• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.17-33
• /
• 1987

As a result of technical advances and industrialization, the characteristics of domestic and industrial wastes are becoming more complex. Accordingly, improved treatment and disposal systems are being continuously sought to take account of complex characteristics and to comply with economic restrictions. In this study, an application of pyrolysis to the treatment of industrial wastes, including waste scrap rubber, waste raw material used in making the slipper bottom and waste PVC pipe, and the effectiveness of pyrolysis in resource recovery from these wastes were investigated. Batches of wastes were pyrolysed by external heating to a temperature of 400-800$\circ$C in a 32 mm diameter x 0.9 m long silica tube to produce combustible gases, oils and chars. Before the start of pyrolysis runs, the entire system was purged with nitrogen gas to exclude the air. The temperature inside the retort was controlled by the thermocouple in the gas stream, and referred to as the pyrolysis temperature. Under these conditions three products were separately collected and further analyzed. The results were summarized as follows. 1. More gases and less chars were produced with higher pyrolyzing temperature and with higher rates of heating, but the yields of oils tended downwards at temperatures above 700$\circ$C. Accordingly, operating conditions of pyrolysis should be varied with desired material. 2. Calorific values and sulfur contents of produced oils were sufficient and suitable for fuel use. Chars from waste rubber had high heating values with low sulfur contents, but calorific values of chars from waste PVC and waste slipper were as low as 3, 065-4, 273 kcal/kg and 942-2, 545 kcal/kg, respectively. Therefore, char from these wastes are inappropriate for fuel. 3. Soluble contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in chars from waste rubber and waste slipper were below the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards. However soluble contents of Pb and Cd in chars from waste PVC were one or two times and five or seven times exceedingly the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards, respectively. 4. Post high heating is desirable for treatment method of waste PVC which generates toxic hydrogen chloride. 5. The proportions of hydrogen, methane and ethane in produced gases were in the range of 3.99-35.61% V/V, 18.22-32.50% V/V and 5.17-5.87% V/V, respectively. 6. Pyrolysis is a useful disposal method in case of waste slipper, which was hardly combustible, and thus investigations of this kind of materials are required for effective management of industrial waste. 7. Based upon the possible market development for products, overall pyroly economics to take account of treatment values of noncombustible or hazardous materials should be evaluated.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.343-350
• /
• 2013

The objectives of this study were to estimate the potential biomass yield by using the biomass conversion index and evaluate the potential energy production by using the energy conversion index of biomass. Estimating the total biomass yield in Korea showed 9,646.3 thousand tons produced in 2012. Subsequent evaluation of the potential energy production using the estimated biomass yield in 2012 indicated that the calorific values were varied from 3,800 to 4,500 kcal $kg^{-1}$ for crop- and from 4,100 to 4,300 kcal $kg^{-1}$ for woody-based biomass, respectively. Among the examined biomass materials, the pruned branch of a nut tree appeared to be the greatest in bio-energy production showing 6,300 kcal $kg^{-1}$ in calorific value. Total potential energy production from agricultural by-products was estimated approximately at 3,966,000 TOE. Among the agricultural by-products examined, rice straw showed the greatest energy production potential being at 2,321,000 TOE. Furthermore, it might contribute to establishing the countermeasures of biomass utility in agricultural sector based on regional distribution chart of the potential biomass and energy yields in Korea.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.547-554
• /
• 2018

Torrefaction is the promising process of pretreating biomass materials to increase the quality of their energy, especially to upgrade the materials' grindability so that it is suitable for a commercial pulverizer machine. In this study, torrefaction of oak, bamboo, oil palm trunk, and rice husk was carried out under different torrefaction temperatures ($300^{\circ}C$, $330^{\circ}C$, and $350^{\circ}C$) and different torrefaction residence times (30, 45, and 60 minutes). Complete characterization of the torrefied biomass, including proximate analysis, calorific value, thermogravimetric analysis, mass yield, energy yield, and grindability properties (Hardgrove Grindability Index) was carried out. Increasing the torrefaction temperature and residence time significantly improved the calorific value, energy density (by reducing the product mass), and grindability of the product. Furthermore, for commercial purposes, the torrefaction conditions that produced the desired grindability properties of the torrefied product were $330^{\circ}C-30minutes$ and $300^{\circ}-45minutes$, and the latter condition produced a higher energy yield for bamboo, oil palm trunk, and rice husk; however, torrefaction of oak did not achieve the targeted grindability property values.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.64-68
• /
• 2010

