• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the monitoring efficiency of camera trapping in wild animals and to determine ways to increase its utilization. Nineteen sensor cameras were installed in Sobaeksan National Park from October 2012 to September 2013. During the study period, a total of 1045 terrestrial mammal photos were secured and 15 species habitats were identified. Shooting frequency was higher for medium and large mammals, especially full images of carnivores accounted for approximately 83%. A comparison of track surveys revealed that camera trapping was highly efficient and helped in capturing real image of species. The supply of lure and bait stimulates the sense of smell in carnivores, which further enhances the capturing of images by camera trapping. The results of this study provide data on the ecological characteristics of mammals, which can aid in determining habitat use by these animals, and thereby facilitate prevention of crop damage by wildlife.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.17-34
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• 2023

Camera trapping has been used as a non-invasive survey method that minimizes anthropogenic disturbance to ecosystems. Nevertheless, it is labor-intensive and time-consuming, requiring researchers to quantify species and populations. In this study, we aimed to improve the preprocessing of camera trapping data by utilizing an object detection algorithm. Wildlife monitoring using unmanned sensor cameras was conducted in a forested urban forest and a green space on a university campus in Cheonan City, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. The collected camera trapping data were classified by a researcher to identify the occurrence of species. The data was then used to test the performance of the YOLO-X object detection algorithm for wildlife detection. The camera trapping resulted in 10,500 images of the urban forest and 51,974 images of green spaces on campus. Out of the total 62,474 images, 52,993 images (84.82%) were found to be false positives, while 9,481 images (15.18%) were found to contain wildlife. As a result of wildlife monitoring, 19 species of birds, 5 species of mammals, and 1 species of reptile were observed within the study area. In addition, there were statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of the following species according to the type of urban greenery: Parus varius(t = -3.035, p < 0.01), Parus major(t = 2.112, p < 0.05), Passer montanus(t = 2.112, p < 0.05), Paradoxornis webbianus(t = 2.112, p < 0.05), Turdus hortulorum(t = -4.026, p < 0.001), and Sitta europaea(t = -2.189, p < 0.05). The detection performance of the YOLO-X model for wildlife occurrence was analyzed, and it successfully classified 94.2% of the camera trapping data. In particular, the number of true positive predictions was 7,809 images and the number of false negative predictions was 51,044 images. In this study, the object detection algorithm YOLO-X model was used to detect the presence of wildlife in the camera trapping data. In this study, the YOLO-X model was used with a filter activated to detect 10 specific animal taxa out of the 80 classes trained on the COCO dataset, without any additional training. In future studies, it is necessary to create and apply training data for key occurrence species to make the model suitable for wildlife monitoring.

• 환경생물
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.219-231
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• 2024

본 연구는 서울시 은평구 북한산국립공원 내에 위치한 진관동습지 내 관찰된 조류 및 포유류 조사 결과에 대해 카메라 트래핑 방법의 효율성을 확인하고, 생물다양성의 변화를 파악하는 효과적인 모니터링 방법으로 제안하기 위하여 수행되었다. 2022년 2월부터 6월까지 121일 동안 3가지의 수환경을 대상으로 총 6대의 카메라를 설치하여 카메라 트래핑을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 총 14,742개의 영상을 취득하였으며 데이터 취득률은 59.2%로 나타났다. 이를 분석하여 총 20과 47종의 조류와 7과 8종의 포유류의 서식을 확인하였다. 과거 생물조사 결과 비교를 위하여 2011년부터 지난 10년간의 현장관찰조사 결과를 취합한 결과, 총 33과 90종의 조류와 5과 6종의 포유류가 서식하는 것으로 확인되었다. 생물다양성이 감소하는 경향을 보이는 진관동습지에서 카메라 트래핑을 통하여 확장된 생물종목록을 도출하였으며, 이는 지난 10년간 관찰되지 않았던 3과 3종의 조류와 2과 2종의 포유류를 포함한 결과이다. 현장관찰조사가 지닌 시간적인 한계를 보완하는 카메라 트래핑은 적절한 카메라 설치 전략과 데이터 정제를 통하여 공간적인 한계를 극복한다면 효과적인 모니터링 방법이 될 수 있다. 다양한 분류군에 대한 카메라 트래핑을 통하여 도출된 생물종목록은 향후 복원 및 관리계획의 근거로 활용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2018

The long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) has slowly recolonized habitats in South Korea. Because it is necessary to know the status of groups in recolonized areas, we determined detection frequencies and group sizes using camera trapping, a non-invasive monitoring method. In Uljin, a far southern goral habitat in South Korea, we used a Moultrie 5.0 camera and mineral block as bait during the breeding season in BaekAm Mountain (148 days, 18 May to 11 October) and Geumjong Mountain (63 days, 18 May to 18 July) in 2010. Totally, 155 images were captured in BaekAm Mountain, whereas four images were captured in Geumjong Mountain. The species was most frequently detected at sunrise (05:00-08:00) and sunset (18:00-20:00). Through population structure evaluation, we identified at least 11 individuals, including one solitary mature male, four females, four kids, and two solitary subadults in BaekAm Mountain. However, in Geumjong Mountain, we identified only two individuals (female with kid). Monitoring efficiency in the recolonized area differed depending on population density and habitat conditions. Because we could evaluate the population structure, and behavioral patterns in the study sites, monitoring using camera traps could be applied for the recolonized habitats in South Korea.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제54권11호
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• pp.490-492
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• 2005

