Gun, Kyeongsangnam-do. Canopy layer was more developed in forest area than road area. Understory vegetation of road area was more developed than forest area. Twenty six and twenty three bird species were observed in road and forest area, respectively, White's thrush and ashy minivet were observed just only in forest area, and Siberian blue robin, blue-and-white flycatcher and gold crest were in road area. The birds being to bush nesting and foraging guilds in road area were more than forest area. It is known that the road construction was negatively affected on bird community. However, road construction would be not so negative on bird community according to the results of thie study. It would be needed the maintenance of upper canopy layer and understory vegetation to reduce negative effect of road on bird communities in forest area.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2008

The timing of the canopy phenology onset (CPO hereafter) indicates the initiation of the growing season, with rapid increases in exchange rates of carbon dioxide and water vapor between vegetation and atmosphere. The CPO is regarded as a potential indicator of ecosystem responses to global warming, but the CPO shows considerable spatial variation depending on the species composition and local temperature regime. at a given geographic location. In this study, we evaluated the utility of satellite observation data for detection of the timing of the CPO. Leaf area indices (LAI) obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrora-diometer (MODIS) were utilized to detect and map the onset dates from 2001 to 2006. The reliability of MODIS-based onset dates was evaluated with ground measured cherry blossom flowering data from national weather stations. The MODIS onset dates preceded the observed flowering dates by 8 days and were linearly related with a correlation coefficient of 0.58 (p < 0.05). In spite of the coarse spatial (1 km) and temporal (8 days) resolutions of MODIS LAI, the MODIS-based onset dates showed reasonable ability to predict flowering dates.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.805-809
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• 2008

Measurement of leaf area index (LAI) is useful for understanding rice growth, water use, and canopy light interception. The top nitrogen content(TNC) per unit area is an important quantitative index of the condition of nitrogen nutrition in rice production. The rapid and simple method of estimation of TNC, with the use of the existing nondestructive analyzing instruments chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 and plant canopy analyzer (PCA) LAI-2000, was scrutinized. Destructive measurement is time consuming and labor intensive. Our objective was to evaluate sampling procedures using the Li-Cor LI-1800, LAI 2000 plant canopy analyzer (PCA) for nondestructive estimation of rice LAI, and SPAD-502 on the Northern Plains of Cheongju. The LAI estimated by PCA tended to underestimate the LAI determined by actual measurement by about 20%. The estimation of LAI by PCA was judged to have a sufficient accuracy as a practical technique. A high positive correlation was obtained between the values of the SPAD reading and LAI. NDVI and LAI also showed a very high correlation. The values of the SPAD reading and LAI, and NDVI gave a high positive correlation. These results indicated that the method described in this study was effective as a simple and rapid method for the estimation of rice growth.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2008

Diurnal variation of the flow over a forest canopy on a mountain slope is simulated numerically. In the daytime, the earth surface is heated by the solar radiation and the flow goes up the mountain due to the buoyancy force, and during the night, the air is drained downward along the slope owing to the cooling of the surface by radiation. In this flow process the forest canopy that consists of leaf region and the trunk region plays a dominant role as a momentum sink to the flow, thus the modeling of the leaf area region and trunk region is critical to the successful flow simulation. In the present study, a field measurement in an experimental forest in the State of Oregon in the United States is numerically analyzed. The resistance to the flow in the leaf region is directly related to the leaf area density (LAD), and the trunk is modeled as a cylinder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.367-370
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• 2005

This paper investigated the sound characteristics in an apartment complex. The field measurement was conducted in order to examine the acoustical characteristics of the apartment complex in situ. As a result, it shows that there are around 3 sec. reverberation time and the additional sound reinforcements at the area of high height due to the surrounded buildings. Thus, 1:50 Scale model measurement and Raynoise computer simulation were carried out with insertion of the parapet and the canopy on the balcony. In case of a single building, the parapet was effective to reduce noise level at low floor levels, and the canopy was effective to reduce noise level at high floor levels. But it also shows that both the parapet and the canopy were not effective to reduce noise level at middle floor levels. In case of an apartment complex, the canopy was less effective to reduce noise level at each floor in comparison with case of the single building.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.80-94
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. In community planting, as a group of canopy, there are 6 species; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Quercus dentata, Quercus serrata, Quercus alienna, Quercus variabilis. As a group of understory, there are 5 species; Platycarya strobilacea, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Morus bombycis. Also as a group of shrub, there were 15 kinds of species; Ulmus pavifolia, Ulmus davidiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Elaeagnus macrophylla, Mallotus japonicus, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Sorbus alnifolia, Rhus trichocarpa, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rosa wichuraiana, Rhus chinensis, Viburnum erosum, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron yedoense, Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And as a group of edge vegetation, there were 10 kinds of species; Japanese Angelica, Symplocos chinensis, Pittosporum tobira, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus coreanus, Rubus idaeus, Vitis thunbergii, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Rosa multiflora. Vegetation restoration models of Pinus thunbergii community were calculated the units $400m^2$ for the average populations of the woody layer is 24 in canopy layer, 35 in understory layer, 410 in shrub layer, 34% herbaceous layer ground cover. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area is $10,852cm^2$ in canopy layer, in understory layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees is calculated as 2.0m in canopy layer, 1.9m in understory layer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1972

Comparative analyses of canopy structure were conducted using newly bred high yield rice cultivars (IR 667-Suwon 213 and 214) and commercial varieties (Jinhung and Paldal) under the field condition. "Canopy score" as criteria of canopy structure was proposed. The results were summerized as follows: 1. IR667 line (IR8${\times}$Taichung Native 1${\times}$Yukara) showed lower canopy height, greater tiller openness, smaller leaf openness and leaf length ratio (flag leaf/3rd), shorter 4th and 5th internode length, greater diameter of 5th internode, consequently greater leaf area index, panicle weight and leaf weight ratio (leaf/leaf sheathculm) as merits, and greater leaf width, smaller leaf number(number of leaf/$m^2$)and specific leaf area($cm^2/g$) and faster destruction of canopy by senescence as demerits comparing with commercial varieties. 2. IR 667 line showed much higher "Canopy score", subsequently higher yield. 3. The quality of individual leaf was better in the commercial varieties indicating that the best combination for the better yield would be the leaf of commercial varieties with the structure of IR667 line.