Cattle feedlot manure could be used effectively as the solid fuel for heating of agricultural facilities. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the thermal and physicochemical characteristics of solid fuel extruded with cattle feedlot manure. Calorific values of the solid fuel extruded with cattle feedlot manure, which was dried to the moisture contents of 0.0% (w.b) and 35.0% (w.b,) were 14,906 kJ/kg and 11,797 kJ/kg, respectively. Calorific value of extruded solid fuel was linearly decreased with the increase of moisture content. The first, second, and third reaction point during thermal pyrolysis of solid fuels extruded with cattle feedlot manure was investigated as $108.1^{\circ}C$, $312.2^{\circ}C$, and $459.4^{\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum reaction point was presented at the temperature of $312.2^{\circ}C$. Weight loss of extruded cattle feedlot manure during thermal pyrolysis until $600^{\circ}C$ was reached to about 60%. Volume decrease of initial extruded cattle feedlot manure was 61% during drying for the use as solid fuel. Maximum strength of extruded cattle feedlot manure, which was dried as the moisture content of 10% (w.b.) was 41,9150 N/$m^2$. Ignition gas analysis of extruded cattle feedlot manure presented that it has small amount of $NO_x$ and $SO_x$. It was shown that dried cattle feedlot manure had main components of C and O including small amount of Mg, Si, and Ca.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.54-63
• /
• 2010

우리나라는 MBT시설의 설계 시 국내 실정에 맞는 관리 시스템 구축이 미흡하고 계절적 변동에 따른 발전 설비 부하의 변화량을 해소하지 못하고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구는 MBT시설의 도입으로 인한 새로운 생활폐기물 관리 시스템 구축을 구축하고 계절별 생활폐기물 성상 및 배출 특성과 발전 설비 부하의 변화량 해소를 위해 추가 열적 완충재의 발열량을 검토하였다. 이번 연구 결과 MBT시설의 선별효율 및 조성별 폐기물의 물리적 특성을 알 수 있으며, 또한 MBT시설의 계절적 변동에 따른 발열량을 추가 열적 완충재를 이용함으로서 사계절 내내 일정하게 유지 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.107-116
• /
• 1998

Coal gasification fuel has generally a lower calorific values than natural gas and also contains ammonia which is a main source of fuel NOx. Such a fuel is in need of the advanced technologies for the NOx reduction with higher combustion efficiency. Therefore fuel staged combustion was investigated for the fuel NOx control using a bench scale gas combustoi for the fuel NOx control. Parametric screening studies were performed with the variation of air ratio, retention length and reburning fuel. The NOx reduction efficiency was increased with an increase of total air ratio having optimum reburning air ratio differently, The Increased retention length of the reburning zone was preferable for NOx reduction. Hydrocarbonic reburning fuels like propane and butane were more effective for the NOx reduction efficiency than hydrogen fuel. The NOx concentration at exit was linearly increased according to the fuel-N the fuel.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.173-185
• /
• 2013

Oxidations of metal generate large quantity of thermal and light energies but no toxic pollutants, so that metals with high calorific values, such as beryllium, boron, aluminum, magnesium, and lithium, are possible to be used as clean fuels instead of fossil fuels. However, they are so explosive due to very high oxidation rates that they should be stabilized by their surface passivation with oxides, organics and inorganics. For reasonable use of energetic metal particles as solid fuel, therefore, some detail information, such as thermal properties, preparation and passivation methods, and application area, of the energetic metals is introduced in this manuscript.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.75-79
• /
• 1992