A study on radiation hardening of infrared(IR) detector, the chief component of IR camera was performed. The radiation test on IR sensor passivated with the ZnS by Co$^{60}$ gamma-ray over 1 Mrads showed the reduction in Ro by 1/100 which was related to the noise level. This effect that was caused by carrier trapping in the ZnS passivation layer increased the leakage current and resulted in degradation in the device performance. For the radiation hardening of IR devices we suggested the ones with CdTe passivation layer which had a tendency to reluctant to carrier trapping in its layer and developed test patterns. Radiation test to the patterns showed that the our CdTe passivated device could survived over 1 Mrad gamma-ray dose.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.69-89
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• 2020

Scientific trust and quantification of traditional species investigation and results that have been used in ecology for decades has always been a problem and concern for ecologists. Global ecologists have proposed DNA-based species investigation studies to find answers to problems. In this study, we reviewed the global trend of research on environmental DNA(eDNA), which is a method for monitoring species by detecting DNA of organisms naturally mixed in environmental samples such as water, soil, and feces. The first eDNA research confirmed the possibility of species investigation at the molecular level, and commercialization of NGS(Next Generation Sequencing) and DNA metabarcoding elicits efficient and quantitative species investigation results, and eDNA research is increasing in the filed of ecology. In this study, mammals and birds were detected using MiMammal universal primers from 23 samples(3 natural reserves; 20 water bowls) out of 4 patches to verify eDNA for urban ecosystems in Suwon, and eDNA was verified by performing camera trapping and field survey. Most terrestrial species were detected through eDNA, and particularly, mice(Mus musculus), and Vinous-throated Parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana) were identified only with eDNA, It has been confirmed to be highly effective by investigating techniques for small and internal species. However, due to the lack of resolution of the primer, weasels(Mustela sibirica) and squirrels(Melanochromis auratus) were not detected, and it was confirmed that the traditional investigation method was effective only for a few species, such as Mogera robusta(Mogera robusta). Therefore, it is judged that the effects of species investigation can be maximized only when eDNA is combined with traditional field survey and Camera trapping to complement each other.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2001

additive 감쇠에 의한 감쇠 최소 자승법에 가우스 소거법과 Jacobian 행렬을 직교 변환시킨 SVD(singular value decomposition)법을 적용하여 조건수가 양호한 triplet 사진 렌즈계에 적용하여 수렴 속도와 안정성을 비교하였다. SVD 직교화 방법을 적용한 감쇠 최소 자승 법이 최소 merit 함수에 보다 안정되고 빠르게 수렴하였다. SVD 방법을 적용한 최적화에서 적절한 merit 함수를 얻을 수 있지만 오차 함수의 비선형성으로 인해 merit 함수가 국부 최소 점에 수업하는 경우가 있어서 간단한 전역 최적화 방법인격자 법으로 최적화를 실시하여 SVD 방법에 의한 merit 함수보다 낮은 전역 최소 점에 수렴하게 하였다.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.72-78
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• 2023

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the most widespread felids worldwide. Despite their wide distribution, reliable data on leopard population densities are still inadequate for conservation and management strategies in different landscapes. In the present study, we estimated leopard density using camera traps in the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve (RTR), Rajasthan, India, between December 2010 and February 2011, where leopards coexist alongside a high density of tigers (Panthera tigris), a larger predator (RTR). A sampling effort of 4,450 trap days was made from 178 camera trapping stations over 75 days, resulting in 46 suitable photo captures (25 right flanks and 21 left flanks). In total, 18 individuals (7 males, 8 females, and 3 unknown sexes) were identified using the right flanks, and the estimated leopard density was 8.8 (standard error=2.8) individuals/100 km². Leopard density appeared to respond to small prey (<50 kg weight) richness. As this is the first systematic study to provide baseline information on leopard density in RTR, it could form a baseline for comparison in future investigations.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.569-579
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• 2013

To identify the characteristics of the dropping habits and to provide improved methods for sign survey of Siberian flying squirrels Pteromys volans, an investigation was carried out in Jirisan National Park from April 2012 to May 2013. The latrines of study area were checked once a month and the characteristics of dropping behavior were camera trapped. The feces of Siberian flying squirrel were found on the point which tree forked, mostly from November to May. The squirrel actively presents in forked tree mainly on the September to April. The Siberian flying squirrel is found to be a typical nocturnal animal as it actively move between 6p.m. to 7a.m.. The study found that squirrel does feeding and dropping in the winter time on forked tree. On the point which tree forked could be a good place for the squirrel to hide from their predator when there is no leaf on the tree. Conducting the sign survey is advisable from November to May, as well as with the careful approach to the animals. As Siberian flying squirrel is an endangered species, adjusting the survey period is mandatory, especially when doing environmental impact assessment and a research on its dwelling areas.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2001

A micro particle manipulator, which is devised for trapping particles at fixed positions by negative dielectrophoretic force (DEP force), has been fabricated and experimented. It is composed of square type electrode arrays fabricated by nickel electroplating with the height of 28 ${\mu}m$. To improve the quality of electroplated nickel electrodes, plating conditions have been optimized. Micro particles used in this study are polystyrene spheres and their to the specific position and trapped. The DEP force along the moving path of the particles has been estimated by the motion equation of a single particle. The displacement of a particle with an elapsed time was measured using a high-speed camera (1000 frames/sec). The velocity and acceleration of the particle were calculated from the measured data. The DEP force acting on the particle was estimated.