Fourteen Sahiwal ${\times}$ Friesian crossbred heifers were used in a 10-wk feeding trial to determine maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of gain. The heifers were individually fed with a diet consisting of 30% dry grass and 70% concentrates at either 110, 140 or 180% of the anticipated maintenance requirement ($494kJ\;ME/kg^{0.75}/day$). Liveweight of individual heifers was measured weekly to calculate diet requirements and average daily gain (ADG). Diet digestibility was determined for all heifers to determine ME intake. Retained energy (RE) of individual heifers was determined from changes in total body fat and protein using a TOH isotope dilution procedure and, assuming calorific values of 39.3 and 23.6 kJ/g for fat and protein respectively. The estimated ME for maintenance was 433 and $470kJ/kg^{0.75}/day$ by liveweight (ADG) equilibrium and energy (RE) equilibrium analysis respectively. ME requirement for one g of liveight gain was 28 kJ.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 D시 내의 바이오매스와 폐플라스틱을 적정 비율로 혼합하여 고형연료제품(SRF) 품질기준을 만족하는지 분석하기로 하였다. 수분함량의 경우 바이오매스 구성비가 약 40% 이하일 때부터 9.81% 이하로 분석되었다. 회분함량의 경우 최대 4.19%로 분석되었고, 원소분석 추정식(Steuer, Dulong) 및 발열량계에 근거한 저위발열량은 최소 4,851, 4,181 및 3,847kcal/kg로 나타났다. 원소분석 결과 황(S)과 염소(Cl)는 0.05% 이하로 측정되었고 중금속(Hg, Cd, Pb, As) 함량 또한 기준치 이하를 나타냄으로써 SRF 품질기준치를 만족하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로, 현재 적절하게 활용되지 못하고 산림에 버려져 있는 임목부산물을 효율적으로 사용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 수분에 약한 목재의 물리적 특성을 플라스틱으로 보완할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 플라스틱 소각 시 고온으로 인한 소각로의 수명문제도 비교적 완화시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.486-491
• /
• 2009

우리나라 주요 바이오에너지 작물인 밀, 유채, 보리, 옥수수, 고구마를 대상으로 그 에너지화 하는 잠재적 가치를 평가하기 위하여, 바이오매스 생산량과 생산 열량을 조사 분석하였고, 작물재배기간 동안 투입 및 생산요인을 작물간에 분석하였다. 바이오매스 생산량은 작물별 조사한 결과와 농림통계연보에 있는 데이타와는 차이가 있었으며, 특히 작물간 및 품종간에도 차이가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 작물별 직접 조사한 결과를 이용하여 바이오매스량, 총 생산열량 등을 비교분석하였다. 바이오매스 생산량에 대하여 주요 에너지 이용 부위만 고려할 때 고구마가 가장 많았고, 지상부의 곡류부위를 포함한 총 바이오 매스는 옥수수(강다옥)가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 부위별 열량을 비교해 보면 바이오 에탄올의 주 원료가 되는 밀, 옥수수 등은 $3,879{\sim}4,317cal\;g^{-1}$으로 비슷한 값을 보였으나, 바이오 디젤의 주 원료로 사용되는 유지작물인 유채의 씨(에너지 이용부위)는 $6,673{\sim}6,725cal\;g^{-1}$으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 단위면적당 총 생산 열량은 총바이오매스가 가장 많은 옥수수의 강다옥이 $8,263kcal\;m^{-2}$ 으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 옥수수의 경우 영농에 필요한 투입이 가장 많았으며 생산량 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 고구마는 투입 요소가 전반적으로 보통임에도 불구하고 생산요인은 높은 것으로 나타났다. 추후 대상작물을 확대하여 조사할 필요가 있으며, 우리나라의 좁은 농경지 면적을 감안하여 효율적 이용 측면도 고려하여 적절한 바이오에너지 작물을 선발할 필요가 있다.